FMD is one of devastating disease in the world.

1. NO NAME ID.NO
1 MEGERSA AKASA 004292
2 MESFIN KASAHUN 004293
3 MESKEREM TOLLERA 004294
4 MULETA OLANI 004296
5 REMEDAN TEMAM 11088373
6 MOHAMMED AHMED 11088370
7 MOHAMMED JEMAL 11088371
SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
VETERINARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: GROUP ASSIGNMENT
Group : 5,DVM 5TH YEAR
Title : FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
SUBMISSION DATE : 19/02/2014 E.C
SUBMITTED TO : Dr. TUJUBA JERGEFA

2. (FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
FMD

3. The virus
• Picornaviridae, Aphthovirus
– 7 distinct serotypes
– Not cross protective
• Cloven-hoofed animals
– Two-toed
• Inactivation
– pH below 6.5 and above 11
• Survives in milk, milk products,
bone marrow, lymph glands

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY

5. Risk factors
Hosts factors
• All domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible, including cattle, pigs,
sheep, goats, buffalo, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids
• African buffalo are the only wildlife species to play a significant role in the
epidemiology of FMD
• Strains of FMD virus that infect cattle have been isolated from wild pigs and deer

6. Morbidity and Mortality
• Morbidity 100% in susceptible animal population
• Mortality less than 1%
• Higher in young animals and highly virulent virus strains
• Animals generally destroyed to prevent spread

7. Transmission
 Animal transmission
• Respiratory aerosols
– Travel long distances
– Proper temperature and humidity
• Direct contact
– Vesicular fluid
– Ingestion of infected animal parts
• Indirect contact via fomites
– Boots, hands, clothing

8. CONT….
Cattle
Disease Indicators
Often first species to show
signs
Can carry the virus for up
to 6 months
Some animals may remain
infected for up to 3-1/2
years
Swine
Amplifying Host
Produce large amounts of
aerosolized virus
Rare,
possibly carry the virus up to
28 days
Sheep/Goats
Maintenance Host
Can carry/shed the virus
for up to
4 months for goats and
12 months for sheep

9. Economic Impact
• Fear direct costs
– Loss of production
– Loss of animals
• Indirect costs
– Eradication costs
– Loss of trade/exports
– Loss to affiliated industries
– Consumer

10. Pathogenesis
• Inspiration of infected aerosols
• Primary multiplication of the virus in the mucous membrane
• Found in lymphatic and blood circulation
• Secondary multiplication in the lymphatic glands, epithelial tissues in and
around the mouth, feet and in the mammary glands.
• The virus appears in body fluids such as milk, urine, respiratory secretions and
semen before the appearance of clinical signs of FMD.
• The virus can also persist in oral cavity of infected animals for long periods.

11. • Incubation period: 2 to 14 days
• Fever and vesicles
– Feet, mouth, nares, muzzle, teats
– Progress to erosions
• Lameness,
reluctance to move,
sloughing of hooves
• Abortion
• Death in young animals

12. Clinical Signs: Cattle
• Oral lesions (vesicles)
• Tongue, dental pad, gums, soft
palate, nostrils, muzzle
• Excess salivation, drooling, nasal
discharge
• Lethargy, loss of body
condition

13. Clinical Signs: Cattle
• Teat lesions
• Decreased milk production
• Hoof lesions
• Interdigital space
• Coronary band
• Lameness
• Reluctant to move

14. Clinical Signs: Pigs
• Hoof lesions
– More severe than in cattle
• Very painful
• Coronary band, heel, interdigital space
– Lameness
• Snout vesicles
• Oral vesicles less common

15. Clinical Signs:
Sheep and Goats
• Mild, if any
• Fever
• Lameness
• Oral lesions
• Makes diagnosis
and prevention of
spread difficult

16. Post Mortem Lesions
• Single or multiple vesicles
• Various stages
of development
• White area, 2mm-10cm
• Fluid filled blister
• Red erosion, fibrin coating
• Dry lesions
• Sloughed hooves
• Tiger heart

17. Differential Diagnosis
• Swine
• Vesicular stomatitis
• Swine vesicular disease
• Vesicular exanthema of swine
• Cattle
• Rinderpest, IBR, BVD, MCF, Bluetongue
• Sheep
• Bluetongue, contagious ecthyma

18. Sampling
• Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities
should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized
laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

19. Clinical Diagnosis
• Vesicular diseases
are clinically
indistinguishable!
• Suspect animals with
salivation or lameness and
vesicles
• Tranquilization may
be necessary
• Laboratory testing essential

20. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Initial diagnosis
• Virus isolation
• Virus identification
• ELISA, RT-PCR, complement fixation
• Serology
• ELISA and virus neutralization
• Notify authorities and wait for instructions before collecting samples

21. Treatment
• No treatment available
• Outbreak could result in:
• Quarantine
• Euthanasia
• Disposal
• Vaccine available
• Ramifications are many
• See section “prevention
and control”

22. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Sanitary prophylaxis
• Protection of free zones by border animal movement control and
surveillance.
• Quarantine measures
• Slaughter of infected, recovered, and FMD-susceptible contact animals
• Cleaning and disinfection of premises and all infected material, such as
implements, cars, and clothes.
• Disposal of carcasses, bedding, and contaminated animal products in the
infected area.

23. Cont...
• Strict import restrictions
• Prohibit live ruminants, swine, and their products from FMD-affected
countries
• Heat-treatment of swill (garbage) fed to pigs
• Swine Health Protection Act
• Travelers, belongings monitored at ports of entry
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State
University, 2011

24. Cont...
• Suspicious lesions investigated
• State planning/training exercises
• Federal response plans
• Biosecurity protocols for livestock facilities

25. Vaccination
• Killed vaccine, serotype specific
• North American Foot-and-Mouth Vaccine Bank
• Plum Island, NY
• Monitor disease outbreaks worldwide
• Stock active serotypes and strains
• Essential to isolate virus and identify the serotype to select correct
vaccine

26. Vaccination
• But, vaccine may be used in an outbreak
• Vaccination issues
• Annual re-vaccination required
• Costly, time consuming
• Does not protect against infection, but reduces clinical signs
• Spread infection to other animals
• International trade status harmed

27. FMD IN ETHIOPIA
• FMD is endemic to Ethiopia frequently in the pastoral herds of the
marginal lowland areas of the country and currently also found in
highlands.
• Endemic distributions of five of seven serotypes of FMDV are
maintained in the country and serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2
were responsible for FMD outbreaks.

28. Recommended Actions
• Notification of Authorities
– Federal Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
– State Veterinarians
• Quarantine

29. Recommended Actions
• Confirmatory diagnosis
• Depopulation
• Must properly destroy
exposed cadavers, litter,
animal products

30. Disinfection
• Products:
• 2% sodium hydroxide (lye)
• 4% sodium carbonate (soda ash)
• 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach)
• 0.2% citric acid
• Areas must be free of organic matter for disinfectants
to be effective

31. THANK YOU