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First-Aid-Made-Easy-Training-Presentation (1).pptx
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- 2. The role ofthe first aider 2 Assessing the situation What happened Number of casualties History, signs, symptoms Protecting from dangers Assess for further danger Protect yourself first Getting help Ask bystanders Which emergency services? Recognise your limitations Prioritising treatment Most urgent thing first Most urgent person first Offer support and comfort Minimising infection risks Wash hands before and after giving help Wear disposable gloves Wear protective clothing if needed Cover your own cuts with a plaster Dispose of contaminated waste carefully Use sterile, undamaged, in-date dressings
- 3. Preserve Life Prevent Worsening PromoteRecovery The aims of first aid 2 P P P
- 4. What things shouldyou consider before treating anyone? • What happened? • Further danger? • Can you cope? • Number of casualties? • Emergency services? • Who needs help first? Scene survey 3
- 5. The primary survey 4-5 1.Treat life-threatening conditions as soon as you find them, before moving on 2. You might not get as far as C 3. “Catastrophic Bleeding” can be prioritised before “Airway”
- 6. Life-threatening conditions 4-5 • Thetongue • Vomit • Choking • Burns • Strangulation • Hanging • Anaphylaxis • Asthma • Crushing of chest • Chest injury • Collapsed lung • Poisoning • Anaphylaxis • Cardiac arrest • Heart attack • Heart failure • Severe bleeding • Poisoning • Anaphylaxis • Cardiac arrest
- 7. Hypoxia - recognition 5 •Pale clammy skin (for dark skin look at the colour of the skin inside the lips) • Blue tinges to the skin and lips (cyanosis) • Increase in pulse rate • Nausea or vomiting • Increased breathing rate (if the brain detects low oxygen) • Lowered breathing rate (indicates a brain problem) • Distressed breathing or gasping • Confusion or dizziness
- 8. Secondary survey 6 • Whathappened • Casualty’s medical history • Allergies • Medication • Last eaten • Forces involved: Worst injuries this could have caused (treat for the worst!) History • Pale skin • Cyanosis • Flushed skin • Fast, slow, weak or irregular pulse • Abnormal breathing • Smell (such as alcohol) • Swelling • Deformity Signs • How do they feel? • Do they have pain? • Where is it? • Can they describe it? • Does anything make it worse or better? • When did it start? • How severe is it? Other feelings: • Sickness • Dizziness • Feeling hot or cold • Hunger or thirst Symptoms
- 9. Secondary survey 6 Allergies Medication Past medicalhistory Last meal Event history A M P L E Signs and symptoms S
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- 15. WARNING: In the firstfew minutes after cardiac arrest, a casualty may be barely breathing, or taking infrequent, noisy gasps. These are known as agonal gasps and should not be confused with normal breathing. If you are in doubt, start CPR. Resuscitation (CPR) 8
- 16. : Old guidelines, slowCPR, but there isn’t a better video to show agonal gasps! Agonal Gasps – Bondi Beach
- 17. Sometimes a casualtycan have a seizure-like episode when the heart stops. Carefully consider if the casualty is breathing normally. Resuscitation (CPR) 8
- 18. CHRIS SOLOMENS YOUTUBELINK: ‘Seizure like episode’ at 2:37. Please ignore the speed and depth of the chest compressions! Resuscitation (CPR)
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- 20. Vomit during resuscitation 8 Gurglingnoises when giving rescue breaths? (minimise the interruption to CPR)
- 21. First aiders canuse the adult sequence of resuscitation on a child or baby who is unresponsive and not breathing normally. Child and baby CPR 11
- 22. Child and babyCPR 11 The following minor modifications to the adult sequence will, however, make it even more suitable for use in children: If you are on your own, perform resuscitation for about 1 minute before going for help Give five initial rescue breaths before starting chest compressions For a baby under 1 year, use two fingers (4cm) For a child over 1 year, use one or two hands to achieve an adequate depth (5cm) Compress the chest by at least one-third of its depth:
- 23. CPR with childmodifications 11 1/3 depth of chest
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- 27. Choking recognition 12 • Oftenhappens whilst eating / drinking • Ask “are you choking?” • Can cough and answer your question Mild choking: • Weakening cough • Unable to speak – may ‘nod’ in response to your question. • Struggling or unable to breathe. • Distressed look on the face. • Will become unconscious if untreated. Severe choking:
- 28. Choking adult orchild 12 Cough! 5 Back Blows 5 Abdominal Thrusts
- 29. Choking baby 12 5 BackBlows 5 Chest Thrusts
- 30. Unconscious = StartCPR! Choking – unconscious casualty 13
- 31. Choking – seekingmedical advice 13 After successful choking treatment, seek immediate medical attention if the casualty: •Has received abdominal thrusts; •Has difficulty swallowing; •Has a persistent cough; OR •Feels like ‘an object is still stuck in the throat’.
- 32. Unconscious casualty 14 Airway blockedby the tongue. Airway blocked by vomit.
- 33. Fainting Causes of unconsciousness 9 F I S H Imbalanceof heat Shock Head injury Stroke S H A P Heart attack Asphyxia Poisoning E Epilepsy D Diabetes
- 34. Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive Levels of response– AVPU 9 A V P U
- 35. Alert Voice Pain Unresponsive Confused Inappropriate words Utters sounds Noverbal response Localises pain Responds only Levels of response – AVPU in more detail 9 A V P U
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- 37. Recovery position -baby 15
- 38. DO: •Turn the casualtyon to the opposite side every 30 minutes if they are in the recovery position for a prolonged period. •Place a heavily pregnant casualty on her left side to help circulation. Unconscious casualty 15 DO NOT: •Place a pillow under the head whilst the casualty is on their back. •Place anything in an unconscious casualty’s mouth.
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- 41. Picture: Many Thanksto the Anaphylaxis Campaign. Anaphylaxis 17
- 42. Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Anaphylaxishas three main characteristics: 1. A rapid onset – the casualty usually becomes very ill, very quickly. 2. A life-threatening Airway, Breathing or Circulation problem (or a combination of them). 3. A skin rash, flushing and/or swelling (but not all casualties have this).
- 43. Spotting and treatinganaphylaxis reaction
- 44. Anaphylaxis – recognition 5 Airwayrecognition: • Swelling of the tongue, lips or throat. A feeling of the throat ‘closing up’. • A hoarse voice or loud pitched, noisy breathing. Breathing recognition: • Difficult, wheezy breathing or a ‘tight chest’. Circulation recognition: • Dizziness, feeling faint or passing out, particularly if sat upright. • Pale, cold, clammy skin and fast pulse. • The rash may disappear. • Nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, diarrhoea.
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- 47. Asthma - recognition 18 •Difficulty breathing • Wheezy breath sounds originating from the lungs. • Difficulty speaking (will need to take a breath in the middle of a sentence). • Pale, clammy skin • Grey or blue lips and skin • Use of muscles in the neck and upper chest • Exhaustion in a severe attack • May become unconscious and stop breathing in a prolonged attack
- 48. Asthma - recognition 18 Silencein asthma is not good. It is deadly.
- 49. DO: •Keep the casualtyupright •Use a spacer device if possible Asthma 15 DO NOT: •Lay the casualty down •Take them outside in cold air
- 50. Hyperventilation 19 Hyperventilation – largevolumes of air Asthma – tight wheeze
- 51. Chest trauma 20 The pleurallayers should be together with just a thin layer of fluid between.
- 52. Chest trauma –collapsed lung 20
- 53. Chest trauma –collapsed lung 20
- 54. Chest trauma –tension pneumothorax 20
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- 60. From the body Fromthe body To the lungs To the lungs The heart 23 From the lungs To the body
- 61. Right Atrium Right Ventricle LeftVentricle The heart 23 Left Atrium
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- 63. Cholesterol Plaque Coronary ArteryWall Reduced blood flow Angina Angina 24
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- 66. Area of dying heartmuscle Heart attack 24 Blood clot
- 67. Factors giving relief Other signs andsymptoms Pulse Skin Duration Location of Pain Pain Onset Sudden, usually during exertion, stress or extreme weather. Sudden, can occur at rest. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’. Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. Vice-like squashing pain. ‘Dull’, ‘tightness’ or ‘pressure’. Can be mistaken for indigestion. Central chest. Can radiate into arms, neck, jaw, back, shoulders. 3 – 8 Minutes, rarely longer. Usually longer than 30 minutes. Pale, may be sweaty. Pale, grey colour. May sweat profusely. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Variable. Often becomes irregular, missing beats. Shortness of breath, weakness, anxiety. Shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sense of ‘impending doom’. Resting, reducing stress, taking ‘GTN’ medication. GTN medication may give partial or no relief. Angina Heart Attack Angina and heart attack 24
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- 69. Facial weakness Arm weakness Speechproblems Time to call 999! Stroke 13 F A S T
- 70. Shock – normalcirculation 26 The heart is pumping fine, there is enough blood and the blood vessels have good tone.
- 71. Hypovolaemic shock 26 Blood orfluids are lost
- 72. Shock – normalcirculation 26
- 73. Cardiogenic shock 27 The heartdoesn’t pump properly
- 74. Shock – normalcirculation 26
- 75. Anaphylactic shock 27 The heartbecomes weak, blood vessels dilate and fluid is lost
- 76. Shock – normalcirculation 26
- 77. Fainting 27 The heart slowsand blood vessels dilate
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- 81. Rapidly assess: •Type ofbleed •Exact point of bleeding •Foreign objects Sit or Lay Examine Pressure 10 minutes Dress Treatment of bleeding 29
- 82. Catastrophic bleeding –prioritising treatment 30
- 83. Haemostatic dressings 30 For life-threateningbleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit • If possible – apply pressure to exact point of pulsating bleeding and mop out pooled blood • TIGHTLY pack the whole wound • Compress for 5 minutes (repeat if needed) • Send packaging to hospital with casualty Do not block the air flow in a sucking chest wound
- 84. Haemostatic dressings 30 For life-threateningbleeding that cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Neck – abdomen – groin – armpit Celox gauze training video: https://youtu.be/0iNhCaNKQkE
- 85. Tourniquets 30 For life-threatening bleedingthat cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties
- 86. Tourniquets 30 • Life-threatening bleedsonly – try direct pressure first if possible • Apply at least 5cm (2 inches) above the wound (blood vessels can contract) • Apply over single bone (upper arm or thigh) • Tighten enough to stop the pulsating blood • Not tight enough = death sentence • Very painful – this does subside • Still bleeding? Consider: direct pressure, haemostatic dressing or second tourniquet • Record the time! • Urgent transfer to hospital • Manufactured tourniquet quicker and easier than improvised • Improvised tourniquet better than death!
- 87. Tourniquets 30 Improvised tourniquet inyour first aid kit: Triangular bandage Scissors
- 88. Tourniquets 30 "Ripped clothes wereused as tourniquets, which were tightened with the help of cutlery. Anything and everything was used.” Dr. L. Buckman, British Medical Association
- 89. Tourniquets 30 For life-threatening bleedingthat cannot be controlled by direct pressure Useful for: Arms or legs – multiple trauma – multiple casualties CAT Tourniquet training videos: https://youtu.be/tzXNsfesUb0 https://youtu.be/LDN03FgUhxU
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- 91. Bruise Minor injuries –contusion (bruise) 32 Contusion
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- 93. Graze Minor injuries –abrasion (graze) 32 Contusion Abrasion
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- 95. Types of wound– laceration 29 Contusion Abrasion Laceration
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- 97. Types of wound– incision 29 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision
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- 100. Types of wound– penetrating 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
- 101. Types of wound– penetrating 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
- 102. Types of wound– penetrating / laceration 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating
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- 104. Types of wound– amputation 33 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation
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- 107. Types of wound– de-gloved 31 Contusion Abrasion Laceration Incision Penetrating Amputation De-gloved
- 108. Embedded glass Minor injuries– embedded object 32
- 109. Tetanus? Minor injuries –splinter 32 4
- 110. Nosebleed Minor injuries –nosebleed 33
- 111. Minor injuries –insect sting 33
- 112. Animal (or human)bite 33
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- 114. Eye irrigation Eye injury- chemicals 33
- 115. Poisons 35 • Ingested • Inhaled •Absorbed • Injected • Corrosive • Non-corrosive
- 116. Corrosive Substance: • Danger •Wash away / dilute (if can swallow) • 999/112 • Monitor Airway & Breathing • Unconscious – recovery position Non-corrosive Substance: • 999/112 • Follow instructions • Monitor Airway & Breathing • Unconscious – recovery position Poisons – treatment 35
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- 121. >1% Full Thickness Burns that needhospital treatment 36
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- 125. Types of fracture 38 Open Closed ComplicatedGreen Stick
- 126. Types of fracture– closed 38
- 127. Types of fracture– open 38
- 128. Note the pooraseptic technique! Types of fracture – open fracture 38
- 129. Types of fracture– open fracture 38
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- 131. Pain Loss of power Unnaturalmovement Swelling or bruising Deformity Irregularity Crepitus Tenderness Fractures – signs and symptoms 38
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- 135. The spine 40 7 Cervical 12Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Fused Sacral
- 136. Spinal injury –recognition 40 • Blow to head, neck or back (especially resulting in unconsciousness) • Fall from height (e.g. horse) • Dive into shallow water • Accident involving speed (e.g. knocked down or a car accident) • Cave in accident (e.g. crushing, or collapsed rugby scrum). • Multiple injuries • Pain or tenderness in neck or back after accident (pain killers or other injuries can mask pain – beware). • If you are in any doubt
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- 139. Serious head injuries– Concussion 42
- 140. Serious head injuries– Compression 42
- 141. Serious head injuries– Compression 42
- 142. Concussion Compression Unconsciousness fora short period, followed by an increase in levels of response and recovery. Could have a history of recent head injury with apparent recovery, but then deteriorates. Short term memory loss (particularly of the incident). Confusion, irritability. Levels of response become worse as condition develops. Mild, general headache. Intense headache. Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin. Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing. (Pressure on the respiratory control area of the brain) Rapid, weak pulse. (Blood diverts away from the extremities) Slow, strong pulse. (Caused by raised blood pressure) Normal pupils, reacting to light. One or both pupils dilate as pressure increases on the brain. Possible nausea or vomiting on recovery. Condition becomes worse. Fits may occur. No recovery. Head injuries 12
- 143. Body temperature 42 Shivering Fatigue, slurredspeech Confusion, forgetfulness Shivering stops, muscle rigidity Noticeable drowsiness – 32˚C Very slow, very weak pulse – 33˚C Severe reduction in response levels Unconsciousness – 30˚C Dilated pupils Pulse undetectable – 29˚C Appearance of death – 28˚C Death – 26˚C Heat Exhaustion 38–40˚C Normal Body Temperature 36–37˚C Mild Hypothermia 31.5–35˚C Severe Hypothermia Below 31.5˚C Heat Stroke Over 40˚C Unconsciousness / fitting Confused / restless Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable Strong bounding pulse Flushed dry skin, hot to touch (or febrile convulsions) Cramps in stomach / arms / legs Pale sweaty skin Nausea / loss of appetite (or febrile convulsions)
- 144. Heat exhaustion andheat stroke - recognition 40 Heat exhaustion • Pale, sweaty skin • Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting • Fast, weak pulse and breathing • Cramps in arms, legs, abdomen • “I feel cold”, but hot to touch. Heat stroke • Dizziness, fainting, confusion, restlessness • Throbbing headache • Lowered levels of response leading to unconsciousness • Possibility of seizures • Nausea, vomiting • Flushed, hot, dry skin (no sweating) Brain overheating
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- 147. Diabetes 46 insulin Fixed amount injected: Burns upsugar! To balance the insulin taken. Eaten: sugar
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- 149. Diabetes – lowblood sugar 46 sugar insulin Overdosed on insulin Or not eaten enough food; Or over exercised.
- 150. Oxygen + Food= Energy = LIFE Why is low blood sugar so dangerous? Brain cells can only use glucose (sugar) for energy Diabetes – low blood sugar 46
- 151. High Blood SugarLow Blood Sugar Onset Slow Fast Levels of response Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly Skin Dry and warm Pale, cold, sweaty Breathing Deep sighing breaths Shallow and rapid Pulse Rapid Rapid Other symptoms Excessive urination Very thirsty Hunger Fruity smell on breath May be confused for drunkenness Diabetes 47
- 152. 20g of Glucose: •150ml Lucozade Original • 200ml lemonade • 200ml orange juice • 4 jelly babies • 4 teaspoons of sugar • 20 skittles • Glucose tablets vary x4 Diabetes – low blood sugar treatment 46
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- 154. Focal leading togeneralised seizure 48
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- 156. Red Flag earlywarning signs! • Cold hands and feet • Pain in the limbs or joints • Abnormal skin colour (pallor or mottling) Other signs, which can occur later: • Fever and vomiting • Rash that doesn’t fade with tumbler test • Drowsiness or lowered levels of consciousness • Severe headache • Stiff neck (rare) • Dislike of bright lights (rare) Meningitis 50
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- 163. Gloves Face shield PlastersWound dressings Eye pad Finger dressing Burns dressing Triangular bandage Conforming bandage Wipes Safety pins Adhesive tape Foil blanket Eye wash Scissors First aid kits 54
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- 166. HSE first aidcourses 54
- 167. HSE first aidcourses – sequence of training 54
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- 170. How to completeyour answer paper
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- 173. Make your ownslides / mnemonics X Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta Echo A B C D E
- 174. Alpha Make your ownslides / mnemonics X 1 2 3 4 Bravo Charlie Delta Echo E F G H Golf Hotel Foxtrot Indigo I J K L Kilo Lima Juliette Mike M N O P November Oscar Papa Quebec Q R S T Sierra Tango Romeo Uniform U V W X Whiskey X-ray Victor Y Z Yankee Zulu