Final cs models in up ppt-bhu ups 08.06.2019
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This document discusses cropping systems models in Uttar Pradesh, India. It outlines the challenges of rice farming in eastern Uttar Pradesh, including irregular monsoons and waterlogging. It then discusses different rice cropping systems for irrigated and upland conditions based on the basic principles of complementing crops, utilizing resources efficiently, and maintaining soil fertility. Finally, it provides examples of different cropping systems for rice, wheat, maize, pulses, sugarcane, and vegetables that could be adopted in Uttar Pradesh based on local conditions and resources.
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Final cs models in up ppt-bhu ups 08.06.2019
- 1. Cropping System Models in Uttar Pradesh Dr. U. P. Singh Professor Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005; U.P., India
- 2. Challenges in Rice Farming in Eastern U.P. Uncertain and irregular hydrology Delayed monsoon/early withdrawal of monsoon (terminal drought) Heavy erratic rainfall leads submergence/stagnant flooding Under-utilized lands due to excess moisture/water logging Delayed establishment of crops Inappropriate Nutrient Usage and Soil Health ‘One size fits all’ approach and untrained extension staff Unstable production & Increasing cost
- 4. Rice Eco- systems Global Indian % of the World’s rice acreage % of the global rice production % of the country’s rice area % of the Indian rice production Irrigated 55 75 43 63 Upland 13 4 14 6 Rainfed Lowland 25 17 36 27 Flood-prone 7 4 7 4 Global and Indian Rice Eco-systems Scenario
- 5. Cropping system (CS) focus in developing an ecological farming system to manage and organize crops for efficient utilization of available resources.(soil, air, sunlight, water, labour, equipments) Represents cropping patterns used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources and farm enterprises and available technology Pattern of crops taken on a piece of land over a fixed period, associated with soil management practices such as tillage, manuring and irrigation. Cropping System
- 6. • Choose the crop that complement to each other • Choose crops and a cropping rotation which utilize available resources efficiently • Choose crops and a cropping system that maintain and enhance soil fertility • Choose crops which have a diversity of growth cycles • Choose a diverse species of crops • Keep the soil covered • Strategically plan and modify cropping system as needed Basic principles of cropping systems
- 7. • Monoculture: one crop is grown on a piece of land year after year or repetitive growing of the same sole crop in the same land • Multiple cropping: more than two crops are cultivated in a year in succession on the same field Sequential cropping Double cropping Triple cropping Quadruple cropping Relay cropping • Intercropping: Intercropping is the growing of two or more dissimilar crops simultaneously on the same piece of land Row intercropping Mixed intercropping Stripe intercropping Multistoreyed/multitier cropping • Mixed cropping. Mixed cropping deals with growing two or more than two crops simultaneously on the same piece of land without define row pattern or fixed ratio by mixing the seeds of crops Types of cropping systems
- 8. • Cropping systems depends on farm resources, farm enterprise and farm technology • When land is limited, intensive cropping is adopted to fully utilize available water and labour • When sufficient and cheap labour (family labour) is available, vegetable crops are also included in the cropping system • When capital is not a constraint, commercial crops like sugarcane, banana, turmeric etc. can be fitted in cropping system Cropping Systems Approaches
- 9. • Rainfall is <750 mm/annum, monocropping is followed. Rainfall is > 750 mm/annum, intercropping is practiced. • When water is plenty, triple and quadruple cropping is adopted. • Farm enterprises like dairying, poultry etc also influence the type of cropping system. • When farm enterprises includes dairy, the cropping system should contain fodder crops as component crops. Contd…
- 10. • Maintain soil fertility • Enhanced crop growth • Minimize spread of disease • Control weeds • Inhibit pest and insect growth • Increase soil cover • Use resources more efficiently • Reduce risk of crop failure • Improved food and financial security Benefits of cropping system
- 11. • Rice- Wheat • Rice – Chickpea • Rice- Pulses • Rice- Groundnut • Rice – Mustard • Rice- Maize • Rice-Wheat- Green gram/vegetable • Rice- Potato- Wheat • Rice- Sugarcane • Rice- Vegetables Rice based cropping system in irrigated condition
- 12. • Rice-Chickpea • Rice-Lentil • Rice-Mustard/Linseed • Rice-Barley • Rice – Wheat • Rice – Pea • Rice- Maize Rice based cropping system in upland condition
- 13. S.No. Zones 1st year 2nd year 1- Tarai Rice – Wheat Rice – Sugarcane 2- Western plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane 3- Central western plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane 4- South western plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane-Pulse 5- Central plain Rice-Oilseed/pulse Rice-Oilseed/pulse 6- Bundelkhand Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse 7- North eastern plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane-Pulse 8- Eastern plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse 9- Vindhyan Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Zone wise Rice based cropping system in U. P.
- 14. Sensible crop/ varietal selection for different rice growing environments Irrigated oEarly oMedium oLate Rainfed upland oLong growing- favourable/unfavourable oShort growing- favourable/unfavourable Rainfed lowland o Shallow favourable o Shallow submergence-prone o Shallow drought-prone o Shallow submergence-prone and drought-prone o Medium deepwater logged Deepwater oDeepwater oVery deepwater Tidal wetland oTidal wetland with perennially fresh water/ saline water oTidal wetland with acid sulphate soil/peat soils
- 15. Rice ecosystems Suitable varieties Upland For plains: Baranideep, Jawahar Dhan 75, Nagina 22, Narendra Dhan 118, Narendra Dhan 80, Narendra Dhan 1, Renu, Sudha, Shushk Samrat, Narendra Lalmati, Narendra -97, N-22, Govind, Sahbhagi dhan, Shusk samrat, Swarna shreya, DRR- 42, DRR-43, DRR-44 , Sukhadhan 5, Sukhadhan 6 For hills : Majhera 3, VL 206, VL dhan 163 Low land & Flood prone Shallow rainfed lowland (up to 25 cm water depth): Swarna (MTU 7029), Sambha Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Mahsuri, Pankaj, Radha Rajshree & Jal lahari, Mashuri, Bina dhan 11 Medium- deepwater, (up to 50 cm water depth): Madhukar, Chakia 59 Sudha Savita, Jalpriya, Jalnidhi Submergence prone or flash flood areas: Madhukar, Janaki, videhi, Jal lahari, Barh avrodhi, Savitri, Swarna-sub1, Samba-mahsuri-sub1, CR 1009-sub1 Deep Water Deepwater (50-100cm) : Madhukar, Chakiya 59, Janaki, Sudha, Savita, Jalpriya Very deepwater/floating rice (100 cm): Jalmagna, Jalnidhi, Varidhi Suitable varieties for Rice based cropping system
- 16. Rice ecosystems Suitable varieties Irrigated Early Maturing (100-120 days)- Saket-4, IR-50, N-118, N-80, N-97, Prabhat, Richarya, Dhanlaxmi, Pant-12, Ratna, Malviya Dhan 2, Narendra Dhan 2026, Saket 4, Ashwani, NDR 2064 Medium (120-140)- Jaya, IR-36, IR-64, Sarjoo-52, Sita, Pant-4, N-359, Pant- 10,Induri sambha, N-2026, N-2064, Moti, Sonum, Rupali, HUR-105, Narendra Sankar Dhan 2, Narendra 3112-1 Late Maturing (>140 days)- T-9, T-23, Mahsuri, Malviya Dhan 36, MTU- 1001, Shambha Mansuri, Swarna, HUBR-917 Scented (130-135)- T-3, Pusa Basmati-1, Basmati-370, Kasturi, Basmati 4, Malviya basmati, HUBR 2-1, HUBR 4-3, HUBR 10-9 Saine /Usar Lands – Saket-4, Narendra usar ,CSR-36,CSR-43,DRR-39,CR dhan 405,CR dhan 406,Gosaba 5 Hybrids Narendra Sankar Dhan 2, PHB -71, KRH-2, Arize 6444, Arize 6201, PRH-10 Contd..
- 17. •Rice – Potato – Wheat •Rice – Potato – Onion/mungbean •Rice – Wheat-Mungbean/cowpea •Rice – Toria –Wheat •Rice – Lentil/Pea – Boro rice Possible crop establishment options for intensifying/ diversifying the RWCR
- 18. • Rice- Wheat • Maize- Wheat • Pigeon pea- Wheat • Pearl millet – Wheat • Green gram- potato- wheat • Green manure- Pea- Wheat • Fodder crop- Pea- Wheat- Green gram • Maize-Wheat-Cotton- Berseem (2 years) • Rice-Wheat-Sorghum-Chickpea (2 years) • Maize-Wheat-Sugarcane-ratoon (3 years) • Maize-Wheat-Green manuring-Potato-Sugarcane (3 years) Wheat based cropping system
- 19. • Maize- Potato • Maize- Wheat • Maize- Toria- Wheat • Maize-Potato-Wheat • Maize- Berseem • Maize- Toria- Sugarcane (2 years) • Maize-Wheat-Sugarcane (2 years) • Maize-Wheat- Cotton-Berseem (2 years) • Maize-Wheat-Jowar-Sugarcane (3 years) • Maize-Potato-Sugarcane-Wheat (3 years) Maize based cropping system
- 20. • Rice- Wheat-Green gram/Black gram • Maize-Wheat-Green gram/Black gram • Potato- Wheat- Green gram • Green gram- Wheat • Green gram- Potato • Maize-Wheat-Cowpea • Rice-Wheat-Cowpea • Maize- Potato- Cowpea • Soybean- Wheat • Soybean- Potato • Soybean-Chickpea • Maize- Pea • Rice- Pea • Rice- Chickpea • Maize- Chickpea • Pearl millet- Chickpea • Sorghum- Chickpea • Rice- Lentil • Maize- Lentil • Pearl millet- Lentil • Sorghum- Lentil • Groundnut- Lentil • Pigeon pea- Wheat • Pigeon pea- Late potato • Pigeon pea- Lentil • Pigeon pea- Sugarcane Pulse based cropping system
- 21. • Maize- Potato- sugarcane (2 years) • Maize- Sugarcane- Wheat (2 years) • Rice- Sugarcane- Wheat (2 years) • Rice- Sugarcane- Ratoon (3 years) • Sorghum(Fodder)-Potato-Sugarcane-Wheat (3 years) • Rice-Chickpea-Sugarcane-Ratoon-Wheat (3 years) • Rice- Toria- Sugarcane- Ratoon- Wheat (3 years) • Maize-Wheat-Sugarcane-Ratoon-Wheat (3 years) Sugarcane based cropping system
- 22. • Rice - Potato • Maize- Potato • Soybean – Potato • Cowpea- Potato- Wheat • Maize-Potato-Wheat • Maize-Potato- Potato • Maize-Potato-Maize • Maize-Potato-Onion • Maize-Potato-Sugarcane • Sugarcane + Okra + Onion • Maize-Potato-Okra • Paddy-Radish-Onion • Maize-Potato-Onion • Paddy-Potato-Onion • Maize-Potato-Okra Vegetable based cropping system
- 23. • Maize + Soybean • Maize + Black gram • Maize + Moong • Maize + Cowpea • Wheat + Mustard • Wheat + Chickpea • Wheat + Linseed • Wheat + Autumn Sugarcane • Chickpea/ Field pea + Wheat • Chickpea/ Field pea + Mustard • Pigeon pea + Black gram • Pigeon pea + Green gram • Pigeon pea + Cowpea • Pigeon pea + Soybean • Sorghum + Cowpea- Berseem- Maize + Cowpea • Autumn Sugarcane + Potato • Sugarcane + wheat • Sugarcane + Toria • Sugarcane + lentil • Sugarcane + green gram • Sugarcane + Black gram • Rice- Pea + Wheat Intercropping system
- 24. Maize + Pea Maize + Gladiolus Maize + Pigeonpea
- 25. Cropping system options for specific situations Deep Water/Very Deep Water Pre-flood crop mixture-DWR DWR-post flood crops DWR-Boro rice
- 26. Boro rice based cropping / farming systems • Boro-deep water rice (DWR) system • Utera cropping of DWR with boro rice • DWR establishment system in boro rice in flood prone ecosystem • Boro-boro ratoon • Rotational rice-fish farming system
- 28. High value crops (vegetables, maize, cucurbits) Zero till wheat Surface seeded wheat Boro rice Diara Land
- 29. Zero tillage Surface seeding Boro rice Diversification Rice fallows- Potential area for sustainable intensification and diversification
- 30. • Laser land leveling • Zero or minimum tillage (ZT) • Permanent or semi-permanent residue cover • New varieties for stress tolerance and/higher resource use efficiency • Furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) technology • System of rice intensification (SRI) • Direct seeded rice (DSR) • Double no-till (DNT) • Permanent no-till • Precision farming techniques • Use of leaf color chart (LCC) • Rice wheat crop manager (RWCM) CA based RCTs : Potential way for sustaining rice productivity
- 31. Conservation Agriculture…????? Minimal soil disturbance Rational Residue retention Sensible crop rotation /innovative cropping system
- 32. Resource-Conserving Technological Options: Rice Tillage/Crop establishment Zero-tillage/drill-seeding Zero-tillage/drill-seeding with controlled traffic Minimum (1-2 passes)-tillage/drill-seeding Minimum-tillage/bed-planting Puddled/drum-seeding Improved Technological options for Rice Farmer’s practice: Puddled/ transplanting
- 33. Resource-Conserving Technological Options: Wheat Tillage/Crop establishment Zero-tillage Zero-tillage with controlled traffic Zero tillage paired row Minimum tillage Surface seeding Bed planting Lentil: Zero tillage/reduced tillage Gram: Zero tillage/reduced tillage Improved Technological options for wheat Farmer’s practice: Tilled broadcast
- 34. Tillage Conventional Unpuddled Raised bed Zero-tillage Tillage based Crop Establishment Methods of rice Crop establishment Transplanting Direct-drill-seeding
- 35. Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)- A Promising Resource Conserving Technology: Water Efficient and Cost Effective
- 36. • Use sensible/proper crop rotation. • Use clean and good quality seed. • Use herbicide rotation to avoid herbicide tolerance. • Use appropriate and good quality herbicide. • Proper spray technique should be followed during spraying. • Use sufficient crop residue in the field. • Maintain proper plant stand in the field. • Use balanced fertilizer. • Proper water management (alternate wetting & drying). • Use proper rouging in the field. • Avoid much soil disturbance/(ploughing) in the field to avoid excessive weed seed emergence. Integrated weed management options
- 37. DSR with co-culture sesbania 37 Cover Crop / Brown manuring
- 38. RWCM is a decision support system tool developed for SSNM It is a plant based SSNM approach to optimize the supply and demand of nutrients according to their need for higher NUE It has been observed that it save the substantial quantity of the fertilizer and increase the yield Rice wheat crop manager (RWCM): A potential tool for managing nutrient in rice wheat cropping system
- 39. Site specific nutrient management (SSNM): A technology for enhancing nutrient use efficiency
- 40. 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Pooled 2014-17 Poold mean Yield(t/ha) FFP SFR STVR RWCM -16 Fig. Pooled grain yield of rice influenced by nutrient management options in farmers participatory on-farm trials during rainy season of 2014 to 2016 in Ballia, Ghazipur and Chandauli district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India Experimental Results: Rice
- 41. 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur Ballia Chandauli Ghazipur 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Pooled 2014-17 Poold mean Yield(t/ha) FFP SFR STVR RWCM Fig. Pooled grain yield of wheat influenced by nutrient management options in farmers participatory on-farm trìals during winter season of 2014-15 to 2016-17 in Ballia, Ghazipur and Chandauli district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, Experimental Results: Wheat
- 42. Short-duration pigeon pea in RWS Maize in RWS Promotion of boro rice N Management Plant need-based management using LCC Diversification and Intensification
- 43. Bed planting- A water saving technology, offers an opportunity for diversification and system intensification
- 44. Promotion of different intercropping/ diversification options in RW system. Autumn sugarcane + wheat/gram/lentil/ pea (FIRB) Spring sugarcane + mungbean/urdbean/ cowpea (FIRB) Potato + winter maize (FIRB) Wheat-early pigeon pea (FIRB) Diversification and Intensification
- 45. Conti… Pigeon pea/maize + mungbean/urdbean/ cowpea (FIRB). Wheat + mustard/linseed/lentil (ZT). Evaluation of herbicides in different inter-cropping options.
- 46. Linseed/coriander + wheat / winter maize/french bean Rice + maize/pigeon pea French bean + garlic /coriander Potato +winter maize+ boro rice Staggered planting Maize + pigeon pea French bean + garlic Rice + maize/pigeon pea FIRB Systems
- 47. RiceWheat Wheat Mungbean Permanent FIRB (Residue managed)
- 48. Table : Crop diversification through food legumes Technology used Grain yield (t ha-1) Total cost Rs. ha-1 Total Income Rs. ha-1 Net profit Rs. ha-1 Range Average Cow pea Wheat 3.70-8.50 5.70 (6)* 47313 74100 26787 3.80-4.50 4.00 (6) 16288 43508 27220 Total 6360 117608 54007 Rice Wheat 2.21-3.60 3.01 (6) 15650 23868 8218 3.80-4.50 4.02 (6) 15218 40121 24903 Total 30868 63989 33121 Rice Wheat 2.30-3.60 3.00 (8) 16450 25345 8895 3.60-4.60 4.11 (8) 14642 40575 25933 Mungbeen 0.24-0.48 0.32 (8) 5617 12972 7355 Total 36709 78892 42183
- 49. Conti… Technology used Grain yield (t ha-1) Total cost Rs. ha-1 Total Income Rs. ha-1 Net profit Rs. ha-1 Range Average Rice Wheat 2.01-3.80 3.01 (8) 15680 24430 8740 3.80-4.20 4.00 (8) 14255 39845 25590 Total 29935 64275 34330 Early pigeon pea Wheat 0.27-1.50 0.91 (5) 5468 25516 20048 3.60-4.60 4.11 (5) 14642 41231 26589 Total 20110 66747 46637 Long duration Pigeon pea 0.30-0.60 0.46 (5) 3256 12595 9339 * No. of Farmers’ Participation
- 50. Rice System Equivalent Yield (RSEY) t ha-1 of surface seeded rabi crops as influenced by crop establishment methods, varieties and cropping system in submergence prone rice ecosystem 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 R S E Y CS1 ― Rice - Late sown wheat, CS2 ― Rice- Lentil, CS3 ― Rice- Linseed, CS4 ― Rice- Gram (BHU, 2012-14)
- 51. Fig 2 : Effect of conservationa agriculture (CA ) on gain in yield (t/ha) of rice and wheat over conventional tillage (CT) systems in farmers'participatory trials during 2002-03 to 2009-10 in Eastern U.P. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Year GaininYield(t/ha) Rice Wheat
- 52. 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 15Nov 22Nov 29Nov 5Dec 12Dec 19Dec 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Yield(tha-1) Date of seeding in different years Wheat yield (t ha-1) under different seeding dates during 2002-03 to 2009-10 in CA and CT systems in eastern U. P. Conservation Agriculture Conventional Tillage
- 53. Crop Management NRM Productivity with optimal external inputs Variety Fertilizer Pesticides Labor Energy Land • Leveling • Tillage / CE Residue Water Climate Conservation and efficient use of natural resources Conservation Agriculture Integrated Crop and Resource Management “Ecological Intensification”
- 54. CA based cropping system options can help the farmers’ To meet the food demand To improve soil health and protect the environment To provide remunerative returns
- 55. CA based sensible crop intensification/ diversification with appropriate management practices as per locality are the way forward to increase: • Resource use efficiency • Productivity/ profitability • Sustainability of cropping system Conclusion
- 56. Take Home Lessons LOCAL TOOLS LOCAL PEOPLE LOCAL NEEDS