The document discusses forests and forest management. It defines a forest according to the FAO and notes that forests cover about one-third of the global land area. It then discusses forest resources and their various uses including commercial, ecological, and for tribal communities. The document outlines strategies for sustainable forest management including maintaining forest land and biodiversity. It also discusses India's forest statistics, laws and regulations related to forestry in India including the Indian Forest Act of 1927 and the Forest Conservation Act of 1980.
Forests help to preserve biodiversity.
Forests are natural habitats of plants and animals
Forests provide timber, wood, fuel, medicines, fodder, etc.
Forests help to maintain ecological balance.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
Forests help to preserve biodiversity.
Forests are natural habitats of plants and animals
Forests provide timber, wood, fuel, medicines, fodder, etc.
Forests help to maintain ecological balance.
Community forestry. Where and why has devolution of forest rights contributed...IFPRI-PIM
Presentation for the webinar organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (www.pim.cgiar.org) on August 29, 2017. Steven Lawry, Director of Equity, Gender and Tenure research program at Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) summarized findings of selected meta-analyses, presented case studies from Nepal, Guatemala, and Mexico, and previewed emerging research looking at the investment effects of community forestry models that feature strong elements of forest rights devolution.
This presentation provides an overview of a field-based practical exercise that allows students in forestry, ecology and natural resources to develop their understanding of forest stand dynamics. The exercise involves measurement of key tree growth parameters in four even-aged, single-species plantation stands of different age but occupying sites with similar soil and environmental characteristics. The selected stands represent key stages in stand development, from establishment to rotation age for fibre production. In the field, students work in small teams to gather data from an equal number of plots within each stand. Tree parameters include top height, crown diameter, live crown ratio and diameter at breast height. In addition, information on stand density and understorey vegetation is collected. Plot size and number can be varied to suit the constraints of class size and available time, though circular plots of 100 m2 are recommended. In the classroom, data are pooled and analysis focuses on presenting tree and vegetation changes through time. The simplest way of interpreting the data is to prepare graphs and charts for each of the parameters, though more advanced statistical interpretations are possible. The project as outlined here can be modified to meet the needs of different groups, and has been successfully used in undergraduate teaching of silviculture and forest ecology, as well as in postgraduate courses in natural resources management.
Download Paper at URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254307252_The_development_of_even-aged_plantation_forests_an_exercise_in_forest_stand_dynamics
A Review on Effects of Deforestation on Landslide: Hill Areasijsrd.com
Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Deforestation includes conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Since the industrial age, about half of world's original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered. Despite the improvements in education, information and general awareness of the importance of forests, deforestation has not reduced much, and there are still many more communities and individuals who still destroy forest lands for personal gains. Deforestation also provides stability to slope through which mass movement of rocks, debris could not occur. As the plant or tree roots provides some reinforcement and also remove groundwater. On hilly areas vegetation can stabilize steep slopes and if the cutting of trees continues it would result in a drastic change in the atmosphere or in the environment. In this paper there is summarization of cause of deforestation, deforestation causes, environment changes i.e. loss of biodiversity and how deforestation is related to landslide.
An Ecological, Socio-Economic and Silvicultural Assessment of the Sustainabi...Sryahwa Publications
Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) is thought to be the most suitable, but also most politically discussed, method to exploit tropical forest ecosystems for timber. In this review we give an assessment of RIL from biodiversity, silvicultural and socio-economic perspectives. We first place RIL as a potential tool for retaining forest diversity and structure whilst moving towards a forest transition. We then discuss whether RIL is an advancement of traditional tropical logging methods using the three perspectives.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. FORESTS?
The Food and Agriculture Organization defines a
forest as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares
with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy
cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to
reach these thresholds in situ.
Forests cover nearly
one-third of the land
globally
The world has a total forest area of 4.06 billion
hectares (ha), which is 31 percent of the total
land area
MUHAMMAD IQBAL
3. Summary
Forest has been regarded as a type of ecosystem. There are two
different point of views concerning forest: one sees the forest as a
product by human activity, that “people may conquer nature”; the
other regards the forest as a natural product, the construction and
usage of which should comply with the natural rules of forest
dynamics. The latter concept is now accepted by most scholars. The
establishment of protected areas of representative forest ecosystem
in bioregions is a critical method to guarantee ecosystem service for
benefiting present and future generations. Forest management has
to maintain the stability, natural dynamic, and health of forests.
Although the sustainable use of forest resources in forest ecosystem
management has been debated continuously, it is still an important
strategy for forest management. There was 35–40 million km2 of
forest area in the world estimated by FAO in 1995 and WCMC in
1996. The increasing loss of forest areas encourages people to
consider how to manage the remaining forests worldwide. Humanity
faces serious environmental problems, and deforestation is one of
the major elements affecting human survival.
MUHAMMAD IQBAL
4. Resources?
When does a
substance
become a
resource?
A resource is a source or supply from
which a benefit is produced and
that has some utility.
1. When cultural value is given to the
substance, as people desire and
accept the use of the natural
resource.
2. When it benefits technology and a
society is able to process or
extract the natural resource for
use.
3. When it benefits the economic
system and a society can affect or
define the price and availability of
a natural resource.
MUHAMMAD IQBAL
5. The Status of
World Forests
➢ The forest area is the area notified and recorded as
forest land irrespective of the existence of trees,
while the actual forest cover is the area actually
occupied by forests.
➢ Forests cover 31 percent of the global land area.
Approximately half the forest area is relatively intact,
and more than one-third is primary forest (i.e.
naturally regenerated forests of native species, where
there are no visible indications of human activities
and the ecological processes are not significantly
disturbed).
➢ The total forest area is 4.06 billion hectares, but
forests are not equally distributed around the globe.
➢ Among all continents, Africa has largest forested area
(33%) followed by Latin America (25%), whereas in
North America forest cover is only 11%. Asia and
former USSR has 14% area under forest. European
countries have only 3% area under forest cover.
➢ More than half of the world’s forests are found in only
five countries (the Russian Federation, Brazil,
Canada, the United States of America and China) and
two-thirds (66 percent) of forests are found in ten
countries.
NADIR KHALID
8. FOREST STATISTICS OF INDIA
❖ The total forest cover in India is (72 million hectares), which is 21.67% of the total
geographical area.
❖ Area-wise Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country followed by
Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra.
❖ Haryana had the lowest forest cover with respect to total geographical area in India at
6.79 percent. Trailing closely behind was the state of Punjab with 6.87 percent tree cover.
❖ Mizoram has nearly 90% area of state under forest, followed by Arunachal Pradesh. Madhya
Pradesh has largest area under forest.
❖ The India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2019 released recently shows an increase of 5,188
square kilometers of forest and tree cover across the country compared to the ISFR 2017.
❖ However, the report highlights that northeast India continues to lose forests when compared
to ISFR 2017 and previous reports.
❖ The forest report also reveals that the forest area under the category “recorded forest
area” (land notified as forest by the government) in tribal districts, which are home to
about 60 percent of India’s forests, is decreasing as well.
NADIR KHALID
10. FOREST RESOURCES: USES
1. Commercial values
▪ Forests are main source of many commercial products such as wood, timber,
pulpwood etc. About 1.5 billion people depend upon fuel wood as an energy source.
Timber obtained from the forest can used to make plywood, board, doors and
windows, furniture, and agriculture implements and sports goods. Timber is also a
raw material for preparation of paper, rayon and film.
▪ Forest can provide food, fibre, edible oils and drugs.
▪ Forest lands are also used for agriculture and grazing.
▪ Forest is important source of development of dams, recreation and mining
2. Ecological uses
▪ Forests are habitat to all wild animals, plants and support millions of species. They
help in reducing global warming caused by greenhouse gases and produces oxygen
upon photosynthesis.
Forest can act as pollution purifier by absorbing toxic gases. Forest not only helps in
soil conservation but also helps to regulate the hydrological cycle.
MOHAMMAD ASHHAR
11. FOREST RESOURCES: USES
3. Life and economy of tribal
▪ Forest provide food, medicine and other products needed for tribal people
and play a vital role in the life and economy of tribes living in the forest.
4. Aesthetic values
▪ All over the world people appreciate the beauty and tranquillity of the forest
because forests have a greatest aesthetic value. Forest provides opportunity
for recreation and ecosystem research.
MOHAMMAD ASHHAR
13. What is Forest Management?
▪ Forest management is the branch of forestry concerned with the overall
administrative, economic, legal, and social aspects and with the essentially
scientific and technical aspects, especially silviculture, protection, and
forest regulation.
▪ This includes management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values,
water, wilderness, wildlife, wood products, forest genetic resources and
other forest resource values.
▪ Management can be based on conservation, economics, or a mixture of the
two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of
various species, cutting roads and pathways through forests, and
preventing fire
MOHAMMAD ASHHAR
14. Need for Forest Management
➢ Extinction of Thousands of Species - Millions of plants and animal species are
in danger of disappearing as a result of deforestation.
➢ Heavy Soil Erosion -One function of the forest is that its roots hold the soil in
place
➢ Greenhouse Effect -The continued degradation of our forest heightens the
threat of global warming
➢ Flooding-One major importance of forest is that they absorb water quickly in
great amount during heavy rains and avoid floods.
➢ Landslides- Trees prevent soil from getting eroded by natural agents like wind
or water
➢ Degraded Watershed -When forest mountains are denuded, watersheds are
degraded and this leads to the loss of sustained water supplies for lowland
communities.
MOHAMMAD ASHHAR
15. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT
Sustainable forest management, also known as sustainable forestry, is the
practice of regulating forest resources to meet the needs of society and
industry while preserving the forest's health. Therefore, sustainable forest
management is always looking to strike a balance between the demand for the
forest's natural resources and the vitality of the forest.
Objectives of SFM:
❑ Continuously satisfying needs for goods and environmental services from
forests
❑ Ensuring the conservation of forest soils, water and carbon stocks
❑ Conserving biodiversity
❑ Maintaining the resilience and renewal capacity of forests, including for
carbon storage
❑ Supporting the food-security, cultural and livelihood needs of forest-
dependent communities
❑ Ensuring the equitable sharing of responsibilities in forest management and of
the benefits arising from forest use.
ROSHAN RAI
16. Strategies for Sustainable Forestry
management
❖ Maintain a stable forest land base. This concept embraces strong sustainability
and stresses the fact that goods and services provided by forests are
irreplaceable. Thus, human-created capital is no substitute for forest land.
Likewise loss of northern forests cannot be fully compensated by offsetting gains
in forest area in other parts of the United States or the World
❖ Maintain or increase forest biodiversity. This includes sustaining diverse
populations of native plants and animals, diversity of forest ecosystems and
habitats across the landscape, and genetic diversity of forest associated plants
and animals
❖ Maintain or increase forest-based employment and community stability.
Commercial forest operations may be the most economical means of altering
forest structure and composition in ways that are essential to achieving other
goals such as habitat restoration, hazardous fuel reduction, or invasive species
mitigation
❖ • Increase environmental literacy and engage a wide range of stakeholders in
sustainable forest management
ROSHAN RAI
17. Approaches and Strategies for SFM
❖ Maintain a system of institutions, policies, regulations, and incentives
that support forest sustainability at multiple spatial scales
❖ Maintain or increase the capacity for sustained yield of timber and
nontimber forest products and associated economic development.
❖ Maintain or increase soil productivity and minimize soil erosion and
contamination
❖ Maintain or enhance the quantity and quality of forest recreation and other
opportunities for people to experience forests.
❖ Maintain or increase the quality and quantity of water from forest
ecosystems.
ROSHAN RAI
18. Laws and regulations:
Forestry Laws in India
➢ INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927: The main objects of the Act are:
1. To consolidate the laws relating to forests.
2. Regulation of and the transit of forest produce. And,
3. To levy duty on timber and other forest produce
DRAWBACKS OF THE INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927
1. A deep investigationof the act reveals that the act never aimed to protect the vegetation
cover of India
2. It also deprived the nomads and the tribal people of their age old rights and privileges to use
the forests and forests produce.
3. It mainly aimed at supplying raw material for forest based industries
4. It denied common ownership or occupancy rights or property rights to the occupants of
land/tribal.
5. It failed to protect the forests from unscientific and unplannedexploitation
MOINUDDIN KHAN
19. Forestry Laws in India
❖ FOREST CONSERVATIONACT, 1980
➢ The Act was passed with a view to check deforestation. The basic aim of the
Act was to provide for the conservation of forests and for matters connected
therewith.
➢ Under the provisions of this Act, prior approval of the Central Government is
essential for diversion of forest lands for the non-forestry purposes.
❖ THE SCHEDULED TRIBE AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS
(RECOGNITION OF FOREST RIGHTS) ACT, 2006
➢ This act aimed at giving ownership rights over forestland to traditional forest
dwellers.
❖ MADRAS FOREST ACT, 1882
➢ The Act made provision for the protection and management of forests in the
Madras presidency.
MOINUDDIN KHAN
20. Conclusion
❑ One of the biggest challenges towards the outlook of forests in the
recent times has been concerns about ‘sustainability’ of our resources. It
has emerged as one of the main concerns of recent policy advocacy
❑ Forest has been regarded as a type of ecosystem. The conservation,
restoration, and sustainable use of forest ecosystems and biodiversity are
the basic issues for forest resource management.
❑ Forest is a natural product, so the construction and usage it should
comply with the natural rules of forest dynamics
❑ The National Forest Commission, has recommended creating an
enabling environment to facilitate assessment, monitoring and reporting
on national-level criteria and indicators for sustainable
forest management 20 MOINUDDIN KHAN
