Type of vectors ,approach,multi sector intervention, affects, preventative and controlling methods

1. ZOONOTICS AND VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
PREPARED BY: DR HARDEV SINGH S/O HARPAL SINGH
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2. INTRODUCTION
 Animals provide many benefits to people. Many people interact with animals in their daily lives, both at home
and away from home. Animals provide food, fiber, livelihoods, travel, sport.
 Zoonotic diseases are communicable diseases that can spread between animals and humans
 However, animals can sometimes carry harmful germs that can spread to people and cause illness – these are
known as zoonotic diseases or zoonoses.
 Zoonotic diseases are caused by harmful germs like viruses, bacterial, parasites, and fungi.
 These germs can cause many different types of illnesses in people and animals, ranging from mild to serious
illness and even death
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3. MECHANISM OF INFECTION
 Direct contact: Coming into contact with the saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces, or other body fluids of an
infected animal. Examples include petting or touching animals, and bites or scratches.
 Indirect contact: Coming into contact with areas where animals live and roam, or objects or surfaces that
have been contaminated with germs. Examples include aquarium tank water, pet habitats, chicken coops,
barns, plants, and soil, as well as pet food and water dishes.
 Vector-borne: Being bitten by a tick, or an insect like a mosquito or a flea.
 Foodborne: Eating or drinking something unsafe, such as unpasteurized (raw) milk, undercooked meat or
eggs, or raw fruits and vegetables that are contaminated with feces from an infected animal. Contaminated
food can cause illness in people and animals, including pets.
 Waterborne: Drinking or coming in contact with water that has been contaminated with feces from an
infected animal.
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4. HIGH RISK CATEGORIES
• Children younger than 5
• Adults older than 65
• People with weakened immune systems
• Pregnant women
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
 The increasing human population and anthropogenic activities have impacted the environment and
have direct linkages with the current and other recent outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. Despite having a
difference in their origin, major reasons behind the emergence and spread of zoonotic pandemics are
related to activities such as habitat fragmentation, deforestation, biodiversity loss, intensive agriculture
and livestock farming, uncontrolled urbanization, pollution, climate change and bushmeat hunting and
trading (Naguib et al. 2019)
 The mean temperature is increasing resulting in more warmer days in the cooler regions of the globe,
facilitating the spread of vectors, migratory animals, and birds leading to the transmission of
pathogenic viruses. This allows reservoir species to survive for a longer time and expanding their
habitat range that will increase the high transmission of zoonotic bacterial and viral pathogens to
humans in locations nearer to poles (Parkinson et al. 2014)
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6. ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
 Loss of biodiversity is closely associated with frequent emergence and transmission of
zoonotic diseases (Keesing et al. 2010).
 Biodiversity loss makes an ecosystem more fragile and possible breach by the pathogens to
humans becomes much easier. Changes in biodiversity may affect interactions between a host
and a pathogen or with other species that act as reservoirs or vectors. (Slingenbergh et al.
2004)
 Apart from changing climatic and environmental conditions, anthropogenic factors such as
intensive livestock production, exhaustive agricultural practices, urbanization, globalization,
and pollution have also proven to be important for the evolution and spread of zoonotic
pathogens in the human population (Slingenbergh et al. 2004).
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8. MAJOR DISEASES IN ZOONOTIC
 Major Bacterial disease
• Anthrax
• Bovine tuberculosis
• Brucellosis
• Leptospirosis
• Salmonellosis
 Major viral diseases
• Avian influenza
• Rabies
• FMD
• Nipah virus infection
(Samad, 2011)
Major fungal diseases
• Dermatomycosis
Major protozoan diseases
• Toxoplasmosis
• Giardiasis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Amoebiasis
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9. MULTISECTORAL APPROACH
 The three main government agencies involved in zoonotic disease control are the MOH, Department
of Veterinary Services (DVS), and the Department of Wildlife Protection and National Park Peninsular.
The states of Sabah and Sarawak have their own state legislation and therefore define their own animal
health, veterinary public health, and animal welfare policies and programs through DVS Sabah and
DVS Sarawak.
 Zoonotic events are managed through the One Health approach, with the Inter-Ministerial Committee
and Technical Committee on Control of Zoonotic Disease providing the mechanism of multisectoral
collaboration between the three agencies.
 The draft National Strategic Plan for Zoonosis 2019, which is based on MySED II (2017-2021) includes
the strengthening of capacities and capabilities for zoonotic diseases prevention and control, as well
as partnerships and networking with other governmental agencies, such as the district authorities,
the Malaysia One Health University Network and private stakeholders, e.g. the Federation Livestock
Farmers’ Association Malaysia.
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10. STRENGTHS AND CHALLENGES
Strengths
 There are formal mechanisms for multisectoral collaboration on zoonotic
diseases surveillance and response at the national and state level.
 MySED II includes zoonotic diseases and the draft National Strategic Plan for
Zoonosis 2019 has been developed.
 The list of priority zoonotic diseases is regularly reviewed for relevancy with the
current 14 diseases included in both human and animal health surveillance
systems.
 Information sharing between relevant agencies occurs through Technical
Committee meetings, with laboratory results shared in real time during when
zoonotic disease is detected. DVS is using the OIE PVS Pathway programs to
strengthen the performance of veterinary services.
 The draft Manual on Zoonosis Joint Response uses a multisectoral approach
for responding to zoonotic diseases that includes the MOH, DVS and the
Department of Wildlife and National Park.
There are contingency plans for rabies and highly pathogenic avian influenza
that have been tested and updated after outbreaks and simulation exercises.
Challenges
 Increasing the frequency of information sharing for priority zoonotic
diseases.
 Formalizing the mechanism for sharing isolates and biological materials
between human and animal health.
 Continuing to implement the recommendations from the OIE PVS missions.
Laboratory diagnostic capacity in the Department of Wildlife and National
Parks and laboratory facilities for level 4 pathogens.
 Human resources for veterinary services at the district level.
Increasing awareness of farmers and the community on zoonotic disease
and the requirement to report any diseases in animals to district authorities.
(Samad, 2011) 10

11. VECTORS
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans.
Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood
meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has
replicated. Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of
their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal. (WHO,2017)
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12. VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by
vectors. Every year there are more than 700,000 deaths from diseases such as malaria, dengue,
schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, yellow fever, Japanese
encephalitis and onchocerciasis. (WHO,2017)
The burden of these diseases is highest in tropical and subtropical areas, and they disproportionately affect the
poorest populations. Since 2014, major outbreaks of dengue, malaria, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika have
afflicted populations, claimed lives, and overwhelmed health systems in many countries. Other diseases such
as Chikungunya, leishmaniasis and lymphatic filariasis cause chronic suffering, life-long morbidity, disability and
occasional stigmatization. (WHO,2017)
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14. TYPE OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
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15. MOSQUITO
Appearance
Adult has black and white markings.
Larval rest 45 degree from the surface of the water.
Egg is black in color and shape like a rugby ball.
Life Cycle
Egg to adult stage takes 6 – 8 days.
Complete metamorphosis – egg, larval, pupa and adult.
Habits
Habitat – container breeder especially man-made
containers with clean water.
Prefer darker colors like black and red.
Can fly short distance (50 – 100m).
Aedes Aegypti
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16. Appearance
Adult – pale and dark marks on its wings and resting 45
degree angle to the surface.
Larval rest parallel to surface of the water.
Egg is about 1mm long and has floats on its sides.
Life Cycle
Egg to adult stage takes 6 – 10 days.
Complete metamorphosis – egg, larval, pupa and adult.
Habits
Habitat – prefer clean and unpolluted water.
Biting rhythm – bite at night and rest indoor and
outdoor (depends on species).
Prefer darker colors.
Female with one blood meal can lay 50 – 150 eggs.
Anopheles SPP
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17. Appearance
Adult – thorax, legs and veins on the wings are always covered
with brown scales. Dull in color. The tip of the abdomen is always
blunt.
Larval rest 45 degree from the surface of the water.
Egg is brown, long and cylindrical, vertical on water surface,
cemented in a raft of 300 eggs. Raft usually 3 – 4mm long and 2 –
3mm wide.
Life Cycle
Egg to adult stage takes 6 – 10 days.
Complete metamorphosis – egg, larval, pupa and adult.
Habits
Habitat – mainly breed in polluted stagnant water and drains.
Biting rhythm – bite at night and usually rest indoor before and
after the blood meal. Sometimes they may rest outdoor.
Prefer darker colors.
Long distance fliers.
Culex spp
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18. ENVIRONMENTAL AFFECTS VECTOR BORNE DISEASE
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Surface water
 Tropical and subtropical region
 Predators patterns
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19. PREVENTING OF VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
Precautions for Protection against Disease-vectors:
 Using nets at doors and windows to prevent the entrance
of insects.
 Using mosquito nets when sleeping outdoors.
 Paying attention to the cleanliness of animals and animal
pens.
 Maintaining personal hygiene
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20. CONTROLLING VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
 High cost due to lost income, health care and vector control
 Significant cause of severe illness and death
 No vaccine or drugs to treat most viral borne vector diseases.
 Domestic outbreak are threaten by globalization, changing ecology and emerging pathogen such as Lyme
disease, West Nile Disease, Chinkungunya, Japanese encephalitis and Dengue.
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21. WHO RESPONSE
 The "Global Vector Control Response (GVCR) 2017–2030" was approved by the World Health Assembly in 2017. It
provides strategic guidance to countries and development partners for urgent strengthening of vector control as a
fundamental approach to preventing disease and responding to outbreaks. To achieve this a re-alignment of vector
control programs is required, supported by increased technical capacity, improved infrastructure, strengthened
monitoring and surveillance systems, and greater community mobilization. Ultimately, this will support implementation of
a comprehensive approach to vector control that will enable the achievement of disease-specific national and global
goals and contribute to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage.
 WHO Secretariat provides strategic, normative and technical guidance to countries and development partners for
strengthening vector control as a fundamental approach based on GVCR to preventing disease and responding to
outbreaks. Specifically WHO responds to vector-borne diseases by:
 providing evidence-based guidance for controlling vectors and protecting people against infection;
 providing technical support to countries so that they can effectively manage cases and outbreaks;
 supporting countries to improve their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease;
 providing training (capacity building) on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control with support from some of its
collaborating centers; and
 supporting the development and evaluation of new tools, technologies and approaches for vector-borne diseases,
including vector control and disease management technologies.
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22. STRATEGIES OF NATIONAL VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL
PROGRAM
PARASITES ELIMINATION AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
 Early case detection and complete treatment
 Strengthening of referral service
 Epidemic preparedness and rapid response teams
INTERGRATED VECTOR MANAGEMENT FOR TRANSMISSION OF RISK REDUCTION
 Use of insecticide treated bed nets
 Indoor residual spraying
 Use of larvivores fish
 Anti larval measures in urban areas
 Minor environmental engineering
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23. CONCLUSION
 A crucial element in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases is behavioral change. WHO works with
partners to provide education and improve public awareness, so that people know how to protect themselves
and their communities from mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, flies and other vectors. Access to water and sanitation is a
very important factor in disease control and elimination. WHO works together with many different government
sectors to improve water storage, sanitation, thereby helping to control these diseases at the community level.
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24. REFERENCE
 Samad MA, 2011. Public health threat caused by zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh. Bangl. J. Vet. Med.
9 (2): 95 –120
 Seleem MN, Boyle SM and Sriranaganathan N (2010). Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonoses.
Veterinary Microbiology 140: 392-398
 Parkinson AJ, Evengard B, Semenza JC, Ogden N, Børresen ML, Berner J, Brubaker M, Sjöstedt A, Evander M, Hondula
DM, Menne B, Pshenichnaya N, Gounder P, Larose T, Revich B, Hueffer K, Albihn A (2014) Climate change and
infectious diseases in the Arctic: establishment of a circumpolar working group. Int J Circumpolar Health 73:25163–
25163
 Shaman J, Day JF, Stieglitz M (2005) Drought-induced amplification and epidemic transmission of West Nile Virus in
Southern Florida. J Med Entomol 42(2):134–141
 Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, Hudson P, Jolles A, Jones KE, Mitchell CE (2010)
Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature 468:647–652
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