First-Aid-1 (1).pdf

First-Aid-1 (1).pdf

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  FIRST AID
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  LEARNING OBJECTIVES ❑To beable to determine the Qualities of a Good First Aider. ❑To be able to Demonstrate Basic Life Support. ❑To determine the Rules of Given First Aid. ❑To be able to identify the different types of First Ais ❑The Importance of ABC of Life
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  First Aid - Itis urgent care given to an injured or unexpectedly ill person. - “skilled application of treatment using facilities or materials available at the time while waiting to medical assistance to arrive”
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  First Aider - Aperson that deals with the whole situation involving the patient and the injury or illness.
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  3 Aims ofthe First Aid 1. To preserve life – this is the main aim of first aid. 2. To prevent further harm / Injury. 3. Promote Recovery.
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  Vitals First AidSkills ABC of Life 1. Airway 2. Breathing 3. Circulation
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  Qualities of GoodFirst Aider
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  G R OT E R Gentle Resourceful Observant Tactful Empathetic Respectable
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  GUIDELINES FOR ADMINISTERING FIRSTAID ❖ Calm and Composed ❖ Your Own Safety First ❖ Emergency Response System ❖ Comfort of the Injured Person ❖ Stopping any Bleeding ❖ Immobilizing a Person with Neck, Head, and Back pain ❖ Keeping a First Aid KIT
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  Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation First aidprocedure intended to revive a heart and lung arrest within 3-4 minutes. BENEFITS OF CPR ❑ Compression of the chest cavity creates blood flow. ❑ Providing some oxygen to the body during cardiac arrest. ❑ Immediate CPR could or triple the chances of survival.
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  STEPS OF CPR 1.Check for scene safety and approach patient safety. 2. Check Responsiveness. ❑ 3-5 seconds ❑ Gently TAP OR SQUEEZE the shoulder and ask loudly. 3. Shout for Help ❑ HELP!HELP! CALL 911..ACTIVATE E.M.S…! AND GET THE A.E.D. 4. Check the carotid pulse and scan the chest for breathing. ❑ Check not for than 10 seconds…. ❑ “the patient is breathless and pulseless! I’m going to start Chest compression. 5. Give 30 COMPRESSIONS ❑ “PUSH HARD + PUSH FAST” 6. Open the Airway. 7. Give 2 rescue breaths. 8. Repeat for 5 cycles of CPR or 2 minutes of cycles or until there is ROSC. 9. Reassess for Breathing and pulse
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  WHEN TO STOPCPR S - SPONTANEOUS BREATHING AND PULSE ARE PRESENT T - THE HEALTHCARE TEAM ARRIVES O - OVER-EXHAUSTION OF THE RESCUER P - THE PHYSICIAN DECLARED THAT THE PATIENT IS DEAD
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  Complication of CPR F- Fractured Ribs L - lacerated liver A -Atelectasis (due to lung punctured lungs) G - Gastric Distention
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  Emergency Care ✓ Checkthe victim for life-threatening conditions. ✓ Call 911 ✓ Care for the victim. Ask permission to help, if unconscious implies consent. Good Samaritan Law ❑ Statutes (laws) that protect rescuers from being sued for giving emergency care. ❑ You may not provide care beyond your level of training. ❑ You may be acting to the best of the victim.
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  CHAIN OF SURVIVAL oA sequence of actions that minimize the victim’s chances of survival. • Survey the scene • Check the victims for consciousness. • Call 911 if needed. • Provide necessary care.
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  First Aid for CommonAccidents Irene C. Bago RN
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  Soft Tissue Injury
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  Wound – Is thebreak in the continuity of a tissue to the body either external or internal. - it is an injury to the body (as from violence, accident, or surgery) that typically involves laceration or breaking of the membrane, and usually damage to the underlying tissues.
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  Types of Wound 1.Closed Wound – a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact (epidermis) and the damage lies below the surface. Examples ❑ Bruises Dislocation ❑ Swelling Closed Fracture ❑ Strain ❑ Sprain
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  Management for Minorclosed Wound ❑ Rest– let the injured part rest to reduce the inducing of additional pain. ❑ Immobilize – prevent further normal movement to the injured area. ❑ Cold Compress – apply an ice pack to the injured or swollen area to reduce the swelling. ❑ Elevate – raise the injured part 8-12 inches or at least above the heart.
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  Signs of internalbleeding or severe internal bleeding: ❑Bruise or contusions of the skin. ❑Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen. ❑Vomiting or coughing up blood. ❑Stools that are black or contain bright red blood.
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  Management For aMajor closed wounds or severe internal bleeding ❑ Monitor ABCs ( Airway, Breathing, Circulation). ❑ Keep the victim lying on his/her left side. ❑ Treat for shock by raising the vvictim’slegs 8-12 inches or above the heart. ❑ Seek immediate medical attention.
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  2. Open Wound -an injury involving an external or external break in the body tissue, usually involving the skin. ❑ Puncture – a hole or wound caused by a sharp pointed object. ❑ Abrasion – an injury caused by something that rubs or scrapes against the skin. ❑ Laceration – a deep cut or tear of the flesh. ❑ Avulsion – is an injury in which body structure is torn off by either trauma or surgery. ❑ Amputation – acquired condition that results in the loss of limb usually from injury, disease, or surgery.
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  Burn - a typeof injury to the skin, or other tissues caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemical, friction, or radiation.
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  Types of Burn 1.First Degree burn (superficial) – only the skin’s outer layer is damaged. Symptoms: ❑ Redness ❑ Mild swelling ❑ Tenderness ❑ Pain What to do: o Immerse in cold water for 10-45 mins or cold wet cloths to stop burn progression. o May use other liquids or burn ointment.
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  2. Second–degree burn(Partial Thickness) - Epidermis and upper regions of the dermis are damaged. Symptoms: o Blister, swelling, the weeping of fluids, and severe pain. What to do: ❑ Immerse in cold water/ wet pack ❑ Advise to take pain reliever when experiencing severe pain. ❑ May use other liquid or burn ointment. ❑ Do not break blister. ❑ May seek medical attention.
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  3. Third-degree burn(Full Thickness) - severe burns that penetrate all skin layers, into the underlying fat and music. Symptoms: ❑ Burned area gray-white, ❑ Cherry red, or black What to do: o Usually not necessary to apply cold to the area of the third degree. o Do not apply ointments. o Apply sterile, non-stick dressing. o Check ABC’s o Musk seeks medical attention.
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  Classification of Burns 1.Thermal ( Heat) Ex: Flames Hot objects The flammable vapor that ignites Steam or hot liquid What to do: ❑ Stop the burning. ❑ Determine the depth (degree) of the burn.
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  B. Chemical Burn -Burn is caused by direct contact with chemical into the skin. Ex: o Car battery solutions o Hydrochloric acid (Muriatic). o Ammonia o Bleach
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  What to do: ❑Remove the Chemical by flushing the area with water. ❑ Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and jewelry while flushing with water. ❑ Cover the burned area with a dry, sterile dressing. ❑ Seek medical attention.
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  3. Electrical Burns -a mild electrical shock can cause serious internal injuries. What to do: ❑ Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. ❑ Checks ABCs. ❑ If the victim fell, check for spinal injury. ❑ Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs 8-12 inches or above the heart. ❑ Seek medical attention immediately.
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  Universal Precaution 1. Stepstaken to prevent the spread of disease through blood and other bodily fluid. 2. Chemical resistance gloves (Latex). 3. Wash hands immediately after giving First Aid. 4. Use mouthpiece or rescue mask in providing CPR.
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  Bleeding - is theloss of blood. It can be external, or outside the body, like when you get a cut or wound.
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  Controlling Bleeding ❑ Raisethe wound above the level of the heart. ❑ Cover with sterile cloth or gauze. ❑ Use direct pressure to control bleeding. ❑ Once bleeding stops secure gauze and seek medical attention.
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  FIRST AID FORCHOKING Conscious Patient ❑ Stand behind the victim, and wrap your arm around their waist. ❑ Make a fist with one hand grasp it with your other hand. ❑ Quick upward thrust. ❑ Repeat until the object is released.
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  FIRST AID FORCHOKING Unconscious Patient ❑ Lower the victim to the ground and try to clear the airway. ❑ Reach into mouth and sweep the object out with one finger. ❑ If object cannot be dislodged begin CPR. Cardiopulmonary may dislodged the object.
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  First Aid forChoking ( Alone) ❑Perform Abdominal thrust on yourself. ❑Position your abdomen over a rigid structure (Back of chair). ❑Press against the object to thrust your abdomen upward or inward.
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  First Aid forShock ❑ A life-threatening condition in which the heart is not delivering an adequate supply of oxygen. Symptoms: a. Cold clammy skin b. Weak c. Rapid pulse and altered breathing. d. Confusion e. Loss of consciousness.
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  First Aid forShock ❑ Call 911. ❑ Lie the victim down and elevate the feet 12 inches. Keep warm. ❑ Loosen constricted clothing and keep calm. Roll victim to side if they begin to vomit. ❑ Do not move the victim if for suspected injury of head, neck, or spine.
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  Muscle and JointsInjuries
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  First Aid P -Protect wrap with a bandage or splint. R - Rest injured area for at least 1 day. I - Ice to reduce swelling and pain. 10 – 15 minutes 3x a day. C - Compress wrap firmly with a bandage. E - Elevate – raise above the heart.
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  Fracture and Dislocation Fracture– Break in the Bone. Dislocation – the bone has been displaced in from its normal position.
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  First aid forFracture and Dislocation ❑ Call 911. ❑ Keep the victim calm. ❑ If the skin is broken rinse to prevent infection. ❑ Cover with sterile Dressing. ❑ Immobilize the area. ❑ Apply ice.
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  Fainting - Occurs whenthere is not enough oxygen flow to the brain. - Try to prevent the victim from falling. - Lay victim to the floor and elevate flow. - If the person vomit, roll him/her to “Recovery Position”
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  Animal Bites ❑ Possibletransmission of a viral disease called “Rabies” ❑ A vaccine can prevent rabies if given within 2 days of exposure. ❑ Treat as an open wound. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
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  Nosebleeds - Caused byirritation or injury of the lining of the nose. First Aid: ❑ Use a protective barrier when caring for someone else. ❑ Sit down and pinch the end of the nose with your thumb and finger. ❑ Lean forward and breathe through the mouth, apply ice to the bridge of the nose.
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  Poisoning Poison – asubstance that causes injury when the body Call the National poison management center and control center.
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  Snake Bite Venom –poisonous secretion injected. Example: Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, Cobras, Coral snakes, and water moccasin