Temperate deciduous forest PERIOD 3
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The document describes the temperate deciduous forest biome. Key points include: - Locations include eastern North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. - Trees are deciduous and lose their leaves seasonally. Diversity of plants and animals depends on leaf loss. - Humans have heavily impacted these forests through deforestation for agriculture, grazing, and lumber. While some areas faced little conservation historically, protected areas now exist in Russia, the US, and other regions.
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Temperate deciduous forest PERIOD 4
Temperate deciduous forests are typically located in mid-latitude areas between 25° and 50° in both hemispheres, characterized by distinct seasons. They contain a variety of plant and animal species adapted to seasonal changes and have highly productive ecosystems. However, human activities like logging, invasive species, and overgrazing have significantly reduced forest coverage in some areas. Conservation efforts in places like the U.S. and Haiti aim to restore and protect these forests through reforestation programs and sustainable management practices.
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Produced by Michael G, former colleague. Good outline of temperate grasslands, with some Google Earth images of the steppes.
Temperate grassland2
Temperate grasslands have sparse trees and extensive grasses and herbs. They experience hot summers and cold winters with average annual precipitation of 20-35 inches. Common biotic factors include various grasses, flowers, rabbits, deer, snakes, birds, and insects. Abiotic factors include rolling hills and valleys at elevations usually between 2,000-10,000 feet with fertile soil and average wind speeds of 15-20 mph. Wildfires play an important role in maintaining biodiversity by preventing tree overgrowth and stimulating new plant growth.
Tropical savanna
The document summarizes information about the tropical savanna biome. It describes several animal species found in the savanna, including lions, black mambas, koala bears, and Nile crocodiles. It also lists some plant species that grow in the savanna, such as the Senegal Gum Acacia and elephant grass. Elephants and lions are identified as keystone species. The tropical savanna is characterized by vast plains, small rivers, and mountain ranges. Conservation efforts are focused on preventing poaching and protecting endangered species.
Tropical Savanna Biome
Tropical savannas have a wet and dry climate, located in tropical regions of Africa, India, South America, and Australia. They experience high temperatures year-round and seasonal rainfall, with long dry seasons receiving less than 4 inches of rain. Common plants include tall grasses, acacia trees, and baobab trees. Many large animal species live in the savanna, such as elephants, lions, and zebras, and have adaptations like migration and camouflage to survive the climate. Both plants and animals have developed strategies like water storage, dormancy, and fire resistance to endure seasonal drought and fires.
Biomes
This document provides information about different biomes located around the world, including tundra, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, desert, grassland, savanna, and rainforest biomes. For each biome, it describes defining characteristics, locations where they can be found globally, common plant and animal species, and examples of specific biome locations in various regions including the Philippines, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Antarctica.
Brinjal
The document discusses the eggplant (Solanum melongena), including its botanical name, family, physical characteristics, cultivation requirements, pests, and diseases. Eggplants prefer warm temperatures between 13-21°C and fertile, well-drained soil. They require regular irrigation and fertilization. Popular varieties in Pakistan include Neelum, White Egg, and Mirpurkhas Selection. When harvested, the fruit is still somewhat unripe but well colored. Key pests that affect the crop include fruit borers, stem borers, thrips, and whiteflies.
Temperate grasslands
Temperate grasslands exist on every continent except Antarctica and contain a variety of grasses, flowers, and herbs. These grasslands experience hot summers and cold winters. Common plant species include grey-headed coneflower and wild bergamot while animal species include coyotes, bald eagles, prairie dogs, bumble bees, and quails. The climate features temperatures below 18°C in winter and above 32°C in summer with low rainfall, making trees unable to grow. Humans have impacted grasslands through farming and overhunting.
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Deciduous forests are characterized by trees that shed their leaves seasonally. They are found in regions that experience changes in temperature and precipitation over the year. Deciduous trees have adaptations that allow them to withstand these environmental changes, such as broad leaves that capture sunlight for photosynthesis in the summer but are shed in winter to conserve water. The forest supports an energy pyramid with plants at the bottom level and increases in carnivores at each higher level, but 90% of energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels, limiting how many organisms can be supported at the top.
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Biomes:
Biomes are the areas with different climate on earth, biomes have different communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms and biomes are also related to ecosystem. There earth area is divided into six major biomes.
1. Tundra
2. Coniferous forest
3. Grassland
4. desert
5. Deciduous forest
6. Tropical rain forest
Forests are compound of ecosystems that are very important to the carbon and water cycles that sustain life on earth.
Introduction to tropical rain forest:
The tropical rain forests have very tall trees. Tropical rain forests can be found in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, and Central America, Mexico and on many of the Pacific, Caribbean, and Indian Ocean islands. Rain forests have wet climate. The temperature in a rain forest rarely gets higher than 34 °C or drops below 20 °C and average humidity is between 77 and 88%. Rainfall is often more than 100 inches a year. There is usually a short season of less rain. Almost all rain forests lie near the equator. Tropical rain forest is very warm and moist all the time and it’s also receives plenty of sunlight because of long trees. Tropical rain forest also produces 40% of earth oxygen. Scientists estimate that more than half of all the world's plant and animal species live in tropical rain forests. If we talked about Southeast Asian rainforests, these forests have four different seasons, winter monsoon, and summer monsoon and inter monsoon.
Climate in tropical rain forest:
There is no dry season in tropical rainforests, and the type of climate is humid. Rainfall in every month is 60 mm. Tropical rainforest have no prominent climate such as summer or winter, because it is typically hot and wet throughout the year. The rain forest has lots of rain because it is very hot and wet and this climate is start near the equator, therefore temperature is hot, and sunlight is also more. Sunlight is direct on land and sea as compare to other land and sea, due to which area is warm, and it can hold a lot of water vapors. When airs goes up its became cools, which means it can hold less water vapor therefore condensation takes place and makes vapor droplets, which results clouds. These resulted clouds produce rain, and sometimes a strong sun also shines between the storms.
Animals in tropical rain forest:
These are the animals present in tropical rain forest.
1. Africa Forest Elephant
2. Chimpanzee
3. Bengal tiger
4. Dawn bat
5. King cobra
6. Chimpanzee
7. Kinkajou
8. Golden lion tamarin
9. Vampire bat
10. Slender Loris
There are so many other animals are also found in tropical rainforest, but I listed above some of them, and also going to explain some of them. One thing is always said, that there is the two species of elephant, but through DNA testing, third species of elephant are also discovered the African elephant. Scientists also found that third species also consisted two various species. This new species is known as loxodonta African
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Deforestation involves clearing forests and converting the land to other uses like agriculture. It has significant negative impacts like loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, disruption of water cycles, and increased carbon emissions. While regeneration harvesting can be sustainable in some environments, large-scale deforestation causes habitat destruction and species extinction. Factors like population growth, exploitation of resources, and lack of environmental protection have contributed to ongoing deforestation issues around the world. Conservation efforts aim to preserve forests and wildlife through protected areas, anti-poaching laws, and management plans.
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The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the environment. Sulfur is abundant in the Earth's crust and is essential for proteins and vitamins in organisms. It cycles between the atmosphere, terrestrial environments, and freshwater reservoirs. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and industrial pollution are releasing excess sulfur into the air, causing problems like acid rain which damages ecosystems. Reducing the use of fossil fuels would help limit acid rain and its negative impacts on the environment.
carbon cycle PERIOD 4
The document summarizes the carbon cycle in 3 parts:
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The taiga biome is located in northern regions between 60-75° latitude, spanning parts of Canada, Europe, and Asia. The climate is very cold, below freezing for 6 months of the year. Common animal species include lynx, snowshoe rabbits, elk, and moose. Trees like pine, spruce, and fir have adapted to release toxins that prevent other species from growing. Human activities like logging, mining, and deforestation threaten the fragile taiga ecosystem.
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Tropical desert PERIOD 4
Tropical deserts are very dry areas located between 5-30 degrees latitude in both hemispheres. They include the Sahara Desert and Great Basin Desert. Tropical deserts receive little to no rainfall some years and have sandy or rocky soil. Plants include cacti, cholla, and brittlebush, and animals include kangaroo rats, coyotes, and camels that have adapted to the harsh, dry conditions. Human inhabitation of tropical deserts is increasing pollution and damaging the environment unless laws are enacted to protect it, as seen by the differences between how the Mojave Desert and Atacama Desert are handled.
Carbon cycle PERIOD 4
The carbon cycle describes the natural pathways and reservoirs of carbon on Earth. Carbon cycles between the atmosphere, ocean, soil, plants and animals through respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, and other processes. Humans impact the carbon cycle by burning fossil fuels which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and through deforestation which removes carbon-absorbing trees. Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human activities is altering Earth's climate. Potential solutions include expanding renewable energy, limiting carbon emissions, reducing deforestation, and promoting clean energy technologies.
Monsoon forest PERIOD 5
Monsoon Rainforest is a type of seasonal tropical forest that experiences a long dry season followed by a wet season with heavy rainfall. Key points:
- Located between 10-25 degrees latitude, areas include India, Sri Lanka, Africa, South America.
- Hot and humid all year with high rainfall during wet season that can exceed 2000mm. Soil is poor and leached of nutrients.
- Supports diverse wildlife like birds, deer, elephants, snakes. Tall trees produce large amounts of oxygen through photosynthesis.
- Heavily impacted by human activities like deforestation, pollution, and climate change which disrupt rainfall patterns. Proper precautions needed during monsoon seasons.
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The document discusses the sulfur cycle, including its natural processes and reservoirs. It notes that the largest reservoirs of sulfur are the Earth's crust and oceans. It also describes how humans have significantly impacted the global sulfur cycle through the burning of fossil fuels, which increases the amount of sulfur in the atmosphere and oceans. This leads to issues like acid rain. Humans also release sulfates through activities like coal mining and burning coal without scrubbers.
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The nitrogen cycle describes the movement of nitrogen through the environment. It involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, ammonification by decomposers, nitrification by soil bacteria, and denitrification by bacteria in waterlogged soils that converts nitrogen back to its gaseous form. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of nitrogen fertilizers, and livestock ranching have significantly increased the global nitrogen cycle, causing issues like smog, acid rain, eutrophication, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. While some seek solutions, many nations prioritize food production over environmental impacts.
Tropical savannah PERIOD 5
Tropical savannas have a wet/dry climate with distinct seasons where it is very dry during the winter months and then has rainy months during the summer. Vegetation includes grasses, shrubs and scattered trees that have adapted to seasonal changes with some shedding leaves during the dry season. Large grazing animals and grass fires are characteristic of many tropical savanna ecosystems.
Temperate desert PERIOD 5
The temperate desert biome has low and unpredictable rainfall, with strong temperature contrasts between summer and winter. Most precipitation falls in the winter when temperatures are below freezing, and summers are hot and dry. Common plants include cacti, shrubs and grasses adapted to store water. Animals such as snakes, lizards and small mammals obtain water from their food or specialized physiological functions. Human impacts such as off-road vehicles, water depletion and military exercises can damage desert soils and plants, but conservation efforts include restricting vehicle use to trails and improving land and water management.
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The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on coffee production. Researchers found that suitable land for coffee production could decline by up to 50% by 2050 due to rising temperatures and changing rain patterns associated with climate change. The study highlights the need to develop new varieties of coffee that can thrive in warmer conditions to help the multi-billion dollar coffee industry adapt to climate change impacts.
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The document summarizes information about tropical deserts, including their locations, climates, biodiversity, and human impacts. Tropical deserts have extremely hot and dry conditions, with average temperatures of 90 degrees Fahrenheit that can rise to 120 degrees. Common animal species include coyotes, owls, rattlesnakes, and vultures, while plant life includes barrel cacti, brittle bush, and creosote bush. Tropical deserts have low productivity rates due to the harsh climate. While some countries have established laws to protect deserts, overexploitation by humans, such as draining aquifers and nuclear testing, has negatively impacted tropical desert ecosystems.
Tropical savanna PERIOD 4
Tropical savannas have distinct seasonal patterns of rainfall and temperature. They experience wet summers and dry winters with annual rainfall around 30 inches. Located near the equator, savannas have high biodiversity and nutrient turnover in the soil. A variety of large herbivores and predators live in savanna ecosystems, and have adaptations like stripes, trunks, and camouflage to survive. Grasses and trees in the savanna also have adaptations like deep roots and water storage to endure dry periods. The rapid nutrient cycling and high primary productivity in savannas supports complex food webs and a great abundance of animal life. However, human impacts like poaching, overgrazing, and population growth threaten
Taiga PERIOD 5
The taiga biome is located in northern regions like Russia, Alaska, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. It has cold winters around -6 degrees Celsius and low precipitation. The soil is nutrient-poor with permafrost and shallow bogs. Common animals include moose, Siberian tigers, lynx, wolves and bears. Dominant plant life consists of black spruce, jack pine and white fir. Logging and hunting threaten taiga species, but conservation groups work to mitigate these impacts and support sustainable practices.
Deciduous forest PERIOD 5
Temperate deciduous forests are located in areas with moderate rainfall and temperatures around 50 degrees Fahrenheit, including parts of North America, Europe, Russia, China, and Japan. These forests have high biodiversity and various tree species that lose their leaves seasonally. Humans have significantly impacted deciduous forests through deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization, reducing forest coverage to about a third of its original extent. While more developed countries have enacted protections, less developed countries still lack resources to curb deforestation.
The everglades PERIOD 3
The Everglades is a biome located in South Florida consisting of deciduous forest and grasslands. It has an average temperature of 53-77F and receives 54 inches of rainfall annually. The Everglades is home to many species like the Florida panther, American alligator, and West Indian manatee. However, human activity like draining water for agriculture has severely damaged the ecosystem, reducing its size by half and altering water flows and quality. The government is working to restore the Everglades through billions in funding and laws aimed at preserving the remaining areas and reconstructing the natural hydrology.
High latitude tundra PERIOD 3
The high latitude tundra biome is located in northern regions such as Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Siberia, and Russia. It has a very cold climate with short growing seasons and nutrient-poor soil. Typical vegetation includes bearberry, arctic moss, and pasque flowers. The tundra has some of the lowest productivity levels of any ecosystem due to its harsh climate and infertile soils, producing only 600 kilocalories per square meter per year. Primary succession occurs as glaciers recede, exposing bare rock that is slowly colonized by pioneer plants and mosses, building up soil over time. The main threats to tundra ecosystems are global warming, which could melt permafrost, and human activities
Water cycle PERIOD 4
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It is powered by the sun and includes processes such as evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, and runoff. Water is stored in natural reservoirs including ice/snow, lakes, aquifers, and oceans. The water cycle is essential for life but is impacted by human activities like overpumping aquifers, water pollution, and increased surface runoff. More developed countries have advanced water filtration systems but also high industrial pollution, while less developed countries have less sanitation but lower overall pollution levels.
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- 1. Temperate Deciduous Forest By Miguel Carbonell, Isaac Cuevas and Kayon Lecky
- 2. Other Names The Temperate Deciduous Forest is also known as: ● Hardwood forest ● Broad leaf forest
- 3. Biome Location/Climate- soil,temperature,rainfall, climate graph The location of the Temperate Deciduous Forest are in the eastern part of the USA, Canada, Japan, China, Western part of Russia, and the continent of Europe The soil absorbs the leaves and has a growing season of 5 to 6 months The temperature is 50 degrees Fahrenheit. The rainfall is about 30 to 60 annually.
- 5. Characteristics ● Deciduous Forests have long warm seasons as a very distinctive season. ● Temperate Deciduous Forests exhibit all four seasons. ● Second most rainfall out of all biomes. ● The soil is usually rich. ● Trees will become dormant during the season of which their leaves fall. ● 3 main types of trees are from these forests: Notherhern hardwood, centrall hardwood and southeast pine.
- 6. Animals Living in Temp. Deciduous Forests A Cardinal Owl Broadwing Hawk Bobcat Black Bear Raccoon
- 7. Plants that Inhabit Temp. Deciduous Forests Continued Mountain Ash Tree Jack in the pulpit Cottonwood tree
- 8. Biodiversity Temperate Deciduous forests have great biodiversity because of the losses of their leaves. This allows animals and plants that were covered by the leaves to grow and fluorish, this then leads to more plant growth and more predation, this in turn allows more species of both plants and animals survive in the area. Habitats: Range from the top canopy on down to the forest floor. Foliage, bark, sap, flowers, seeds and nuts provide nutrition for a host of insects, birds and mammals. The deciduous forest provides habitat and food resources for large birds that dwell on the ground such as turkeys and grouse, as well as several species of owls including screech owls, barred owls, and great horned owls.
- 9. Energy Flow ● First Trophic Level- The forests yield 6,000 kilocalories per sq. meter per year. ● Second Trophic Level- Squirrel, small rodents, and deer. Can use the 6,000 kilocalories per sq. meter per year produced by the first Trophic level, but most of it is lost through bodily functions ( heat ). Produce about 600 kilocalories per sq. meter per year. ● Third Trophic Level- Woodpeckers, skunks, raccoons, and foxes. Produce about 60 kilocalories per sq. meter per year. ● Fourth Trophic Level- Ex. bears and cougars. Are also called top predators. Has about 6 kilocalories per sq. meter per year.
- 10. Energy Flow
- 11. Gross Primary Productivity and Net Primary Productivity The Gross Primary Productivity- Estimated at 16 to 50 metric tons per hectare per year. The Net Primary Productivity- Approximately 10 metric tons per hectare per year. It is greatest in younger forests where trees are growing rapidly toward full size. It begins to decline when trees become old.
- 12. Succession- Temperate Deciduous Forests Succession is a process when conditions from the environment evolve, even the types of plants that are in that environment change. In an undisturbed setting, succession progresses from pioneer grasses and shrubs to mature trees that return to pioneer grasses. However, disturbance, such as a wildfire, windstorm, or insect infestation, can happen at anytime and interrupt the cycle. This returns the forest to an earlier stage of succession and the process begins again. This is secondary succession.
- 13. Human Impact Russia: Most deciduous forests were cut down decades ago to make room for agriculture and grazing. To stop this they have limited cutting down these forests as they are endangered. Russia now has 68 official forest conservation areas covering more than 430,000 sq km – that’s an area larger than Germany. USA: In the US, large expanses of temperate deciduous forests have been cut down as well. Mostly done for lumber, and it leads to deforestation. It is estimated that only 0.1% remains undisturbed. Laws have been created that would limit this. Various state conservation programs now protect them. Paraguay and Chile: Cut down forests for land and agriculture but until recently began attempts to conserve the temperate deciduous forests left.
- 14. Compare the difference in how handled MDCs often times react quicker and more efficiently than LDCs would. LDCs more times than not won't react as quickly because of economic concerns. MDCs can afford to place more restrictions, so are therefore more likely to. LDCs are developing nations that seek to develop and industrialize as fast as possible.
- 15. Sources 1 1.http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0201. 2. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/biomes/succession.html 3. https://www.britannica.com/science/gross-primary-productivity 4. http://www.mbgnet.net/sets/temp/whats.htm 5. http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/dforest.html 6. http://ths.sps.lane.edu/biomes/deciduous3/deciduous3.html