The taiga, also known as the boreal forest, is a large belt of coniferous forests located in cold northern latitudes. It covers 11% of the Earth's surface, including most of Canada, Alaska, Scandinavia, and Russia. The taiga has a subarctic climate with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It is dominated by coniferous trees like spruce, fir, and pine that are well-adapted to the cold climate. The taiga supports a diverse range of wildlife including birds, insects, herbivores like moose and caribou, and carnivores such as wolves. However, threats from clearcutting and overhunting have negatively impacted

1. TAIGA

2. Geography

3.  The taiga can be found in areas in the
Northern Hemisphere

4.  Largest vegetation on earth
 Taiga is the Russian word for forest
 Belt of coniferous forest
 Located in high latitudes of the northern
hemisphere
 Sunlight hits the surface of the earth and scatters
 Results to large temperature differences as seasons
progresses
 Covers 11% of the earth’s terrestrial surface

5. What is Ecotone?
 An ecotone is a transition area between two
biomes but different patches of the landscape,
such as forest and grassland

6. 4 major vegetation zones
 Forest tundra ecotone
 Open stands of spruce lichens and moss
 Open boreal woodland
 Lichens and black spruce
 Main boreal forest
 Continuous strand of spruce
 Pines
 Boreal mixed forest ecotone
 Boreal forest grades into mixed forest

7. Forest tundra
ecotone

8. Open boreal
woodland

9. Main
boreal
forest

10. Boreal mixed forest
ecotone

11. CLIMATE

12. Summer
 Strong
seasonal variation
 Summers are short, cool and moist
 (24-hr average temp is 10 °C or more) lasts 1–3
months and always less than 4 months.
 Temperature range in the summer gets as low as -7°
C (20° F).
 The high in summer can be 21° C (70° F). The
summers are mostly warm, rainy and humid.
 Influenced by northern hemisphere location

14. Winter
 Winters are prolonged, harsh and dry w/ long lasting
snowfall
 The winter temperature range is -54 to -1° C (-65
to 30° F).

16. Precipitation
 The total precipitation in a year is 30 - 85 cm
(12 - 33 in)
 The forms the precipitation comes in are rain,
snow and dew.
 Most of the precipitation in the taiga falls as
rain in the summer.

17. Permafrost
 Perenially
frozen subsurface that may be
hundreds of meters deep
 Upper layer thaw in summer
 Refreezes in winter
 Develops when ground temp is below O˚C

20.  Impervious to water
 Waterremains and moves above it
 Ground thus stays soggy even though precipitation is
low
 This enables plants to exist
 Accumulated organic matter protect the
permafrost
 Shading and insulation
 Reduces warming and retard thawing of the soil in
summer

22. Soil

23.  The type of soil is called Pozol
 are the typical soils of coniferous, or boreal
forests
 sandy and excessively drained
 poor soils for agriculture
 Taiga soil tends to be young and poor in
nutrients.
 It lacks the deep, organically enriched profile
present in temperate deciduous forests.

24.  Since the soil is acidic due to the falling pine
needles, the forest floor has only lichens and
some mosses growing on it.

26. Effect of permafrost to soil
 Vegetationand organic debris impede the thawing of
the permafrost and act to conserve it
 Permafrost chills the soil
 Retarding the growth of both above ground and below
ground parts of plants
 Limits activity of soil microorganisms
 Diminishes aeration and nutrient content of soil
 The colder the soil becomes, the closer to the surface
the permafrost moves, and the more shallow the soil
becomes

27.  The effect becomes more pronounced the closer the
permafrost is to the surface of the soil
 This contributes to the formation of shallow root
systems by plants
 This is in order to get more water from the surface

28.  Lichens retain soil moisture through the
growing season, encouraging the growth of
trees on sites that would otherwise be too dry.

29. Decomposition

30. Decomposition
 Because of cool temperatures decomposition
is slow in the taiga.
 Undecayed vegetation builds up on the forest
floor, making it feel like a sponge.
 Since decomposition is slow, the soil is thin
and lacking in nutrients.
 Trees grow taller where warmer temperatures
allow for faster decomposition or by streams
and rivers which carry nutrients from higher
ground.

31. Fires

32.  Fires are reoccurring events in the taiga
 During periods of drought, fires can sweep
over hundreds of thousands of hectares.
 All boreal species, both broadleaf trees and
conifers are well adapted to fire
 Unless too severe, fire provides a seedbed for
regeneration of trees

35.  The Taiga appears as an endless sweep of
sameness – a blanket of spire-shaped
evergreens over the landscape.
 The boreal forest conifers fall into 3 growth
forms (1) the spire-shaped spruces and fir.
(2) The open, thin, light-penetrating upper
canopy of pines and (3) the deciduous larch.

36. Only a thick carpet of mosses
grows in the dense shade of
spruce, while lichens grow
under pine.

37. Conifers are well suited to
the cold taiga environment.
The narrow, needlelike leaves
with their thickened cuticles
and sunken stomata reduce
transpiration and assist in
moisture conservation during
periods of summer drought
and winter freeze.

38. The dark green color of spruce
and fir needles helps the
foliage absorb maximum heat
from the sun and begin
photosynthesis as early as
possible.
Conical shape - promotes shedding of
snow and prevents loss of branches.
Evergreen habit - retention of foliage
allows plants to photosynthesize as soon
as temperatures permit in spring, rather
than having to waste time in the short
growing season merely growing leaves.

39. Black spruce (ability to tolerate
wet soils and occupies cold,
north-facing slopes and
bottomlands)
White Spruce and Birch
grow on permafrost-free
south-facing slopes.

40. For some species, wildfires (with return
times of between 20–200 years) are a
necessary part of the life cycle in the
taiga; some, e.g. Jack Pine have cones
which only open to release their seed
after a fire, dispersing their seeds onto
the newly cleared ground.

41. The boreal forest, or taiga,
supports a large range of
animals.

42. Insects play a critical role
as pollinators, decomposers, and as a part of
the food web.
Many nesting birds rely on them for food.
BIRDS
More than 300 species of birds have
their nesting grounds in the taiga. Siberian
Thrush, White-throated Sparrow, and Black-
throated Green Warbler migrate to
this habitat to take advantage of the long
summer days and abundance of insects found
around the numerous bogs and lakes.

43. Siberian Thrush
Black-throated Green Warbler
White-throated sparrow

44. Birds also feed and extract conifer
seeds from cones, thus helping in
the dispersal of seeds of trees.

45. The Taiga is home to a number of
large Herbivorous mammals, such
as moose and reindeer/caribou. Some areas of the more
southern closed boreal forest also have populations of other
deer species such as the elk (wapiti) and roe deer.

46. These Large herbivores of the
boreal forests feed on grasses,
sedges, and lichens.

47. Carnivores like wolves, lynx
(bobcats), are also found in
boreal forests

49. Antlers of moose and deer are
used in defense and fighting

50. Thick Fur help insulate the
animals that live in taigas

51. Some animals have fur that
help them blend in with the
surroundings
Snowshoe hare

52. Others are agile and fast so
that they can capture their
prey.

54. Other animals, like wolves
team up to take down larger
prey.

56. Clear cutting has destroyed
habitats of animals thus
forcing them to leave

57. Hunting activities have
affected the population of
animals in the boreal forests.
Making some of the animals
threatened/ endagered.