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First-Aid-Made-Easy-Training-Presentation (1).pptx

This document provides guidance on first aid procedures including assessing situations, prioritizing treatment, managing life-threatening conditions like choking, bleeding, shock, and more. It discusses recognizing and treating anaphylaxis, asthma, chest injuries, heart attacks, strokes, wounds, and other common medical emergencies. Guidelines are given for performing CPR on adults and children, using AEDs, applying tourniquets and dressings, positioning casualties, and seeking further help.

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First Aid Training Welcome
The role of the first aider 2 Assessing the situation What happened Number of casualties History, signs, symptoms Protecting from dangers Assess for further danger Protect yourself first Getting help Ask bystanders Which emergency services? Recognise your limitations Prioritising treatment Most urgent thing first Most urgent person first Offer support and comfort Minimising infection risks Wash hands before and after giving help Wear disposable gloves Wear protective clothing if needed Cover your own cuts with a plaster Dispose of contaminated waste carefully Use sterile, undamaged, in-date dressings
Preserve Life Prevent Worsening Promote Recovery The aims of first aid 2 P P P
What things should you consider before treating anyone? • What happened? • Further danger? • Can you cope? • Number of casualties? • Emergency services? • Who needs help first? Scene survey 3
The primary survey 4-5 1. Treat life-threatening conditions as soon as you find them, before moving on 2. You might not get as far as C 3. “Catastrophic Bleeding” can be prioritised before “Airway”
Life-threatening conditions 4-5 • The tongue • Vomit • Choking • Burns • Strangulation • Hanging • Anaphylaxis • Asthma • Crushing of chest • Chest injury • Collapsed lung • Poisoning • Anaphylaxis • Cardiac arrest • Heart attack • Heart failure • Severe bleeding • Poisoning • Anaphylaxis • Cardiac arrest
Hypoxia - recognition 5 • Pale clammy skin (for dark skin look at the colour of the skin inside the lips) • Blue tinges to the skin and lips (cyanosis) • Increase in pulse rate • Nausea or vomiting • Increased breathing rate (if the brain detects low oxygen) • Lowered breathing rate (indicates a brain problem) • Distressed breathing or gasping • Confusion or dizziness
Secondary survey 6 • What happened • Casualty’s medical history • Allergies • Medication • Last eaten • Forces involved: Worst injuries this could have caused (treat for the worst!) History • Pale skin • Cyanosis • Flushed skin • Fast, slow, weak or irregular pulse • Abnormal breathing • Smell (such as alcohol) • Swelling • Deformity Signs • How do they feel? • Do they have pain? • Where is it? • Can they describe it? • Does anything make it worse or better? • When did it start? • How severe is it? Other feelings: • Sickness • Dizziness • Feeling hot or cold • Hunger or thirst Symptoms
Secondary survey 6 Allergies Medication Past medical history Last meal Event history A M P L E Signs and symptoms S
Pupils 6 Normal Unequal Dilated
Secondary survey 10
Chain of survival 8
Resuscitation (CPR) 8
Danger Response Airway Resuscitation (CPR) 8 Breathing Normally? Circulation D R A B C
WARNING: In the first few minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These are known as agonal gasps and should not be confused with normal breathing. If you are in doubt, start CPR. Resuscitation (CPR) 8
: Old guidelines, slow CPR, but there isn’t a better video to show agonal gasps! Agonal Gasps – Bondi Beach
Sometimes a casualty can have a seizure-like episode when the heart stops. Carefully consider if the casualty is breathing normally. Resuscitation (CPR) 8
CHRIS SOLOMENS YOUTUBE LINK: ‘Seizure like episode’ at 2:37. Please ignore the speed and depth of the chest compressions! Resuscitation (CPR)
Automated External Defibrillation (AED) 10
Vomit during resuscitation 8 Gurgling noises when giving rescue breaths? (minimise the interruption to CPR)
First aiders can use the adult sequence of resuscitation on a child or baby who is unresponsive and not breathing normally. Child and baby CPR 11
Child and baby CPR 11 The following minor modifications to the adult sequence will, however, make it even more suitable for use in children: If you are on your own, perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions For a baby under 1 year, use two fingers (4cm) For a child over 1 year, use one or two hands to achieve an adequate depth (5cm) Compress the chest by at least one-third of its depth:
CPR with child modifications 11 1/3 depth of chest
The respiratory system 16
The respiratory system 16
The respiratory system 16
Choking recognition 12 • Often happens whilst eating / drinking • Ask “are you choking?” • Can cough and answer your question Mild choking: • Weakening cough • Unable to speak – may ‘nod’ in response to your question. • Struggling or unable to breathe. • Distressed look on the face. • Will become unconscious if untreated. Severe choking:
Choking adult or child 12 Cough! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts
Choking baby 12 5 Back Blows 5 Chest Thrusts
Unconscious = Start CPR! Choking – unconscious casualty 13
Choking – seeking medical advice 13 After successful choking treatment, seek immediate medical attention if the casualty: •Has received abdominal thrusts; •Has difficulty swallowing; •Has a persistent cough; OR •Feels like ‘an object is still stuck in the throat’.
Unconscious casualty 14 Airway blocked by the tongue. Airway blocked by vomit.
Fainting Causes of unconsciousness 9 F I S H Imbalance of heat Shock Head injury Stroke S H A P Heart attack Asphyxia Poisoning E Epilepsy D Diabetes
Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive Levels of response – AVPU 9 A V P U
Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive Confused Inappropriate words Utters sounds No verbal response Localises pain Responds only Levels of response – AVPU in more detail 9 A V P U
Recovery position 15 1 2 3 4
Recovery position - baby 15
DO: •Turn the casualty on to the opposite side every 30 minutes if they are in the recovery position for a prolonged period. •Place a heavily pregnant casualty on her left side to help circulation. Unconscious casualty 15 DO NOT: •Place a pillow under the head whilst the casualty is on their back. •Place anything in an unconscious casualty’s mouth.
What is Anaphylaxis?
Anaphylaxis 17
Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign. Anaphylaxis 17
Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Anaphylaxis has three main characteristics: 1. A rapid onset – the casualty usually becomes very ill, very quickly. 2. A life-threatening Airway, Breathing or Circulation problem (or a combination of them). 3. A skin rash, flushing and/or swelling (but not all casualties have this).
Spotting and treating anaphylaxis reaction
Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Airway recognition: • Swelling of the tongue, lips or throat. A feeling of the throat ‘closing up’. • A hoarse voice or loud pitched, noisy breathing. Breathing recognition: • Difficult, wheezy breathing or a ‘tight chest’. Circulation recognition: • Dizziness, feeling faint or passing out, particularly if sat upright. • Pale, cold, clammy skin and fast pulse. • The rash may disappear. • Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhoea.
Anaphylaxis 17
Asthma 18
Asthma - recognition 18 • Difficulty breathing • Wheezy breath sounds originating from the lungs. • Difficulty speaking (will need to take a breath in the middle of a sentence). • Pale, clammy skin • Grey or blue lips and skin • Use of muscles in the neck and upper chest • Exhaustion in a severe attack • May become unconscious and stop breathing in a prolonged attack
Asthma - recognition 18 Silence in asthma is not good. It is deadly.
DO: •Keep the casualty upright •Use a spacer device if possible Asthma 15 DO NOT: •Lay the casualty down •Take them outside in cold air
Hyperventilation 19 Hyperventilation – large volumes of air Asthma – tight wheeze
Chest trauma 20 The pleural layers should be together with just a thin layer of fluid between.
Chest trauma – collapsed lung 20
Chest trauma – collapsed lung 20
Chest trauma – tension pneumothorax 20
Flail chest 21
Circulatory system 22
Circulatory system 22
Circulatory system 22
From the body From the body To the lungs To the lungs The heart 23 From the lungs To the body
Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle The heart 23 Left Atrium
Aorta Coronary Artery The heart 23
Cholesterol Plaque Coronary Artery Wall Reduced blood flow Angina Angina 24
Heart Attack Heart attack 24 Blood Clot
Heart attack 24 Blood clot
Area of dying heart muscle Heart attack 24 Blood clot
Factors giving relief Other signs and symptoms Pulse Skin Duration Location of Pain Pain Onset Sudden, usually during exertion, stress or extreme weather. Sudden, can occur at rest. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’. Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’. Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. 3 – 8 Minutes, rarely longer. Usually longer than 30 minutes. Pale, may be sweaty. Pale, grey colour. May sweat profusely. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Shortness of breath, weakness, anxiety. Shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sense of ‘impending doom’. Resting, reducing stress, taking ‘GTN’ medication. GTN medication may give partial or no relief. Angina Heart Attack Angina and heart attack 24
Stroke 42 Stroke: “Brain Attack”
Facial weakness Arm weakness Speech problems Time to call 999! Stroke 13 F A S T
Shock – normal circulation 26 The heart is pumping fine, there is enough blood and the blood vessels have good tone.
Hypovolaemic shock 26 Blood or fluids are lost
Shock – normal circulation 26
Cardiogenic shock 27 The heart doesn’t pump properly
Shock – normal circulation 26
Anaphylactic shock 27 The heart becomes weak, blood vessels dilate and fluid is lost
Shock – normal circulation 26
Fainting 27 The heart slows and blood vessels dilate
Blood loss 28 About one third
Blood loss 28
Types of wound 28 spurts oozes trickles
Rapidly assess: •Type of bleed •Exact point of bleeding •Foreign objects Sit or Lay Examine Pressure 10 minutes Dress Treatment of bleeding 29
Catastrophic bleeding – prioritising treatment 30
Haemostatic dressings 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit • If possible – apply pressure to exact point of pulsating bleeding and mop out pooled blood • TIGHTLY pack the whole wound • Compress for 5 minutes (repeat if needed) • Send packaging to hospital with casualty Do not block the air flow in a sucking chest wound
Haemostatic dressings 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit Celox gauze training video: https://youtu.be/0iNhCaNKQkE
Tourniquets 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties
Tourniquets 30 • Life-threatening bleeds only – try direct pressure first if possible • Apply at least 5cm (2 inches) above the wound (blood vessels can contract) • Apply over single bone (upper arm or thigh) • Tighten enough to stop the pulsating blood • Not tight enough = death sentence • Very painful – this does subside • Still bleeding? Consider: direct pressure, haemostatic dressing or second tourniquet • Record the time! • Urgent transfer to hospital • Manufactured tourniquet quicker and easier than improvised • Improvised tourniquet better than death!
Tourniquets 30 Improvised tourniquet in your first aid kit: Triangular bandage Scissors
Tourniquets 30 "Ripped clothes were used as tourniquets, which were tightened with the help of cutlery. Anything and everything was used.” Dr. L. Buckman, British Medical Association
Tourniquets 30 For life-threatening bleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties CAT Tourniquet training videos: https://youtu.be/tzXNsfesUb0 https://youtu.be/LDN03FgUhxU
Types of wound Contusion
Bruise Minor injuries – contusion (bruise) 32 Contusion
Types of wound Contusion Abrasion
Graze Minor injuries – abrasion (graze) 32 Contusion Abrasion
Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration
Types of wound – laceration 29 Contusion Abrasion Laceration
Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision
Types of wound – incision 29 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision
Types of wound Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
Types of wound – penetrating 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating