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1. WELCOME
Lecture on Rice Cultivation
RICE

2. Origin and History
• Rice is one of the oldest cultivated crops in China and India for several
thousand years.Oryza sativa rice was first domesticated in the Yangtze River
basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago. 111 rice growing county in the world.
• In Nepal rice contributes more than 25% of the agriculture GDP and the
57.46% of the total food grain production of the country.
• About 70% production of rice is from terai region, 27% from Hills and 3% is
from high hills and Himalayan region.
• Area of rice production is 14,77,378 and production is 51,30,625 and put
activity is 3.47metric ton per hectare.

3. Botanical Classification
• Common name : Asian rice
• Chromosome no: 2n= 24
• Kingdom : plantiae
• Phylum: Anthophyta
• Class : monocot
• Order: Poales
• Family: Poaceae
• Genus: Oryza
• Species: sativa
• Binomial Nomenclature: Oriyza sativa

4. Introduction and Importance
• Rice is the staple food of more than 60% of the world population about 92% of
the global production is in Asian region where about 59% of the world
population is leaving and consumed about 90% of the global Rice production.
• Paddy consumed 1432 litre of water for production of 1 kg of rice.
• The main protein in rice is Oryzenin , is self pollinated and fruit type is Caryopsis
• Rice can survive in semi aquatic condition or water logged condition due to the
presence of aerenchymatous tissue.
• Rice Straw contains higher amount of k then its grains.
• The genus oryza includes 24 species, of which 22 wild and two are I e.Oryza
sativa and Oryza galberrima( cultivated in Africa only) are cultivated ones.
• Oryza sativa hads 3 sub species i.e. O. Indica, O.japonica,O.javinica

5. Importance

7. Morphology

8. Rice plant can be divided into main two parts
namely ; A. root system and B.shoot system
A. Root system:
• when a rice grain germinates in a well drained, upland soil the coleorhiza
emerges first. If it germinates in submerged low lands, coleoptile emerges ahead
of the coleorhizae.
• The primary, embryonic roots (radicle) comes out through the coleorhiza shortly
after it appears. This is followed by two or more secondary roots all of which
develop lateral roots.
• The embryonic roots later die and are replaced by secondary adventitious roots
produced from the underground notes of the culm.

10. Shoot System:
It is further divided into 3 sub parts i.e
a. Culm or Stem : made up of a series of noes and internodes, culms are usually
hollows except at the nodes. Leaves are sessile in nature. In Rice plants the leaf
blade is directly connected to the stem, that’s why they are known as sessile
plants.
b. Spikelet: is a unit made up of one or more florets, rachilla, and glumes. Rachilla –
The structure on which the florets are borne. The Floret contain of Flower and the
flower consist of 6 stamens( male organs) and a pistal( female organ).
c. Grain( Caryopsis): is tightly enclosed by the Lemma and palea. Lemma and palea
together called Hull.

14. Parallel
Veins

18. Growth Stages

19. Soil and Climatic Requirements

20. Climatic Requirements
• Altitude: Mean sea level to 1524m
• RH: 40-80%
• Rainfall: 500- 5000mm
• Temperature: 20-35°C
• Ripening temperature: 20-25°c
• Day length: Short day plants, sensitive to photoperiods
• A combination of temperature, photo period and light intensity however,
determines the growth period, growth rate, crop performance and
productivity.

21. Cropping Pattern
• Some of the cropping systems are given below
• (A) Un-irrigated Areas
• Rice- chickpea
• Rice- lentil
• Rice- field pea
• Rice- rice – wheat
• Jute- rice- wheat
• Rice – maize- Jute
(B) RICE UNDER INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
Rice-Fish-Poultry
Rice-Fish-Duckery

22. • Some of the cropping systems are given below
• (B) Irrigated Areas-
• Rice-wheat
• Rice- potato-urd (black gram)
• Rice- toria-wheat
• Rice- wheat -moong (green gram)
• Rice-potato -moong (green gram)
• Rice- pea (for pods) -moong (green gram)
• Rice-wheat –Jute
• Rice- field peas -sugarcane.

24. • Cultural Practices:
Rice is grown in flowing ways:-
1.Direct seeding on dry or wet Soils - by
broadcasting , sowing behind the plough or drilling
in the puddled soils , Deep water Soil or Upland
Soil
3. Transplanting rice

25. Direct Seeding method
• This method is usually practiced for rainfed and deepwater
ecosystems. Farmers sow onto dry soil surface, then
incorporates the seed either by plowing or harrowing.
• Broadcasting of seeds uniformly by hand and Drilling or rice needs
80−100 kg of seeds per ha .
• Transplanting rice needs 40-45kg for bold garins and 30-35 kg
for fine grains per hectare.

32. Methods of Raising Seedlings or Nursery
Raising Methods:
1. Wet bed method
2. Dry bed method
3. Dapog method
• These are explained below:-
1. Wet Bed Method:-
• Wet nurseries are preferred under irrigated condition. The soil is puddled by 2
to 3 runs of puddler or 3 to 4 ploughing with local plough. Divide the nursery
area into narrow beds of optimum 1.25 m width and of any convenient lenght.
• Construct the drainage channels 30 cm wide in between the seed beds

33. Wet Bed Method
• Apply 225 gram urea or 500 gram ammonium sulfate and 500 gram single
super phosphate per 10 squire meter.
• Uniformly broadcast about 2 to 3 handfuls of seeds on a square metre of
each seed bed.
• Drain the excess water in periods of heavy rains during the first week of
sowing. Adopt suitable disease and pest control measures.
• Apply 50 gram of urea per square metre by top dressing in case of nitrogen
deficiency symptom , in zinc deficient soil give two spray of zinc sulphate( 5
kg zinc sulphate + 2.5 kg calcium hydroxide mixed in 1000 l of water per
hectare) at 10 days interval.
• Seedling would be ready for transplanting at an age of 20 to 25 days.

34. Dry bed method
• This method is practiced in areas where water is not sufficient to grow
seedlings in wet nurseries.
• Plough the field 3 to 4 times till the soil is throughly pulverized.
• Prepare beds of same size as in wet nursery but 15 cm high with
channel between them. Sow the seeds as in wet nurseries and fertilizer
too.
• The sown seeds should be covered immediately with a layer of soil.
• Don’t flood water in beds keep the sed beds saturated with water
throughly. Follow all the operations as described for wet nurseried.

35. Dapog Method

41. Transplanting
• Before transplanting the field should be well ploughed to about 20 - 25
cm deep. Apply uniformly half of nitrogen and total quantities of
phosphorus and potash on drain surface at the time of last puddling and
incorporated in the top 10 15 cm deep soil.
• Healthy seedlings of 4 to 5 leaves stage are ready for transplanting.
Transplanting 2 to 3 seedling per hills at 20 - 10 cm distance under normal
conditions.
• For old seedling the number of seedlings for hill should be 5 or 6.

42. Manures and Fertilizer
• Organic manures and chemical fertilizers are both important for rice
cultivation. Applications of bulky organic manures is desirable particularly
under upland condition to maintain the soil in a good physical condition
and to increase the water holding capacity of the soil for maximum
utilization of rainwater.
• About 6 to 10 tonnes of well rotten FYM or compost per hectare should be
applied 4 to 6 weeks before sowing.
• Application of chemical fertilizers depend upon the fertility status of the
field
• The root zone is converted from aerobic to anaerobic environment it is the
anaerobic environment in the paddy soil which is responsible for gaseous
loss of fertilizers nitrogen by the denitrification process and also causes
changes in the behaviour of phosphorus as well as micro nutrients
especially iron and magnetises so as puddling is necessary.

43. Fertilizers _
• For best result apply full dose of phosphorus and potash and half
dose of nitrogen before last puddlling.
• Remaining half dose of nitrogen should be applied into equal doses
first at tillering stage 25 to 30 days after transplanting and second at
panicle initiation stage 55 to 65 days after transplanting.
• To be safe from leaching and denitrification losses of nitrogenous
fertilizer use of sulphur coated urea Neem seed cake etc and avoid
nitrate fertilizer.
• Indigenous – 120 -40-40 NPK Per hectare
• Hybride- 150-50-40NPK per hectare

45. Recommend varieties
• For rainfeed shallow wet land and upland areas of Terai, inner terai, and river basins
upto 1000masl:- Hardinath -4 and Ghaiya-3(is for DSR)
• Flood prone and Submerged Conditions in terai, inner terai and Hills upto 700masl:-
Ganga sagar-1,-2
• Fully or partially sub merged condition in terai, inner terai and Hills upto 700masl:-
Hardinath-6
1. Based on Season:
• Chaite Dhan: Hardinath -1,-5 for terai, inner terai and river basins upto 800masl
• Bindeshwari – for terai and inner terai
• Main Season rice:- Hardinath-3 , Bahuguni-1,-2, Sukha dhan- 4,-5,-6 for terai ,inner
terai, rainfeed, Hill upto 500masl
• Khumal -2,-4 for ktm and upto 900-1400masl

46. Intercultural Operations
• All the lighter and finer operations carried out on the soil, between
sowing had harvesting are termed as intercultural operations. They
include weeding, fertilizer application, mulching, etc. The machineries
and implements used for this purpose are called as inter cultural
equipments.
1. Two hand weeding should be done before active tillering and
panicle initiation.
2. Pre emergence application of herbicides Just before transplanting
or at about 3 days of transplanting before weed germination.

47. Water and weed management
• The average water requirement of rice is 1200 mm for a period of 120 days
• Water level should be maintain at a depth of 3- 7 cm up to dough formation stage of
the crop. Water should be drained out from the field 7 to 15 days before harvest
depending on the soil type and maturity of the grains.
• Critical stages of water requirement in rice are active tillering, panicle initiation,
booting, heading and flowering
• Weed Control:
• Best effective through Hand weeding once at 20 days after transplanting ( before first
top dressing ) and second time it 50 - 60 days after transplanting (before second top
dressing)
• Herbicides applications-
1. The liquid formulation of herbicide 1-2 kg approx. should be dissolved in 600 to 800
L. of water for one heater areas.
2. Pre plant incorporated- Fluchloraline, EPTC, trifluralin
3. Pre emergence- Pendimethalin, Alachlor, Thiobencarb, Anilophos, Butachlor,
metribuzine
4. Post emergence- 2,4-D, isoproturon, Sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron.

48. Maturity Judging
• The grains turn into hard, clear, grain free from greenish tinge. Moisture of
grains maybe 20 to 30%
• Harvesting:
1. timely harvesting ensures good green quality consumer acceptance
since the grain is less likely to break when milled and is safe from
different insect and pests also lodging.
2. The right stage for harvesting is when about 80% panicles have about
80% ripened spikelets and the grain will contain 20% moisture.
• Threshing:
• The most common method of thresing are trampling by bullocks, rubbing
with bare human feets or lifting the bundle and striking them on the
raised wooden platform.On a big farm pedal threshers or power driven
stationery threshers are also in use.

50. Cleaning and Drying
• It is a process of removing dirt, dust and grime by using methods such
as dusting, shaking, sweeping, mopping( scrubbing rice against
something) ,Winnowing, washing or pol- ishing.
• Clean the grains before drying to avoid uneven drying and wet spots.
Dry paddy grains within 12– 24 hours after cutting .
• 2 methods of drying i.e. Mechanical drying system and traditional
drying system
• Mechanical drying includes :- heated air drying, low temperature drying or in-
store drying ,solar drying. Whereas traditional drying includes:- sun drying
and field drying.
• Les than 10 % moisture is kept for long storage period .

51. • Rice storage facilities take many forms depending on the quantity of
grain to be stored, the purpose of storage, and the location of the
store.
• The Storage Can be done in
1. Bags : 40-80kg jute or woven bags
2. Bulk: Commercial and large areas
3. Hermetic (air tight): Cocoon and Super bags

52. Cocoon bags

53. •THANK YOU