Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
Leptospirosis: Its Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control Chandrani Goswami
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira.
Disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886
In 1908, a Japanese research group led by Ryokichi Inada and Yutaka to first identified the bacterium as the causative agent of leptospirosis and noted its presence in rats in 1916
Generally it is transmitted by the infected urine of rodents.
Leptospirosis is in the group of 17 neglected tropical diseases, categorized by WHO.
Leptospirosis is an underreported disease, and there are no reliable global incidence figures (WHO, 2015)
Synonyms: Weil's Syndrome, Weil-Vasiliev disease, Swineherd's disease, Rice-field fever, Waterborne fever, Nanukayami fever, Cane-cutter fever, Swamp fever, Mud fever, Stuttgart disease, and Canicola fever.
Presentation slides shows the problems and health disorders due to Vitamin A deficiency, Sources, treatment and diagnostic method. Also about the factor affecting the utilization of Vitamin A.
How to Identify Poisonous and Non-poisonous Snake bhuwan bhatta
Identification of snake is very difficult from venomous to non-venomous. some of the body parts that help to distinguish from each other. most important is that the there is no any universal character that differs from each other.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
1. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)
Presented By:
Bhuwan Raj Bhatta
Roll.No: 03(Three)
IAAS, Paklihawa Campus
1
2. Introduction
Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is also known as ‘ovine
rinderpest’,‘Goat plague’.
It is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of goat and sheep.
It is characterized by the fever, sores in mouth, diarrhoea,
pneumonia and sometimes death.
2
3. Aetiology
It is caused by a morbillivirus (ssRNA) in the family of paramyxoviridae, that is
related to Rinderpest, Measles and Canine distemper.
Lineage: I,II,III,IV
Destroyed at 50 °c/60 min
Inactivation- pH<4 or>11
Susceptible to- phenol, sodium hydroxide
Incubation period 3-6 days.
3
4. Epidemiology
Origin and spread:
The first description of the disease was published on 1940 an
outbreak in Ivory cost, West Africa in goats and sheep on 1940 and
confirmed on 1972.
Pakistan and India on early 1990s (Calcutta goat markets), 1994 on
Tamil Nadu finally reaching Tibet on 2007.
4
5. Epidemiology cont.…
Geographical Repartition
As of 2017 the disease is present in West africa, part of Central Africa
(Gabon, Central African Republic), East Africa (north of the Equator),
the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent including Nepal and
Myanmar.
Morbidity- 50-90%
Mortality- higher in goat (55-85%) than compared to sheep (45-75%)
5
6. Outbreak in Nepal
On 2016 Feb at 18 Bajura, PPR killed almost 3170
goats and on 2016 Feb 20 in Humla also killed
almost 1800 goats.
PPR kills over 3000 sheep and goat in Jajarkot- 2015
6
7. Transmission
The virus is secreted in tears, nasal discharge, secretions from coughing,
and in the faeces of infected animals.
Water, feed, and bedding can also be contaminated with secretions.
Since animals excrete the virus before showing signs of the disease, it can
spread by movement of infected animals.
Virus also present in semen and embryo
Offspring can also affected from the infected mother through milk
7
8. Symptoms
They are similar to those of Rinderpest in cattle.
Hyper acute cases:
Hyper acute cases are found dead without previous symptoms.
They die with a serous, foamy or haemorrhagic discharge coming
out of the nose.
8
9. Symptoms cont...
Acute cases at onset
1. Body temperature is high (40.5 to 41 °C)
2. Loss of appetite
3. Depression
4. Ulcers in the gums (lower), dental pad, hard palate,
cheeks and tongue
9
14. Symptoms contd…
Evolution of acute cases:
• Nasal discharge become mucopurulent and may obstruct the nose
• Dry coughing develop
• pneumonia
• Death occur from 5-10 days after the onset of fever
• Some animals may recover but the dry, stertorous coughing often persist for some days
• Pregnant may abort
14
15. Pathogenesis
Entry- invade retropharyngeal lymph nodes and mucosa
from there respiratory and alimentary tract affected
proliferation and damage them
inflammation of alimentary inflammation of
respiratory
lead to diarrhoea, dehydration lead to pneumonia
and
and death respiratory distress
15
16. Post Mortem Lesion
Carcase will be dehydrated with faecal soiling
Congestion of the ileo-ceacal valve
Engorgement and blackening of the folds in the caecum, colon and
rectum(‘zebra striping’)
Enlarged spleen
Oedematous lymph nodes
Bronchopneumonia
16
17. Diagnosis
1. Based on the clinical signs.
2. Histo-pathological changes in the lungs.
3. Bronchopneumonia with antero-ventral consolidation.
4. Virus can be isolated from lymphoid tissue at necropsy,
including lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches and spleen.
5. Blood examination
6. Serological test:
• AGI
• PCR
• ELISA
• cDNA probe
17
19. Treatment
There is no specific treatment, supportive therapy.
Symptomatic treatment for diarrhoea and respiratory problem
Hyper immune rinderpest serum
OTC- 10ml mg/kg b.wt with levamisole 2.5 mg/kg b.wt for 3 days followed by
repetition at 3 days interval recommended for secondary bacterial invaders
Lemon juice effective against scab formation
19
20. Prevention and Control
• Disease is prevented in many countries by strict quarantine
controls.
• Introduced disease has been eradicated from countries by
compulsory slaughter of affected flocks/herds.
• Sanitation and hygienic measures
• Do not introduce of new animal especially from areas where the
disease is prevalent
• Affected isolated and treated
20
21. Vaccine
• Tissue culture rinderpest vaccine, given at 3-4 months
• PPR culture vaccine (I.V.R.I)- 1ml s/c annually
• Raksha PPR- 1 ml s/c
• Live attenuated RP vaccine protection for one year only
• PPRV attenuated vaccine commercially available
• Genetically engineered recombinant vaccine is under trial (OIE, 2002)
• French attenuated PPR vaccine- immunity for at least 3 years
21