FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease. Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes) High morbidity and low mortality. FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock in every part of the world. Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and many wild animals including deer.

1. Foot and Mouth Disease
Hira Nusrat
Mphil Scholar
Department of Zoology
University of Peshawar
Hiranusrat818@gmail.com

2. Foot and mouth disease synonym
• FMD
• Aphthous fever
• Epizootic Aphthea
• Aftosa
• Fast moving disease
• Tiger heart disease

3. Introduction and Definition
• FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease.
• Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes)
• High morbidity and low mortality.
• FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock
in every part of the world.
• Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and
many wild animals including deer.

4. History
• Initially described in 16 century and first animal pathogen
identified as virus.
• First written description occurred in 1514.
• FMD caused by virus was first shown by Friedrich Loefflar in
1897 (Brown., 2003).
• Chamber land filter is used by Loeffler.

5. Ethiology
• Causative agent : Apthovirus of picornaviridae family.
• Ss RNA virus with approximately 8500 bases.
• Surrounded by four structural proteins form icosahedral capsid
(Grubman & Baxt 2004).
• Seven serotypes i.e O, A, C , SAT 1-3, and Asia 1
• Infection with one serotype does not confer the immunity against
another.

6. Structure of FMD virus
• Spherical in shape.
• 25 to 30 nm in diameter.
• naked RNA genome. The capsid consists of a densely-packed
icosahedral arrangement of 60 protomers, each consisting of 4
polypeptides, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4. VP4 is located on the
internal side of the capsid.
• VP1, VP2,VP3 are exposed on the surface of virus (Jamal &
Belsham.,2013)

7. Structure cont.

8. Serotypes and epidemiology
• Seven serotypes with uneven distribution in Asia , Africa and
South America.
• Serotypes were first describe in Europe in 1920,s
• FMD virus has been introduced in South America from
Europe in 19th century.
• Serotype O,A were first recognized followed by serotype C.
• Later on followed by southern African Territories serotype
(SAT 1-3)and Asia 1.
• All serotypes causes similar diseases although differences in
host specificity and virulence ( Paton etal.,2021).

9. Contin:
• Serotype C appear to be extinct and not recorded by world
organization for animal health and FAO since out break were
detected in Brazil and Kenya in 2004.
• Serotype O FMDV is the most frequently reported virus and
responsible for about 70%of out break globally (Belsham.,
2020)
• Based on serotype circulation seven viral pools are recognized
among these Pakistan belong Euro Asia (pool-3) with serotype
A , Asia -1& O (Mughal., 2017).
• Asia-1was initially detected in buffalo at Okara, Punjab in
1954( Jamal & Belshan ., 2013).

10. Contin:
• FMD is of great economic importance:
• Large outbreak in UK in 2001, with estimation to have cost the
country to about 10 billion US dollars, affecting about 2000
premises leading to destruction about 6 million animals and
lasted for about 8 months(Belsham.,2020)
• FMD has been estimated to cause economic losses of about 8–
22 billion USD each year with in endemic countries (Jones &
Rushton., 2013).
• Causes reduction in milk production, meat, and working
efficiency of cattle, abortions, infertility and mortality in calf.

11. Symptoms
Typical clinical signs of FMD in cattle include:
• pyrexia (up to 41°C)
• anorexia
• in dairy animals, reduced milk production.
Vesicles develop on the buccal and nasal mucous membranes and/or
between the claws and coronary band. These may lead to:
• smacking of lips
• bruxism
• drooling
• lameness
• stamping or kicking of feet.
• Vesicles frequently also develop on the mammary glands.
• Vesicles rupture, leaving erosions 24 hours later.

12. Continu:
• Cattle generally recover from FMD within 8–15 days, but
complications may include:
• tongue erosions
• secondary infection of lesions
• hoof deformations
• mastitis and permanent impairment of milk production
• abortion
• permanent weight loss.
• Young animals may die from viral myocarditis.

13. Continu:
Steer with FMD tongue lesions. © UK DEFRA.

14. Steer tongue with 1 day old vesicle that ruptured when tongue
was drawn from mouth.

15. Steer with 2 day old ruptured vesicle on tongue, lower gum, and
lower lip.

16. Steer tongue with 4 day old lesions.

17. Heel bulb of steers foot with un ruptured 2 day old vesicle

18. Steer foot with 7 day old inter digital lesion

19. Transmission
• Spread very rapidly though contact with secretions and excretions (
urine, milk, feces, saliva ) of infected animal.
Main route of transmission:
• Inhalation from air.
• Direct and indirect contact with infected animals.
Entry of infection:
• Inhalation
• Abraded skin
• Conjunctiva
• Contaminated vaccines and insemination
• Mechanical transmission may also occur with wild animals, birds
and other no susceptible domestic animals.

20. vaccination
• The animal that is vaccinated with one specific strain of virus or
serotype remain highly susceptible to the infection by other
serotypes.
• Globally about 2.5 billion doses of FMD vaccine are used annually
mainly in China and South America.
• Currently FMD vaccines are normally produced in by growing
infectious virus with in baby Hamster (BHK) kidney cells in
suspension culture.
• The virus particle's are chemically inactivated using binary ethylene
amine(BEI), which modify the viral RNA, then purified to remove
non structural viral proteins.
• Prior to administration vaccine is mixed with Adjuvants(oil or
aqueous forms with aluminum hydroxide and saponin.
( Belsham.,2020)

21. Contnu:
• Different types of biological products are used as a vaccine to
control FMD.
• Conventional vaccine
• Emergency vaccines
• Protein fragments and subunit vaccines
• Peptide vaccines
• Vector based vaccines
• Genetically engineered vaccines
( Mughal., 2017)

22. Local production VRI Peshawar
• VRI Peshawar production capacity = 1.00 Million doses
• Trivalent vaccines
PKR 2550/25doses
• Imported from France, Turkey, Russia
PKR 6000-8000/25 Doses
. Adult animal = 2ml (cocktail of 3 Type A, O, Asia-1)
Deep Intramuscular
Providing 6 month immunity
2 doses per year

23. References
• Rubman MJ, Baxt B. Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin Microbiol Rev.
2004 Apr;17(2):465-93. doi: 10.1128/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004. PMID:
15084510; PMCID: PMC387408.
• Jamal, S.M., Belsham, G.J. Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and
future. Vet Res 44, 116 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-44-
116
• Paton DJ, Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Pituco EM, Cosivi
O, Rivera AM, Kassimi LB, Brocchi E, de Clercq K, Carrillo C, Maree
FF, Singh RK, Vosloo W, Park MK, Sumption KJ, Ludi AB, King DP.
The history of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C: the first known
extinct serotype? Virus Evol. 2021 Mar 19;7(1):veab009. doi:
10.1093/ve/veab009. PMID: 35186323; PMCID: PMC8102019
• Belsham, G.J. Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease
vaccine performance. Acta Vet Scand 62, 20 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1.

24. References
• Brown F. The history of research in foot-and-mouth disease.
Virus Res. 2003 Jan;91(1):3-7. doi: 10.1016/s0168-
1702(02)00268-x. PMID: 12527434.
• http: // foot & mouth.org ; last accessed 15 Oct 2022.
• Knight-Jones TJ, Rushton J. The economic impacts of foot and
mouth disease—what are they, how big are they and where do
they occur? Prev Vet Med. 2013;112:161–73.
• https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/service-industries-
professionals/service-industries/veterinary-surgeons/foot-
mouth-info/clinical-signs-cattle (accesed on dated 19 Oct
2022)