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Rice fallows- An opportunity for horizontal expansion of pulses
1. Rice fallows- An opportunity for
horizontal expansion of pulses
Masood Ali, SS Singh
Ashutosh Sarker and S K Agrawal
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research
Kanpur
International Centre for Agricultural Research in
the Dry Areas
2. • Introduction
• Distribution of rice fallows
• Bio-physical and production constraints
• Research & developmental efforts
• Technologies in shelf
• Recommendations
3. • Low-land, mono-
cropped rice under
rainfed eco-system
• Remain fallow during
winter due to
inadequate moisture
/excessive moisture
in surface soil at
planting time of
winter crops
4. Assam
Jharkhand
Eastern Region
s
Central Region
Costal Peninsula
Rice fallows in India
(11.65 million ha)
Eastern Region : 5.7 m ha
Hot dry sub-humid, cool winter,
poor drainage, deep Alluvial ,
mod. calcareous (1200-1700 mm
rainfall)
Central Region : 4.4 m ha
Dry/moist sub-humid, silty clay-
clay, 1200-1600 mm rainfall,
cool winter
Coastal region: 0.48 m ha
Dry sub-humid, mild winter, bi-
modal rains (1000-1200 mm),
soils mod. alkaline
5. Bio-physical and production
constraints in Rice Fallows
A. Bio-physical
•Rainfed ecology
•High run-off and low moisture storage
•Water stagnation/excessive moisture in coastal
region and low residual moisture in central region
•Hard soils after puddle rice, develops cracks
•Low organic matter content
•Terminal drought & heat stresses
6. B. Production constraints
•Narrow window for planting
•Lack of short duration and high yielding varieties
•Poor plant stand (poor soil-seed contact in relay sowing)
•No use of fertilizers/chemicals
•Severe weed infestation including parasitic weeds
•High incidence of diseases: powdery mildew- urdbean
and mungbean, rust- lentil, wilt complex - chickpea
•Moisture stress and terminal drought
7. C. Socio-economic constraints
•Resource-poor farmers
•Lack of credit and market infrastructure
•Non-availability of critical inputs
•Scarcity of human labours after rice harvest
(migration to urban areas)
•Lack of mechanization/ draft power
•Stray cattle
12. International
• ICRISAT: Enhancing chickpea production in rainfed rice fallow land
of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, 2008
• ICARDA: Expanding lentil production in Eastern and North-eastern
states under rice based production system in India, 2010
• ICARDA: Enhancing grasspea production in Eastern and North-
eastern states under rice based production system in India, 2010
• OFID-ICARDA: Enhancing pulse production through intensification
of rice fallows with pulse as a second crop, 2013, Nepal, Bangladesh
R & D Efforts
19. Technologies in shelf
Short duration and disease resistant varieties
Green manuring and application of FYM in rice crop
Zero-till drill
Enhanced seed rate under relay cropping
Seed priming
Seed treatment (Rhizobium and fungicides)
Management of rice stubbles
20. Contd….
Spray post- emergence herbicides
Seed coating with micronutrients
Foliar spray of 2% urea/DAP
Adoption of suitable IPM module
Water harvesting (farm ponds, community
reservoirs) and recycling (sprinkler)
21. Potential pulse crops identified for rice-fallows
in different states of India
Pulse crops States
Lentil Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
Grass pea Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal
Chickpea Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand
Mungbean Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Urdbean Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Odisha
23. Spray Quizolofop- N- ethyl
(post-emergence) herbicide
Interventions to avoid regeneration
Low ratooning rice line
(IET 4786)
24. Characteristics of crop varieties
• Early seedling vigor
• Early maturity
• Small seed size
• Resistant/tolerant to key diseases
• Drought and heat tolerance
• Amenable to mechanical harvesting
26. Soaking seeds in water for 6-8 hrs and
sowing of primed seed at 8-10 days before harvest of rice
Improves germination, growth,
plant stand and yield
Seed Priming- a simple and effective practice in
relay cropping
Further refinement
•Soaking seeds in
KH2PO4 solution
•Sowing methods for primed
seed under minimum tillage
•Optimum seed rate
27. Further refinement
• Formulation with
micronutrients, growth
hormones and PGPR
•Seed pellets with nutrients
Foliar Nutrition- a low cost effective intervention
Effective in both under relay
cropping or zero tillage system
• Spray of 2% urea/ DAP @ pre-flowering stage
28. Quizalofop @ 100g/ha for rice stubble management
Use of herbicides- an important intervention
Imazethapyr @ 50g/ha at 2-4 leaf stage for seasonal weeds
29. 20 cm rice stubbleResidue removal Mulching
Planting lentil after harvest of rice crop
0-5 cm 5-10 cm 10-15 cm
Moisture extraction pattern under stubble
management in lentil
30. Significant yield gain due to life saving irrigation
with minimal amount of water (2.0 cm) under
severe moisture stress in rice fallow pulses
Water harvesting and life saving irrigation
Life saving irrigation through sprinkler system
31. Mechanization
(A)Opening furrow, placing fertilizer, seeds and covering of seeds
(B) Manual furrow opener (C) Manually operated IIPR No- Till Drill
(D) Tractor Operated Happy Seeder
32. Drainage channel 30 x 30 cm around the field
Avoid water stagnation in Rice fallows ( provision
for Proper drainage)
33. Recommendations
• Disaggregated mapping of rice fallows
• Consolidation of R & D activities
• Pilot projects
• System approach
• Development of short duration, high yielding and
disease resistant varieties having tolerance to
terminal drought and heat stress
• Scaling-up crop management practices
• Rural credit and market
I. R & D Issues
34. Public awareness
Creation of community water reservoirs
Solar energy operated shallow tube wells
Creation of seed hubs
Mechanization of field operation
Rural credit
Road and marketing infrastructure
Legislation for containing menace of blue bulls
II. Policy issues
37. Reasons for fallows
Rainfed/ Lack of irrigation
Highly variable and inadequate monsoonal rains; very
low probability of winter rains
Low soil moisture in surface layer after harvest of rice
Water stagnation/excessive moisture in
November/December
38. Soil compaction and cracks in Vertisols
Cultivation of long duration rice varieties
Lack of appropriate varieties of winter
crops for late planting
Lack of public awareness, R & D efforts
and policy support
Stray cattle
Cont.….
39. Rice fallows in India
State Kharif-rice
area ('000 ha)
Rabi-fallow
('000 ha)
Rice-fallow area as
% of kharif rice area
% of total rabi-
fallow area
Andhra Pradesh 2657 305 11.5 2.6
Assam 2234 539 24.1 4.6
Bihar 5974 2196 36.8 18.9
Karnataka 984 182 18.5 1.6
Madhya Pradesh 5596 4382 78.3 37.6
Maharashtra 1762 629 35.7 5.4
Orissa 3879 1219 31.4 10.5
Uttar Pradesh 6255 353 5.6 3.0
West Bengal 4617 1719 37.2 14.8
Others 2378 128 5.4 0.4
Total 40,184 11,652 29.0 100.0