This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
Darwin theory of evolution was the first insight for understanding life on earth. To get more information about Darwin and his work; contact myassignmenthelp.net
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
Organisms are classified into a hierarchical classification that groups closely related individuals.
The species is the basic biological unit around which classifications are based.
To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed.
When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa.
Plant kingdom as other living kingdoms has a hierarchy structure ends mostly with species rank.
Species are one of the basic units to compare in almost all fields of biology.
A species is defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring, typically using sexual reproduction.
Definition of a species as a group of interbreeding individuals cannot be easily applied to organisms that reproduce only or mainly asexually.
If two lineages of oak look quite different, but occasionally form hybrids with each other, should we count them as different species?
Idea of a species is something that we humans invented for our own convenience.
‘‘No matter what variations occur in the individuals or the species, if they spring from the seed of one and the same plant, they are accidental variations and not such as distinguish a species permanently; one species never springs from the seed of another nor vice versa” - JOHN RAY.
Used a sexual system ‘‘natural system” for defining species - LINNAEUS.
‘‘A species is a collection of all the individuals which resemble each other more than they resemble anything else, which can by natural fecundation produce fertile individuals, and which reproduce themselves by generation, in such a manner that we may from analogy suppose them all to have sprung from one single individual” - DE CANDOLLE.
I: Evolution
If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.
-- Sir Isaac Newton
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Theories in Science
In the context of scientific inquiry, a theory is:
A conceptual framework supported by a large body of evidence
Broader in scope than a hypothesis. A theory ties information together and leads to specific testable hypotheses
In other words, a theory is a big deal in science, NOT a synonym for guessing
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(This used to be a joke, but I’m not laughing anymore.)
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Historical Overview
What can explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth?
Organic evolution: genetically based change over time. It acts on individuals in the present, but only manifests in the population over generations.
Natural Selection: mechanism causing the match between organisms and their environment (adaptive evolution = adaptation)
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Traditional views involved unchanging and perfect species inhabiting a young Earth (Old Testament, Linnaeus, etc.)
The emergence of paleontology and geology helped lay the groundwork for Darwin’s contributions
Other areas of research also influenced his thinking, including studies on human population growth
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Fig. 22-2
American Revolution
French Revolution
U.S. Civil War
1900
1850
1800
1750
1795
1809
1798
1830
1831–1836
1837
1859
1837
1844
1858
The Origin of Species is published.
Wallace sends his hypothesis to Darwin.
Darwin begins his notebooks.
Darwin writes essay on descent with modification.
Darwin travels around the world on HMS Beagle.
Malthus publishes “Essay on the Principle of Population.”
Lyell publishes Principles of Geology.
Lamarck publishes his hypothesis of evolution.
Hutton proposes his theory of gradualism.
Linnaeus (classification)
Cuvier (fossils, extinction)
Malthus (population limits)
Lamarck (species can change)
Hutton (gradual geologic change)
Lyell (modern geology)
Darwin (evolution, natural selection)
Wallace (evolution, natural selection)
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Younger stratum
with more recent
fossils
Layers of deposited
sediment
Older stratum
with older fossils
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Several 18th century naturalists (including Erasmus Darwin) suggested life evolves as environments change
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and subsequent inheritance of acquired characteristics
This mechanism is unsupported by evidence (e.g., even if you and your mate lost the same finger, your children would still be born with all ten), but it did refocus subsequent research
Lamarck’s Hypothesis
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The miniature phenotype of Bonsai trees is caused by manipulations of a bonsai master, not genetics. Would the next generation still be stunted if we planted their seeds and allowed them to grow naturally?
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After first studying medicine, then theology at Cambridge, Darwin took an unpaid position as naturalist for a 5-year voyage around the world
During his travels on HMS Beagle, he collected thousa ...
Evolution and Its ProcessesFigure 1 Diversity of Life on Eart.docxturveycharlyn
Evolution and Its Processes
Figure 1: Diversity of Life on Earth
The diversity of life on Earth is the result of evolution, a continuous process that is still occurring.
“wolf”: modification of work by Gary Kramer, USFWS; “coral”: modification of work by William Harrigan, NOAA; “river”: modification of work by Vojtěch Dostál; “protozoa”: modification of work by Sharon Franklin, Stephen Ausmus, USDA ARS; “fish” modification of work by Christian Mehlführer; “mushroom”, “bee”: modification of work by Cory Zanker; “tree”: modification of work by Joseph Kranak
Chapter Outline
1. Discovering How Populations Change
2. Mechanisms of Evolution
3. Evidence of Evolution
4. Speciation
5. Common Misconceptions about Evolution
Introduction
All species of living organisms—from the bacteria on our skin, to the trees in our yards, to the birds outside—evolved at some point from a different species. Although it may seem that living things today stay much the same from generation to generation, that is not the case: evolution is ongoing. Evolution is the process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise.
The theory of evolution is the unifying theory of biology, meaning it is the framework within which biologists ask questions about the living world. Its power is that it provides direction for predictions about living things that are borne out in experiment after experiment. The Ukrainian-born American geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky famously wrote that "nothing makes sense in biology except in the light of evolution" (Dobzhansky 1964, 449). He meant that the principle that all life has evolved and diversified from a common ancestor is the foundation from which we understand all other questions in biology. This chapter will explain some of the mechanisms for evolutionary change and the kinds of questions that biologists can and have answered using evolutionary theory.
Discovering How Populations Change
By the end of this section, you will bbe able to:
· Explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution differed from the current view at the time.
· Describe how the present-day theory of evolution was developed.
· Describe how population genetics is used to study the evolution of populations
The theory of evolution by natural selection describes a mechanism for species change over time. That species change had been suggested and debated well before Darwin. The view that species were static and unchanging was grounded in the writings of Plato, yet there were also ancient Greeks that expressed evolutionary ideas.
In the eighteenth century, ideas about the evolution of animals were reintroduced by the naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and even by Charles Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. During this time, it was also accepted that there were extinct species. At the same time, James Hutton, the Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from pr.
FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease.
Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes)
High morbidity and low mortality.
FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock in every part of the world.
Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and many wild animals including deer.
Tetanus is an infection caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani, is often associated with puncture wounds that do not appear to be infected.
When these bacteria enter the body, they produce a toxin that causes painful muscle contractions.
Another name for tetanus is “lockjaw”.
It often causes a person’s neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow
Intranasal immunizations are simple, easy, convenient, and safer than other routes of administration.
Oral and Intramuscular vaccination has been considered till date as the ultimate ways, but nasal route offers advantages such as ease of self administration and induction of mucosal as well as systemic immunity.
Both liquid and dry powder formulations can be given via intranasal route.
Biological anthropology is about humanity and what makes us human. This slide will make u understand about basic biological anthropology, its scope and different fields where it provide ways for future research studies regarding human evolution. Hope it will help u!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. JEAN-BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK
(1744 - 1829)
A great French naturalist.
Lamarck sought a naturalistic explanation for the
diversity of modern organisms and the animals
seen in the fossil record.
Proposed --‘THEORY OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED
CHARACTERS ’ in 1809
Fig. Jean-Baptisite De Lamark
3. POSTULATES OF LAMARCKISM
A) NEW NEEDS-
Changes in environment factors like light, temperature, medium, food, air etc or
migration lead to origin of new needs in living organisms. To fulfil these new needs,
living organisms have to exert special efforts like changes in habits or behavior.
B) USE AND DISUSE OF ORGANS-
The new habits involve the greater use of certain organs to meet new needs , and the
disuse or lesser use of certain other organs which are of no use in new conditions.
4. POSTULATES OF LAMARKISM
C) INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS
He believed that the favorable acquired characters are
inheritable and are transmitted to the offspring so that these
these are born fit to face the changed environmental
conditions and the chances of their survival are increased.
5. POSTULATES OF LAMARKISM
D)SPECIATION-
Lamarck believed that in every generation, new characters are
acquired and transmitted to next generation, so that new
characters accumulate generation after generation. After a
number of generations, a new species is formed.
6. EVIDENCES:
A) GIRAFFE - Ancestors of giraffes are supposed to be
deer-like quadrupedal grazing upon the grasses in Africa.
Due to disappearance of ground vegetation and
availability of trees, long-necked and long fore-limbed
giraffe developed from short-necked and small
fore-limbed deer-like ancestors .
7. B) SNAKES –
Ancestors of limbless snakes
were lizard-like reptiles with fully
developed pentadactyl limbs.
Due to continuous disuse of
limbs and stretching of their body to suit their creeping mode of
locomotion, limbless snakes evolved.
EVIDENCES:
8. EVIDENCES:
C) HORSE – Ancestors of modern horse
(Equus cabalus)used to live in the areas with
soft ground and were short-legged with more no.
of functional digits . These gradually took to live in
areas with dry ground. This change in habit was
accompanied by increase in length of legs and
decrease in functional digits for fast running over
hard ground.
9. CRITICISM OF LAMARCKISM
A) AUGUST WEISMANN
A German biologist proposed the ‘Theory of continuity of germplasm’ in 1892. This
theory states that a multicellular organism is formed of 2 types of cells-
1. GERM CELLS (have genes for inheritable characters to the off springs)
2. SOMATIC CELLS (which have genes of particular organ during ones life time only) .
Environment affects only somatic cells . As link between the generations is through germ
germ cells and somatic cells are not transmitted to next generation so the acquired
characters must be lost with the death of an organism so these should have no role in
evolution.
10. CRITICISM OF LAMARCKISM
A.WEISMANN EXPERIMENT
He took a pair of mice, cut their tails and allowed them
mate to produce off springs. He then again cut tails and
allowed them to reproduce. He followed them for the next
several generations but this acquired character was not
inherited in any of these generations.
B) PAVLOV
A Russian physiologist, trained mice to come for food on hearing a bell. He reported that
that this training is not inherited and was necessary in each generation.
11. Fig. Neck rings in Burma
Fig. Muscles of Body builders
Fig. Ear and Nose piercing
12. SIGNIFICANCE OF LAMARKISM:
a) It was first comprehensive theory of biological evolution.
b) It nicely explains the existence of vestigial organs in animals due
to their continuous disuse.
c) It explains the development of strong jaw muscles and claws in the
carnivores due to their continued extra use.
d) It stimulated other biologists to look for the mechanism of organic
evolution.
13. CHARLES DARWIN(1809-1882)
-An English naturalist.
-Proposed “Origin of species by natural selection”,
published in his book “Origin of Species”. He went on a
voyage on H.M.S Beagle and explored S. America, the
Galapagos islands and other islands .He was impressed
by the peculiar geographical distribution and distinctive
interrelationship among species.
Fig. H.M.S Beagle
14. POSTULATES OF DARWINISM
A) Geometric increase
B) Limited food and space
C) Struggle for existence
D) Variations
E) Natural selection or survival of the fittest
F) Inheritance of useful variations
G) Speciation
15. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE
GIRAFFES?
Survival of the fittest or natural selection
Natural selection said the giraffes with short necks had less food to eat
Why?
The food resources changed to leaves only on the upper branches
What happened?
Short necked giraffes could not reach upper branches and did not survive (couldn’t pass on
genes).
Long necked giraffes were able to reach the food so they survived & reproduced.
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17.
18. EVIDENCES AGAINST DARWINISM
A) Inheritance of vestigial organs.
B) Inheritance of over-specialized organs.
C) He didn’t explain the cause of variations and the mode of transmission of
variations.
D) Darwin did not differentiate between somatic and germinal variations.
E) It doesn’t explain the evolution of terrestrial animals from aquatic animals.