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1. CHILD HEALTH NURSING - I
NATIONAL POLICIES AND
LEGISLATION
Mr. Sachin Sharma
Assistant Professor
Child Health Nursing Department
SEMESTER-V UNIT-1

2. INTRODUCTION
Children are the future of the world. Protecting and improving
children’s health is fundamental to any country. There has been
an encouraging improvement in the children’s health statistics
as the number of children dying before age five has
significantly reduced over time (almost halved from 2000 to
2017).

3. “Law” is a set of rules created and enforced by the society or
government institutions to regulate the behavior of their
people. The laws are essential because they act as a catalyst for
social changes which is to be accepted in society.
“Policies” are a course or principle of action proposed and
adopted by a country. Public policies play a crucial role in
shaping societies and addressing complex challenges
governments and public institutions face.
NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGISLATIONS IN
RELATION TO CHILD HEALTH AND WELFARE

4. NATIONALPOLICY FOR CHILDREN, 2013
Children were declared as the nation’s ‘vital asset’ in the
National Policy for Children, 1974. The Government of
India protected children’s rights by ratifying international
conventions and treaties. This policy recognized that
children should be an essential part of the national plans
for human resource growth so that children may grow up
into robust citizens, physically fit and mentally healthy.

5. Guiding Principles for National Policy for Children, 2013
• Every child has universal, that cannot be taken away from
you (inalienable) and indivisible human rights.
• The rights of children are interrelated and interdependent,
and each is equally fundamental to the well-being and
dignity of the child.
• Every child has the right to life, survival, development,
education, protection, and participation.
• Right to life, survival, and development goes beyond the
child’s physical existence.
• Right to identity and nationality.

6. • The child’s best interest is a primary concern in all
decisions and actions affecting the child.
• Family or family environment is most conducive for
the all-round development of children.
• Every child has the right to a dignified life, free from
exploitation. The safety and security of all children is
integral to their well-being.

7. NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION FOR
CHILDREN (NPAC), 2016

8. NATIONALPLAN OFACTION FOR CHILDREN (NPAC), 2016
The National Plan of Action for Children, 2016, is based on the principles
embedded in the National Policy for Children 2013. It seeks to ensure the
convergence of ongoing programs and initiation of new programs to focus
on pre-determined objectives through well-defined strategies and activities
and achieve a specific outcome level.
Focus of NPAC, 2016
• To strengthen the ability of communities and families to support
children and to ensure their overall survival, well-being, protection,
and development.
• To reach and serve vulnerable children due to gender, socio-cultural
and economic or geographic exclusion, including other vulnerable
children, etc.
• To ensure special attention, care, and protection to all vulnerable
children by tracking and identifying, ensuring all services for them.

9. As per NPAC, 2016, the vulnerable children are as follow:
• Socio-economically or otherwise disadvantaged groups,
including SC/ST, children of De-notified, Nomadic, and
Semi-Nomadic.
• Children with disabilities
• Street/Homeless children
• Child labor
• Children in conflict with law
• Children affected or displaced by natural or artificial
hazards and climate conditions/civil disturbance

11. NPAC 2016 Strategy to Focus Efforts on
 Reducing maternal and child mortality rates, particularly
neonatal mortality.
 Preventing sex selective elimination.
 Seek and establish up-to-date information and understanding
of the nature and causes of child mortality (death rate) and
vulnerability at all stages and ages of childhood.
 Provide adequate maternal and child mental health care
services to all children.
 Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and complementary
feeding after that.

12. Key PriorityArea 2 of NPC 2013:
Education and Development
NPAC Objective
Secure the right of every child to learning, knowledge,
education, and development opportunities, with due regard
for special needs, through access, provision, and promotion of
required environment, information, infrastructure, services,
and support for the development of the child’s fullest
potential.

13. NPAC 2016 Strategy to Focus Efforts on
• Providing early childhood care and education for all children
between the ages of 3-5 years.
• Enrolling all children in schools, focusing on including girls
and children of disadvantaged communities or groups.
• Improving retention and reducing drop-out rates at the
elementary level, especially for girls, SC and ST children,
and those from deprived groups and communities.
• Providing adequate infrastructure in all schools, including
toilets for girls.
• Bridging courses for out-of-school (OOS) children.
• Ensuring quality education at all levels for all children.

14. • Ensuring the education of all children with disabilities
• Developing and providing facilities and opportunities for
children’s play and recreation, with access to sports, arts,
and creative activities for all children throughout their
childhood.
• Providing educational opportunities for higher learning
so children are not manipulated to join spurious
institutions.

15. Key Priority Area 3 of NPC 2013: Protection
NPAC Objective
• Create a caring, protective, and safe environment for all
children, to reduce their vulnerability in all situations, and to
keep them safe in all places, especially public spaces.
NPAC 2016 Strategy to Focus Efforts on:
• Ensuring birth registration and ADHAAR for all children.
• Ensuring respect and sensitivity for all children without
discrimination irrespective of factors of identity, gender,
socio-economic character, community, or other status.
• Eliminating all forms of child labor till 14 years and from
hazardous industries till 15-18 years.

16. • Undertaking comprehensive fact-finding, research, and
analysis of data on child migration, all forms of child
abuse and child trafficking, and all factors and situations
of vulnerability.
• Preventing child marriage.
• Preventing crimes against children, especially sexual
offenses.

17. Key Priority Area 4 of NPC 2013: Participation
NPAC Objective
Enable children to be actively involved in their development
and all matters concerning and affecting them.
NPAC 2016 Strategy to Focus Efforts on
• Providing access to children regarding age and gender-
appropriate information regarding their health, growth,
development, and protection.
• Providing access to children regarding their rights and
entitlements under various schemes and programs.
• Creating an enabling environment and opportunities in school
and community to involve children in all matters concerning
them actively.

18. Essential Programmes and Schemes Included in the
NPAC 2016 for Targeting the PriorityAreas
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• Child Protection Services
• Dindayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme
• Janani SurakshaYojana
• Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
• Mid-Day Meal
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme
• National Health Mission
• National Nutrition Mission

19. • NationalAIDS Control Programme
• Pradhanmantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna
• Pradhan Mantri Surakshit MatritvaAbhiyan
• Rashtriya Madhyamik ShikshaAbhiyan
• Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
• National Crèche Scheme
• Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram
• Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan
• Swachh Bharat Mission
• Scholarship Schemes
• Schemes under the National TrustAct
• UJJAWALA

20. The National Policy for Children, announced in 1974,
recognizes children of the Nation as a ‘Vital asset.’
To help promote various welfare and development programs
for children, the Government of India created the National
Children’s Fund (NCF) in 1979 with a corpus fund of rupees
one lakh under the Charitable EndowmentAct 1890.
NATIONAL CHILDREN’S FUND (NCF)/
RASHTRIYA BAL KOSH

21. Objectives of NCF
• To raise funds from individuals, institutions, corporations
and others
• To promote and fund the various programs for children who
are affected by natural calamities, disasters, distress, and
difficult circumstances through voluntary agencies and
State Governments in unserved and under served areas,
including tribal and remote areas.

22. LEGISLATIONS IN RELATION TO CHILD HEALTH AND
WELFARE
Child welfare legislation is the laws and acts that ensure the care,
protection, welfare, and rehabilitation of children in society,
including those with special needs. Indian legislation related to
child health is based upon the United Nations’ rights of children.
The following are some of the acts followed in India.
Child Marriage RestraintAct, 1929
Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 was amended in 1978, where
the lawful age of marriage for girls was increased from 15–18 years
and for boys from 18–21 years. Any marriage of people below this
age is considered a child marriage, which is illegal and punishable.

23. Objectives of theAct
• To prohibit solemnization (celebrate) of child marriage.
• To enhance punishment for those who abet, promote, or solemnize
such marriages.
Authorities for Reporting Child Marriages
• Any person can report an incidence of child marriage before or
after it has been solemnized. They can file a complaint to the:
• Nearby Police station
• Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of First Class
• Child Line/District Magistrate
• Child Welfare Committee

25. Child ProtectionAct in India 1960
The Child Protection Act in India guarantees children’s rights.
The Indian Constitution asks the Government to have a policy
to secure children against abuse, labor, molestation, and other
problems.
They should be given opportunities to thrive with dignity and
freedom, protected from material and moral abandonment.
The Child Protection Act is a set of acts, laws, and rules to
protect children from exploitation.
It involves the Juvenile Justice Act, Child Labor Prohibition
Act, Protection of Children From Sexual Offences Act,
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, the Immoral Traffic
Prevention Act, Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic
Techniques Act, and the Right to Free and Compulsory
EducationAct.

26. Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles, and Infant
Foods (IMS) Act, 1992 andAmendment 2003
India adopted the Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles,
and Infant Foods (IMS) Act in 1992, further strengthened
by an amendment in 2003.
Objectives
• To ban all forms of promotion of foods marketed to
children up to two years of age and sponsorship of
health care professionals and health organizations by
infant formula companies.

27. Main Components
• The IMSAct extends to all of India and stipulates that no person
shall:
• Advertise the distribution, sale, or supply of infant milk
substitutes, feeding bottles, or infant foods.
• Give an impression or create a belief in any manner that
feeding of infant milk substitutes and infant foods are equivalent
to, or better than, mother’s milk.
• Promote infant milk substitutes, feeding bottles, or infant foods.
• Supply or distribute samples of infant milk substitute feeding
bottles, infant food gifts of utensils, or other articles.
• Contact any pregnant woman or the mother of an infant to offer
the inducement of any of the above.
• This act ensures that the formula food maintains strict nutritional
standards.

28. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act,
1986 and its Amendment, 2012, 2016 and 2017
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of
1986 designates a child as someone who has not
completed their 14th year.
It also aims to regulate the hours and the working
conditions of child workers and prohibit them from
being employed in hazardous industries. Hiring
children below the age of 14 years for any kind of work
other than in specific family-based work is a cognizable
offense and will attract a jail term of up to 2 years.
Adolescents between 14 and 18 cannot be employed in
any hazardous occupation.

29. Children below the age of 14 can be allowed to work as an
artist in the audio-visual entertainment industry, including
advertisements, films, television serials, or any other
entertainment or sports activities except the circus, subject to
safety measures and conditions maintained as per the law.
Adolescents – 14 to 18 Years of Age: The adolescents can work
non- hazardous occupations and processes. If an adolescent is
employed, the following conditions must be satisfied by the
employer:
• Thework period on each day should be fixed so that no
period or work would exceed three hours.
• The adolescent must have an interval of rest for at least one
hour after working for three hours.
• Adolescentsmust be provided every week, a holiday of one
whole day.

30. Hazardous Occupation and Processes as per theAct
The following occupations and processes are hazardous under Section 3 of
the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act. Hence,
any child below the age of 18 cannot be employed for any of the following:
Occupation
• An occupation connected with:
• Transport of passengers, goods, or mail by railway.
• Work in a catering establishment at a railway station, involving the
movement of a vendor or any other employee of the establishment from
one platform to another or into or cut off a moving train.
• Work relating to the construction of a railway station or any other work
where such work is done close to or between the railway lines.

31. Processes
Any of the following processes:
Bidi-making.
Carpet-weaving, including preparatory and incidental process thereof.
Cement manufacture, including bagging of cement.
Cloth printing, dyeing, and weaving, including processes, preparatory and
incidental to it.
Manufacture of matches, explosives and fireworks.
Soap manufacture.
Wool- cleaning etc.

32. Protection of Children from Sexual OffencesAct,Amendment, 2019
(POCSO)
The Amendment Act has several provisions to safeguard children from
offenses of
sexual assault and sexual harassment.
• The act aims at making offenses against children gender-neutral.
• The definition of ‘Sexual Assault’ has been extended to incorporate the
administration of hormones or chemical substances to children to attain
early sexual maturity for penetrative sexual assault.
The Act defines child pornography as “any visual depiction of sexually
explicit conduct involving a child including photograph, video, digital or
computer- generated image indistinguishable from an actual child.”
Additionally, “an image created, adapted, modified” to depict a child would
be treated as child pornography. This would also include cartoons,
animated pictures, etc. The Cabinet has also enhanced the fine for
possessing child porn but not deleting or reporting it to `5,000 from the
earlier proposal of ` 1,000.

33. Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic TechniquesAct, 1994
The main motive of the act was to prevent the misuse of sex determination
for sex-selective abortion and to improve the declining sex ratio of males
and females in the country.
The main provisions of thisAct are as follow:
• Banning sex selection before or after conception.
• No laboratory or clinic has the right to conduct tests for determining the
sex of the fetus. The person conducting the procedure is not allowed to
disclose the sex of the fetus to the pregnant woman or relatives.
• The Act only allows pre-natal diagnostic techniques to detect genetic
abnormalities, chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, etc.
• Clinics or persons are prohibited from putting advertisements
for sex determination facilities in any form.

34. PCPNDT Act 1994 had an amendment in 2003 to improve the
technology used in sex selection. The implications of the
Amendment of the PCPNDTAct 2003 are:
• Bringing ultrasounds within its ambit.
• The sale of ultrasound machines is only regulated by the
registered bodies.
• Empowering the proper authorities to search, seize, and
seal the machines and equipment of those who violate the
rules.

35. Juvenile JusticeAct, 1986, SubsequentAmendments
The Juvenile Justice Act, 1986, was applied from October 2, 1987. It was later
amended several times. The Juvenile Delinquency Law and the Juvenile Justice
Act 2000 (Care and Protection of Children Act) were repealed by the Act, which
was presented and passed in Parliament in 2015 and took effect in 2021. It
permitted the trial of juveniles violating the law between 16 and 18 as adults in
scenarios where the offenses had to be ascertained.
Features of the Juvenile Justice Act 2015
• The following are the essential features of the JJAct 2015:
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act was instituted and
passed by the Indian Parliament in 2015 to substitute the Juvenile Delinquency
Law and the Juvenile Justice Act of 2000.
• The Act included clauses for juveniles aged 16 to 18 to be tried as adults if
they were found to
violate the law, particularly for heinous offenses.
• The Act also included provisions for adoption. The Hindu Adoptions and
Maintenance Act (1956) and the Guardians of the Ward Act (1890) were
repealed in favor of more universally accessible adoption regulations.

36. Right to EducationAct, 2009
“The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act” was passed
by the Parliament in August 2009 and came into force in 2010. Also, India
became one of 135 countries where every child’s education is a fundamental
right. The 86th Constitutional Amendment of India (2002) inserted Article
21A: “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all
children of 6 to 14 years in such manner as the State, may by law
determine.”
Provisions under this act: TheAct provides for:
• The right of free and compulsory education to children until they complete
their elementary education in a school in the neighborhood.
• The Act provides for the admission of a non-admitted child to a class
of their appropriate age.
• The Act makes it clear that ‘compulsory education’ implies that it is an
obligation on the part of the government to ensure the admission,
attendance, and completion of elementary education for children between
the ages of six and fourteen.

37. Provisions of the Bill
• There shall be a regular examination in the fifth and eighth
classes at the end of every academic year.
• If a child fails the examination, an opportunity for re-
examination within two months from the date of declaration
of the result should be given to the child.
• If the child fails the re-examination, the State Government
may allow schools to hold back a child in the fifth, eighth, or
both classes.

38. Maternity BenefitAct,1961 and itsAmendment, 2017
The Maternity Benefit Act of 1961 aims to regulate women’s employment
in some establishments for a particular period before and after childbirth to
ensure the healing of the women and support the growth of their
newborns without affecting the family’s financial status. It also ensures
that the mother and child bond is developed.
Benefits Under the Act
• Leave with average pay for six weeks before the delivery.
• Leave with average pay for six weeks after the delivery.
• Amedical bonus if the employer does not provide free medical care to the
woman.
• An additionalleave with pay for up to 1 month if the woman shows
proof of illness due to the pregnancy, delivery, miscarriage, or
premature birth.
• In the case of miscarriage, six weeks leave with average pay from
the date of miscarriage.

39. NATIONAL PROGRAMS RELATED TO WELFARE SERVICES TO THE
CHILDREN INDIA NEWBORN ACTION PLAN (INAP): PREVENTING
NEWBORN DEATHS AND STILLBIRTHS
This was launched in September 2014 to accelerate the country’s reduction of
preventable newborn deaths and stillbirths - to attain ‘Single Digit Neo-natal
Mortality Rate (NMR) by 2030’and ‘Single Digit Birth Rate (SBR) by 2030’
Intervention Packages forAchieving the Goal
Intervention packages in descending order of impact on neonatal mortality.
• Package 1: Care during Labour and Childbirth.
• Package 2: Care of Small and Sick Newborn.
• Package 3: Care of Healthy Newborn.
• Package 4: Immediate Newborn Care.
• Package 5: Pre-Conception andAntenatal Care.
Intervention packages in descending order of impact on still-births
• Package 1: Care during Labour and Childbirth
• Package 2: Pre-Conception andAntenatal Care

40. NATIONALHEAL
TH MISSION
National Health Mission (NHM)—a flagship program of the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with its two Sub-Missions,
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and National Urban Health
Mission (NUHM). The schemes launched under NHM are
available free of cost to all income groups approaching public
health facilities throughout the country.
REPRODUCTIVE MATERNAL NEWBORN CHILD
HEALTH
+ADOLESCENT HEALTH (RMNCH+A)
The government of India is implementing a Reproductive, Maternal,
Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Nutrition (RMNCHAN)
strategy to improve maternal and Child health outcomes under the
National Health Mission (NHM). The Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare controls these health programs.

41. The National Maternity Benefit Scheme has been modified
into a new project called Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
It was launched on 12th April 2005.
The scheme’s objectives are
Reducing maternal and infant mortality through
encouraging delivery at health institutions and focusing on
institutional care among women in below-poverty-line
families. Thus, it promotes institutional deliveries through
cash incentives for all pregnant women delivering in
public health institutions.
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
and
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karya karam (JSSK)

42. Following are the Free Entitlements for Pregnant Women
Free and cashless delivery
Free C-Section
Free drugs and consumables
Free diagnostics
Free diet during a stay in the health institutions
Free provision of blood
Exemption from user charges
Free transport from home to health institutions
Free transport between facilities in case of referral
Free drop back from institutions to home after 48hrs stay.

43. Pradhan Matritvya Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)
• It is another maternity benefit scheme under which a
cash incentive of 5000 is provided to pregnant women
and lactating mothers directly to their bank account.
Strengthening Essential Newborn Care
• It is to be done at all delivery points, the establishment of
Special Newborn Care Units (SNCU), Newborn
Stabilization Units (NBSU), and Kangaroo Mother Care
(KMC) units for the care of sick and tiny babies. Home-
Based Newborn Care (HBNC) and Home-Based Care
of Young Children (HBYC) by ASHAs to improve child-
rearing practices and identify ill newborns.

44. Mothers’AbsoluteAffection (MAA)
• This programme is guided by the Ministry of women and child
development to promote early initiation, exclusive breastfeeding for the
first six months, and appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF)
practices.
Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Days (VHSNDs)
• These are observed to provide maternal and child health services and
create awareness on maternal and child care.
Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs)
• These are established at public health facilities to treat and manage
children with SevereAcute Malnutrition (SAM) admitted with medical
complications.
Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)
• This programme is supported to vaccinate children against life-
threatening diseases. “Mission Indradhanush”and Intensified Mission
Indradhanush (IMI) 2.0 is targeted to immunize children who are either
unvaccinated or partially vaccinated.

45. Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakaram (RBSK)
This was launched in February 2013 under the National Rural
Health Mission. This program aims to screen and manage
children aged 18 for 30 health conditions classified into 4 Ds—
Defects at Birth, Deficiencies, Diseases, and Developmental
Delays, including disabilities. District Early Intervention Center
(DEIC) at the district health facility level is established to
confirm and manage the 4D’s.
Rashtriya Kishore Swasthya Karyakram
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare launched a new
adolescent health program named Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya
Karyakram in 7 January 2014. The new teenage health (AH)
strategy focuses on age groups 10-14 years and 15-19 years
with universal coverage, i.e., males and females; urban and rural,
in and out of school; married and unmarried; and vulnerable and
under-served.

46. Objectives
• Reduce the prevalence of malnutrition among adolescent
girls and boys (including overweight/ obesity).
• Reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
among adolescent girls and boys.
• Improve knowledge, attitudes, and behavior about safe sex
practice.
• Reduce teenage pregnancies.
• Improve birth preparedness complication readiness and provide
early parenting support for adolescent parents.

47. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)
प्रधानमंत्री सुरक्षित मातृत्व अक्षियान
This programme aims to improve the quality and coverage of
Antenatal Care (ANC), including diagnostics and counseling
services as part of the Reproductive Maternal Neonatal Child and
Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Strategy. To provide assured,
comprehensive, and quality antenatal care universally to all
pregnant women (especially in the 2nd/3rd Trimester) on the
9th of every month.
LaQshya” Programme - Labour Room & Quality Improvement
“LaQshya” programme was launched on 11th December, 2017. It
aims to reduce preventable maternal and newborn mortality,
morbidity, and stillbirths associated with the care around delivery
in the Labour Room and Maternity Operation Theatre and ensure
respectful maternity care.

48. Surakshit MatritvaAashwasan (SUMAN)
• Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN) initiative to
ensure quality delivery services to mothers at no cost,
zero tolerance for denial of benefits, assured
management of complications, and respect for women’s
autonomy and dignity. 10th October 2019
• To provides free, quality healthcare to pregnant women
and newborns at public health facilities.
Defeat Diarrhoea (D2)
• The Defeat Diarrhoea (D2) initiative has been launched
to promote ORS and Zinc use and eliminate diarrhoeal
deaths by 2025.

49. Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia
Successfully (SAANS)
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has launched
this campaign in Gujarat. The aim is to reduce child
mortality due to pneumonia through the training of
healthcare professionals, creating mass awareness
about pneumonia prevention through breastfeeding,
age appropriate complementary feeding and
immunization, etc., and allowing ASHAs to identify
cases of pneumonia and administer a pre- referral dose
of amoxicillin to the affected child.
• launched on 16th November 2019

50. Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB)
• Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) strategy as a part of Poshan Abhiyan
POSHAN Abhiyaan was launched on 8th March 2018 with an aim to achieve improvement
in nutritional status of Adolescent Girls, Pregnant Women and Lactating Mothers.

53. Integrated management of neonate and childhood
illness is a strategy for reducing mortality and
morbidity associated with significant causes of
childhood illness. This strategy was developed
by WHO and UNICEF in 1992. It has curative,
preventive, and promotive components.
Integrated Management Of NeonateAnd
Childhood Illness (IMNCI)

54. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES FOR THE
IMPROVEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF
CHILDREN
MAA (Mothers’ Absolute Affection) Programme for
Breastfeeding Promotion Through Health Systems
This program was launched on 5 August 2016 by Honourable
Health Minister Mr. J. P. Nadda.
Goals
• To revitalize efforts towards promoting, protecting, and
supporting breastfeeding practices through health systems
to achieve higher breastfeeding rates.

55. Objectives
The following are the objectives established to
achieve the goal mentioned above:
• Build an enabling environment for breastfeeding
through awareness generation activities, targeting
pregnant and lactating mothers, family members,
and society to promote optimal breastfeeding
practices. Breastfeeding is to be positioned as an
essential intervention for child survival and
development.
• Reinforce lactation support services at public health
facilities through trained healthcare providers and skilled
community health workers.

56. Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM POSHAN)
Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM POSHAN) was earlier
known as the “National Programme of Mid-Day Meal in
Schools,” popularly known as the Mid- Day Meal Scheme. It is
one of the foremost rights-based Centrally Sponsored Schemes
under the National Food Security Act, 2013 PM POSHAN Scheme
targets to provide one hot cooked meal in Government and
Government- aided schools from 2021–22 to 2025–26. This
Centrally- Sponsored Scheme covers all school children in Classes
I-VIII of Government, Government-Aided Schools.

57. Objectives of the Scheme
• Improving the nutritional status of eligible children.
• Encouraging poor children from disadvantaged sections
to attend school more regularly and help them
concentrate on classroom activities.
• Providing nutritional support to children in elementary
stage in drought-affected and disaster-affected areas
during summer vacation.

58. POSHAN Abhiyaan (Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic
Nutrition)
The government launched POSHAN Abhiyaan (Prime Minister’s
Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition) on 8 March 2018 to address
the country’s malnutrition problem. The goals of POSHAN Abhiyaan are to
improve the nutritional status of Children from 0-6 years, Adolescent
Girls, Pregnant Women, and Lactating Mothers in a time-bound manner.
Objectives
• The objectives are adopted to reduce malnutrition in the country in a
phased manner through a life cycle and result-oriented approach.
• Prevent and reduce Stunting in children (0- 6 years) at the rate of 2% per
annum.
• Prevent and reduce under-nutrition (underweight prevalence) in
children (0-6 years) at 2% annually.

59. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme
This is a Centrally-Sponsored scheme launched on 2 October
1975. It runs through the Anganwadi Centre and aims at the
development of children and the mother’s empowerment. The
system runs under the Ministry of Women and Child
Development. Recently, the Government of India has included
the Anganwadi Services Scheme, POSHAN Abhiyaan, Pradhan
Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana, and the Scheme for Adolescent
Girls under the umbrella of the ICDS scheme.

60. Objectives
• To improvethe nutritional and health status of children in
the age group 0-6 years.
• To lay the foundation for the proper psychological,
physical, and social development of the child;
• To reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity,
malnutrition, and school dropout.
• Toachieve effective co-ordination of policy and
implementation amongst the various departments to promote
child development.

61. BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO (BBBP) SCHEME
The Prime Minister launched the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme
on 22 January 2015 at Panipat, Haryana. BBBP addresses the declining
Child Sex Ratio (CSR) and related issues of women’s empowerment over a
life-cycle continuum. It is a tri-ministerial effort of the Ministries of Women
and Child Development, Health & Family Welfare, and Human Resource
Development.
Aim
Improvement in the Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) by 2 points every year,
Improvement in the percentage of institutional deliveries or sustained at
the rate of 95% or above,
1% increase in 1st TrimesterAnti-Natal Care (ANC) Registration per year,
and 1% increase in enrolment in the
secondary education level and skillingof girls/women per
year.

62. NATIONAL AGENCIES RELATED TO WELFARE
SERVICES TO THE CHILDREN
Childline India Foundation (CIF)
It is the nodal agency of the Union Ministry of Women and Child
Development. CIF is the sole agency/body responsible for establishing the
CHILDLINE service across the country, monitoring service delivery and
finance, training, research, and documentation, and creating awareness,
advocacy, and resource generation for the service. CHILDLINE 1098 is a
phone number available 24 hours a day for 365 days. It responds to
children’s emergency needs and links them to relevant long-term care and
rehabilitation services.

63. Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS)
It was founded in 1920. The National headquarters of the Indian
Red Cross Society (IRCS) is in Delhi. Indian Red Cross Society
is a national organization with over 655 branches throughout the
country’s state, district, and sub-division. The Red Cross Home at
Bengaluru for disabled veterans is one of the pioneer institutions
of its kind inAsia.
Activities of IRCS
 Relief work during disasters.
 Milk and medical supplies to the children in need.
 Relief work for people living in armed conflict areas.
 Maternal and child welfare services.
 Family planning services.
 Organization of blood donation camp and Blood bank services.

64. Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India (BPNI)
It is a registered, independent, nonprofit national organization
founded on 3rd December 1991 in Wardha, Maharashtra. BPNI
is working towards protecting, promoting, and supporting
breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding of infants
and young children. The core areas of work include policy
advocacy to educate policymakers and managers, training of
health workers, capacity building of State governments for
implementing the policy, social mobilization during World
Breastfeeding Week (WBW) each year, and monitoring
compliance with the “Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles,
and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply, and
Distribution) Act 1992 andAmendment Act 2003 (IMSAct).

65. Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW)
It was established in 1952. ICCW is affiliated with the
International Union for Child Welfare. The services of
ICCW are dedicated to ensuring “opportunities and
facilities, by law and other means” for Indian children
that can access them in a healthy and normal way
physically, mentally, morally, spiritually, and socially in
a healthy and normal manner and develop conditions
of freedom and dignity.

66. INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES: UNITED
NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S
EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)
UNICEF started as the International Children’s
Emergency Fund (IECF) in 1946, formed by the
UN Relief Rehabilitation Administration to offer
relief and healthcare to affected children and
women during the Second World War. The same
year, the UN established the United Nations
International Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) to manage its post-war relief work
organizationally.

67. Contribution of UNICEF in India
UNICEF’s partnership with India began in 1949. Its first
office was established in New Delhi in 1952. The nodal
agency in India for interacting with UNICEF is the GOI’s
Ministry of Women and Child Development. Most of their
work in the country is by collaborating with the
government to implement various governmental schemes,
especially targeting children under 5, girls, and
adolescents.

68. Functions of UNICEF
Providing humanitarian assistance
Supporting child health and nutrition
Promoting education
Protecting children from violence, abuse, and exploitation
Advocating for children’s rights
Mobilizing resources
Promoting behavior change communication

69. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
In 1945, at the United Nations Conference on International
Organization (also known as the San Francisco
Conference), Szeming Sze, a delegate from the Republic
of China (currently Taiwan), proposed the creation of an
international health organization under the auspices of the
new United Nations. Later, Alger Hiss, the conference’s
Secretary-General, recommended using a declaration to
establish such an organization. As a result of these
conference proceedings, the World Health Organisation
was established on 7April 1948.

70. Objectives
• To address health’s social and economic determinants
through policies and programs “that enhance health
equity and integrate pro-poor, gender-responsive, and
human rights-based approaches.”
• To promote a healthier environment, intensify primary
prevention, and influence public policies in all sectors to
address the root causes of environmental threats to
health”.

71. The WHO fulfills its objective through its functions as
defined in its Constitution:
To act as the directing and coordinating authority on
international health work.
To establish and maintain effective collaboration with the
United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental
health administrations, professional groups, and such
other organizations as may be deemed appropriate.
To assist Governments, upon request, in strengthening
health services.

72. BILLAND MELINDA GATES FOUNDATION (BMGF)
It is an American private foundation founded by Bill Gates and his wife,
Melinda. It was launched in 2000 at the headquarters in Seattle. It is
currently the largest private foundation in the world. The office of India is
situated in New Delhi.
Contribution in India
The foundation began working in India in 2003 with the launch of
Avahan, an HIV prevention program.
They target vulnerable communities and are involved in reproductive,
maternal, newborn, and child health and nutrition, sanitation, agricultural
development, gender equality, and digital financial inclusion.
Collaborated with the Government of India and with Indian corporate
companies in improving nutrition, sanitation, and overall healthcare.

73. INTERNATIONALLYACCEPTED RIGHTS OFTHE CHILD
The ten fundamental rights of the child as per the declaration are as follows:
1. Right to develop an atmosphere of affection, security, and protection
against neglect, cruelty, exploitation, and traffic.
2. Right to enjoy social security benefits, including nutrition, housing,
and medical care.
3. Right to a name and nationality.
4. Right to free education.
5. Right to full opportunity for play and recreation.
6. Right to special treatment, education, and appropriate care if
handicapped.
7. Right to be among the first to receive protection and relief in times of
disaster.
8. Right to learn to be a valuable member of society and to develop in a
healthy and normal manner and conditions of freedom and dignity.

74. 9. Right to be brought up in a spirit of understanding,
tolerance, friendship among people, peace, and universal brotherhood.
10. Right to enjoy these rights, regardless of race, color, sex,
religion, national or social origin, and disability.

75. • Community-Based Nursing
• Advances in Research
• Demographic Trends
• Changes in the Society
• Lack of Pediatric Nurse Practitioner’s Role in India
• Cost Containment
• InternetAddiction andAccessibility of Social Media in Children
• Global Climate Change
• Digital Healthcare for Children
• Use of Social Robots in Healthcare
Changing trends in hospital care, preventive,
Promotive and curative aspect of child health

76. THANK YOU