The document discusses pulses (legumes harvested for their dry seeds), which are an important source of plant-based proteins and nutrients. It notes that 2016 was declared the International Year of Pulses by the UN to increase awareness of their nutritional benefits and role in sustainable agriculture. The objectives of the year were to promote the value and utilization of pulses, encourage global production, and address trade challenges. Pulses mentioned include lentils, beans, peas, chickpeas, soybeans and others.
This training was co-organized by SARD-SC and ANRLD of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for women farmers drawn from four regions of Ethiopia, vis. Oromia, Tigray, Amhara and Southern.
This training was co-organized by SARD-SC and ANRLD of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for women farmers drawn from four regions of Ethiopia, vis. Oromia, Tigray, Amhara and Southern.
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash beanscience book
This Presentation will help you to understand the Importance,Basic information,production technology of Vigna mungo,Mash bean.
It will also help you get more yield and how to grow Vigna mungo(Mash bean) crop.
Assessing needs: Forage demands and feed gaps from dairy and dual purpose val...ILRI
Presented by Ben Lukuyu at the Workshop on Forage and Fodder Tree Selection for Future Challenges—Linking Genebanks to Forage Use, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 16-20 March 2015
bitter gourd seed production technology , cucurbita.DileepSattaru
An important Cucurbita , in this ppt its complete seed production technology was given , but sowing periods were different from place to place ,so its mainly accordingly in Maharashtra .I hope it may useful to some one , thank you.
A microarray is a laboratory tool used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. DNA microarrays are microscope slides that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in defined positions, with each spot containing a known DNA sequence or gene.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. • International Year of Pulses 2016
• The 68th UN General Assembly declared 2016 the International Year of
Pulses (IYP) (A/RES/68/231)
• The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has
been nominated to facilitate the implementation of the Year in collaboration
with Governments, relevant organizations, non-governmental organizations
and all other relevant stakeholders.
• The IYP 2016 aims to heighten public awareness of the nutritional benefits
of pulses as part of sustainable food production aimed towards food security
and nutrition.
• The Year will create a unique opportunity to encourage connections
throughout the food chain that would better utilize pulse-based proteins,
further global production of pulses, better utilize crop rotations and address
the challenges in the trade of pulses.
3. The specific objectives of the
IYP 2016
• Raise awareness about the important role of pulses in
sustainable food production and healthy diets and their
contribution to food security and nutrition;
• Promote the value and utilization of pulses throughout
the food system, their benefits for soil fertility and climate
change and for combating malnutrition;
• Encourage connections throughout the food chain to
further global production of pulses, foster enhanced
research, better utilize crop rotations and address the
challenges in the trade of pulses.
4. What are pulses and why are they
important?
• Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding between
one and 12 grains or seeds of variable size, shape and
colour within a pod, used for both food and feed.
• The term “pulses” is limited to crops harvested solely for
dry grain, thereby excluding crops harvested green for
food, which are classified as vegetable crops, as well as
those crops used mainly for oil extraction and
leguminous crops that are used exclusively for sowing
purposes (based on the definition of “pulses and derived
products” of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations).
5. What are pulses and why are
they important?
• Pulse crops such as lentils, beans, peas and chickpeas are a critical
part of the general food basket. Pulses are a vital source of plant-
based proteins and amino acids for people around the globe and
should be eaten as part of a healthy diet to address obesity, as well
as to prevent and help manage chronic diseases such as diabetes,
coronary conditions and cancer; they are also an important source
of plant-based protein for animals.
• In addition, pulses are leguminous plants that have nitrogen-fixing
properties which can contribute to increasing soil fertility and have a
positive impact on the environment.
• The IYP website will be the main platform to share information and
relevant resources with different partners. The current version will be
updated soon, please come back for more information.
7. • Agricultural Competitiveness
Improve crop and animal agriculture; enhance farm productivity
and income; policies; supply chain; storage; transportation
• Ecological Footprint
Water/land use, natural resource and environmental stewardship,
greenhouse gas, global climate change, depleted soils
• Bioeconomy
Replacements for petroleum-based products and enhance
community economic well being
• Health
Food safety, (micro)nutrition, obesity, type II diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, dementia, cancer, hunger, poverty
21st Century Food System Challenges
8.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Forage & Food Legumes
• Unit 9 Objectives:
– Describe cultural practices of growing forage
legumes, peas
– Identify criteria for selecting forage legumes
– Understand climate/temp needs
– Examine the relationship of maturity – stage
of blooming – to protein content of a forage
26. • Peas
– Processing or market may determine variety
grown
– Cool-season, best grown in late-summer or
early fall
– Both bush and vine types available for edible
pod and regular shelling peas
– Vine types produce more for longer periods of
time
• Require climbing trellis
• Cooler, moist climate
27. – Soil
• Uniformity in fertility, type, slope, drainage required
• Preferred soils: silt loams, sandy loams, clay
loams
• Need good supply of available moisture
• Peas grown in wet soils do not develop adequate
root systems
– Root rot is often problem
– Can dry out as season gets drier
• 6.5 pH or higher for maximum yields
28. – Soil Temperature at Planting
• Good germination at 39-57º
• Ensure firm seedbed
• Level land makes harvesting more efficient
• Harvesting & processing determined by heat units
and the processor
• April plantings - ~70d to harvest
• May plantings - ~60d to harvest
• June plantings - ~55d to harvest
29. – Seeding
• 3-6 seeds/ft of row, 6-8” row spacing
• 1.5 – 2” depth
• 480,000 plants/ac
• Adequate, not excessive moisture
– Slight rolling is ok
– Fertilizer
• Fertilizer response difficult to predict because
of various influences
• N
– Rates should be dictated by soil testing
– Seeds should be inoculated at planting to ensure
adequate supply of N fixing bacteria
30. • P
– Should be banded w/ N, K
– Required for vigorous early growth
• K
– Apply and incorporate before planting, or band
– Don’t drill w/ the seed to prevent injury
• Weed Control
– Cultivate as often as necessary for small weeds
– Strive to eliminate chemical applications
• Insect Control
– Observe crop rotation recommendations
– Crop may be susceptible to armyworms, cutworms,
grasshoppers, loopers
31. • Disease Control
– Best management practices will reduce disease risk
» Crop rotation, fertility, soil selection, etc.
– Nematodes
– Use seed from reputable sources
– Blights, mildews, stem rot, root rot, etc.
• Harvesting, Handling, Storage
– Timing determined by tenderometer reading, weather,
soil conditions
– Yields increase w/ maturity, but decreases quality
– Harvested w/ machining process similar to a combine
32. – Storage
» Must be promptly cooled to ~32º & 90-95% humidity
» May use a hydrocooler to cool quickly, preferred
method
» Pack w/ ice after precooling to maintain freshness
» Don’t keep more than 3 wks under the best storage
conditions before canning or sale as fresh
33. • Forage Legumes
– Environmentally friendly, improve soil tilth,
reduce pesticide use, reduce soil erosion,
improve profitability for the producer, excellent
feed source
– Species Selection
• Target use should dictate selection
• See pg. 479 for legume forage recommendations
34. • Alfalfa
– Productive, even during summer, unless
extreme drought
– Can last 5+ yrs under proper mgmt
– Excellent quality forage
– Best Management considerations
• Timely cutting
• Control insects, diseases, weeds
• Replacement of nutrients removed by the forage
35. – Site Selection & Soil Fertility
• Prefers: deep, fertile, well-drained soils, pH 6.0-
6.5
• Mixing w/ orchard grass, etc. may help improve
and lengthen the stand
• Requires high fertility for stand establishment
– Especially P
– Soil test to determine needs
– Incorporate lime before seeding
– Resample soil after 2 yrs to check fertility
» Help to ensure stand longevity
» Topdress limestone
36. • P establishes vigorous stand, stimulates root
growth for summer drought resistance, quick
spring growth, etc.
• N, K needed in small amounts
– General needs at seeding:
» 20-30 lbs N
» 20-60 lbs K
– Incorporate for best effect
– Variety Selection
• Consistent high yields
• Moderate winter hardy
• Moderate to high disease resistence
37. – Establishment
• May be frost-seeded, broadcast, no-tilled, or drilled
– Frost-seed – Jan or Feb
» Allow freeze/thaw to work seed into soil
– No-till or drilled tends to produce a better stand
• Plant no deeper than ¼” for quick emergence
– Firm seedbed
» Key to establishing a good stand – especially in dry
yrs
• Broadcast seeding
– Firm the seedbed w/ a cultipacker or roller before & after
planting
38. – Companion Crop
• Can be fall-seeded w/ wheat, oats, etc.
• Broadcast during the winter
• Provides protection for the young, new crop
– Also competes for nutrients, light, etc.
• Usually expect 1 cutting of hay in late August, early
Sept when seeded w/ companion crop
– Seeding Rates & Mixtures
• Seeding alone
– 15lbs/ac of certified seed
39. • Mixed seeding w/ grass
– 10lbs/ac Bromegrass
– 6lbs/ac Orchard grass
– 10lbs/ac Tall Fescue
– 6lbs/ac Reed Canary Grass
– Decreases potential for heaving in the winter, reduces
weed competition, lessens damage to soil structure from
grazing, reduces bloat potential
– Maintaining Alfalfa Stands
• Annual fertility program & proper harvest
management will increase stand longevity &
production
40. • Initial seedings
– 15+ plants/sq ft
• As plants die, others increase in size to take up the
space
• Alfalfa-grass mixtures can maintain productivity
with only 2 alfalfa plants/sq ft
– Annual Fertilization
• May need: P, K, Boron, lime? to maintain a
vigorous stand
• Apply according to soil tests
• Single application after 1st cutting, or split
applications after 1st & 3rd cuttings
41. – Harvest Mgmt
• Stage of maturity determines hay quality
• Quality declines rapidly after flowering
• Should not be grazed/harvested from Sept – Nov 1
– Allows plant to store root reserves for overwintering
– After Nov 1 – may take another cutting or graze if soil is
well drained, or have a grass mixture
• 3-4 cuttings/yr at bloom stage – stand longevity =
6+ yrs
• 3-5 cuttings/yr at bud stage – stand longevity = 3-4
yrs
42.
43. • Turn animals in at bud stage, graze to remove
most top growth in 6-10d
– Allow 30-35d for regrowth
– Use poloxalene blocks to prevent bloat
– Don’t turn hungry animals into the pasture
– Insects
• Alfalfa weevil
– Usually damages 1st cutting
– Scout for following infestations
– Spray when 25% of tips are skeletonized or cut early
44. • Potato Leafhopper
– Sucks juices from the plant
– Yellowing and decreasing plant nutrient content
– Damage may be significant before yellowing is apparent
• Scout regularly
– Weed Control
• Establish a uniform, dense stand
• Herbicide control depends on alfalfa growth, weed
growth, stage of development, etc.
45. – Diseases
• Phytophthora Root Rot, bacterial wilt, crown rot
• Choose resistant varieties
• Use crop rotation
• High quality seed
• Red Clover
– Short-lived perennial legume
– Hay, pasture, green manure crop
– Not as productive as alfalfa in the summer
– Easily established w/ no-till interseeding, or
frost-seeding
46. – Harvest 3-4x/yr for medium Red Clover
• Bird’s-Foot Trefoil
– Deep-rooted perennial legume
– Tolerant of lower pH’s, moderate to poor
drainage, marginal fertility, withstand flooding,
drought
– Somewhat difficult to establish
– Should be seeded w/ another crop
– Characteristics:
• Excellent quality forage
47. • Fair palatability
• Stores well
• Nonbloating
• Well-suited for grazing
• White Clover
– Low-growing, short-lived
– Well suited for pastures
– Improves forage quality of grass pastures
– Reduces need for N fertilizer
– Same seeding options as red clover
48. – Shallow rooted
• Doesn’t tolerate drought well
– Ladino clover
• More productive variety
• Annual Lespedeza
– Spring-sown, warm-season legume
– Hay, pasture, soil erosion control
– Relatively low yielding
– High quality nutritive value
– Excellent for pasture in the late summer
49. – Can persist well if allowed to reseed
• Managing Forages
– Seed Yr Management
• Establishing good stand critical for production
• Select proper species
• Use proper crop rotation to improve productivity,
reduce disease risk, insect problems
• Don’t reseed alfalfa after an alfalfa stand
– Produces a toxin that will reduce germination & growth
50. – Fertilization & Liming
• Essential for economic forage production
• Soil test before seeding for proper nutrient balance
– Test continually to maintain proper nutrient levels
– pH above 6.5
» Lime when pH is >.2-.3 less than recommended pH
– Seed Inoculation
• Inoculate w/ proper N fixing bacteria prior to
seeding to ensure good nodulation
51. • Especially important in fields that haven’t had
legumes
• Purchase proper inoculum for the forage
seeded
• Check expiration date on seed bag, reinoculate
if necessary
– Seed Treatment
• Highly recommended for control of root rots
• Helps stand establishment
– Spring Seedings
• Plant as soon as area can be prepared after
Mar 15
52. • Weed pressure may be a struggle
• Seeding w/out a companion crop may allow for 2-3
cuttings in the seeding yr
• Seeding w/ a companion crop will increase
tonnage the first yr, forage quality will be
decreased
– Manage the competition when seeding
– Use early-maturing, stiff-strawed varieties
– Sow at 1.5-2.0 bu/ac
– Remove small grains early as silage or pasture
– Don’t apply additional N to the companion crop
53. – Late Summer Seedings
• Excellent time for stand establishment if moisture
is sufficient
– Time to establish before winter
• August is preferred time
• Don’t use a companion crop
– Seeding Basics
• Smooth, firm, weed-free seedbeds
• Conserve moisture
• Seeding depth ¼ - ½”
54.
55. Fabaceae
• Second most important family for humans
• A combination of grain and pulses is seen
in major civilization
– Barley and lentils; rice and soybeans; corn
and beans
• Fabaceae is diverse and has about 16,000
species
• Common features are the flowers and
fruits (a legume)
56. Fabaceae
• Three subfamilies
– Faboideae – main source of pulses (Dried
seeds)
– Caesalpinoidae – tamarind and carob
• Plants have root nodules
– increases the nutrients of the soil
– More protein in the fruits
– Non-protein amino acids (some toxic)
– Good rotation crop
57. Nutrients
• Protein: CHO: fat: fiber are 20:70:8:4
percent.
• Protein: lack Met and cysteine and some
sulfur containing amino acids
• CHO: raffinose and stachyose series.
Hard to digest, flactulence. Alpha –
galactosidase from Aspergillas.
• Fat has unsaturated fatty acids; hihgest in
peanuts
58. Nutrients
• Non-protein amino acids
• Some have anti-nutritional factor
• Protease inhibitor
• Isoflavone
• Dissolve fiber
59. Lentils
• Lens culinaris –Shape of eye lens. 25%
proteins, 60% CHO, less than 1% fat vit A
&B abd calcium
• Middle East between 8000-9000years ago
• Domesticated
• Has most digestible and most commonly
eaten pulse
60. Peas
• Pisum sativum
• Near East and Europe, 8000 – 9500 years
old but not sure whether grow or gathered.
• Brought ot New world by Columbus
• Eaten fresh
• Chinese snow peas has low fiber and
selected 17th century
• Sugar snap peas – recent 1979
61. Broad beans
• Vicia faba: mainly hog feed
• Middle East origin
• Favism: hemolytic anemia; due to
defective gene; glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase; due to vicine that oxidizes
and degrades RBC
62. Chickpeas
• Cicer arietinum: forage has toxic proteins
• Near Eastern
• Do not like cool climates
• Quality and easily digestible proteins
63. Soy beans
• Glycine max: Native of China
• High is proteins sulfur containing ones
• Isoflavones: genestine; daizein
• Phytosterols
• Antivitamins; protease inhibitors;
cyanogens; saponins
66. Lima beans
• Phaseolus lunatas/limensis
• Lima; kidney or garden beans(P.vulgaris);
green or mung beans(P. aureus);
blackgram (P.mungo)
67. Peanuts
• Arachis hypogea: pedicles enter the
ground for fruit to mature
• Unique flowering and fruiting
• 45% oils; 20-25% proteins;
• South America – origin
• Mainly used as roasted seeds; peanut
butter and oil
70. Successful pipeline must be carried out in partnership
with the end-user and use transdisciplinary approaches
in collaborations across academia, government, and the
private sector
71. Opportunities
• Agriculture and Food Research Initiative
• Specialty Crops Research Initiative
• Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative
• Interagency
– NIH
– NSF
– USAID-PEER
– BARD
– BBSRC
– Ireland and Northern Ireland
72. NIFA/NIH joint initiative:
“Food specific molecular profiles and
dietary biomarkers of dietary consumption”
• Colorado State University
– Address metabolite profiles in dry beans
• Goals
– Discover and validate molecular signatures of dietary
intake and long-term food consumption
– Develop a database of food-specific molecular signatures
– Inform policy and disseminate findings to industry
• Other NIFA investments
– BeanCAP, Hatch projects to support pulse research
Protein-energy malnutrition: deficient in calories and protein, most lethal form of malnutrition
“Hidden hunger”: micronutrient malnutrition, affects more than half of the world’s population
>50% of children throughout the world suffer micronutrient deficiency of some form (worldwide)
2 billion people affected, globally
Depending on which micronutrient is deficient, can result in fatigue, impaired motor and cognitive development, and hinder immune function (among other problems)
More about joint initiative:
partnership between NIFA and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
$1.6 M awarded to Dr. Elizabeth Ryan’s research team at Colorado State University
“Rice Bran and Bean Metabolomes for Human Dietary Exposure Biomarkers”
CommonBeanCAP: Award total $4 million, 2009-2014
A few examples of Hatch investments in pulses:
“Reduction of major health problems through pulse consumption” (Michigan State University)
“Genetic improvement of pulse crops for the northern plains” (North Dakota State University)
“Genetic Improvement of pulse crops (pea, lentil and chickpea) for the northern plains” (North Dakota State University)