MBrace is a composite strengthening system that uses carbon fiber sheets bonded to concrete structures with epoxy resin to improve their strength and durability. It has advantages over traditional strengthening techniques like steel plating in that it is lighter, easier to install, and does not change the structure's original alignment. The multi-step MBrace installation process involves surface preparation, application of epoxy primer and saturant, attaching pre-saturated carbon fiber sheets, and optional protective topcoating. MBrace increases structures' load-bearing capacity, ductility, blast resistance, and can be used to retrofit beams, columns, walls, and other elements.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
Introduction : ( What is FRP ? ) .
Fiber Material Behavior .
FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS .
Analysis and design .
Application requirements for repair and strengthening works .
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a modern Technology in the field of civil engineering, this ppt gives the overall view about the FRC, Uses of FRC in simplest way.
Repair & Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures Using FRP CompositesParvez Ahmad Hashmat
Fiber-reinforced polymers are furthermore referred to as materials known as composites.
They are produced by a mixture of two or more basic or parent materials to make and form an enriched compound having upgraded properties.
Generally, FRP materials contain high strength fibers as (carbon, glass, or aramid )with an enriched polymer resin(vinyl ester, epoxy or polyester thermosetting plastic..), whereas the enriched fibers act, as the key reinforcing element, where the polymer resin or polymer matrix works as a holding or binder which transfers loads between fibers and protects fibers.
a brief overview of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) by Milad Nourizadeh from Civil engineering department of the University of Tabriz.
I've introduce some types of fiber with their historical backgrounds and their mechanical properties as well as their advantages and this advantages.
I also present some applications of FRC all over the world.
Finally, I hope you enjoy that!
Errata: Let's Begin in second slide
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
Introduction : ( What is FRP ? ) .
Fiber Material Behavior .
FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS .
Analysis and design .
Application requirements for repair and strengthening works .
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a modern Technology in the field of civil engineering, this ppt gives the overall view about the FRC, Uses of FRC in simplest way.
Repair & Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures Using FRP CompositesParvez Ahmad Hashmat
Fiber-reinforced polymers are furthermore referred to as materials known as composites.
They are produced by a mixture of two or more basic or parent materials to make and form an enriched compound having upgraded properties.
Generally, FRP materials contain high strength fibers as (carbon, glass, or aramid )with an enriched polymer resin(vinyl ester, epoxy or polyester thermosetting plastic..), whereas the enriched fibers act, as the key reinforcing element, where the polymer resin or polymer matrix works as a holding or binder which transfers loads between fibers and protects fibers.
a brief overview of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) by Milad Nourizadeh from Civil engineering department of the University of Tabriz.
I've introduce some types of fiber with their historical backgrounds and their mechanical properties as well as their advantages and this advantages.
I also present some applications of FRC all over the world.
Finally, I hope you enjoy that!
Errata: Let's Begin in second slide
Rehabilitation of concrete structures, surface treatmentShivRam G Krishnan
This presentation was part of IIT Bombay course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structure. This contains details of Surface preparation of structure, bonding agents and placement techniques
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
Steel fibers for reinforced concrete kasturi metalKasturi Metal
Introduction on Steel and PP Fibers and Fiber reinforced Concrete Concept. Clear information on how fiber reinforced concrete can act as a super crack resistor and make brittle concrete more ductile.
Kasturi Metal Composites P Ltd , India is the largest manufacturer of fibers for concrete reinforcement in India. Its Brand Duraflex™ Steel Fibers – Glued and Loose, and Durocrete™ Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers is the most preferred brand in India for various national and International Projects.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites Rebar Steven Tyler
Mission - Promote the use and growth of FRP reinforcement (rebar, tendons & grids) in concrete and masonry applications through development of quality procedures, industry specifications, performance standards, and field application guidelines.
http://www.bpcomposites.com/
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structures.
Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance of the building
Fibre Reinforced Plastic manufacturing methodsjeff jose
Composites manufacturing processes are complex, and involve combinations of the following physical processes:
1) Reinforcement Shaping
2) Resin Infusion
3) Composite Consolidation
Advantages and disadvantages of processing techniques
plastic composite manufacturing
Hand Lay-up
Spray up method
Filament winding
Match die molding
Pultrusion
Resin transfer molding
Reaction injection molding
Hand Lay-Up is well suited for low volume production of product.
This method can be used for both corrosion barrier and the structural portion
Fiber is chopped in a hand-held gun and fed into a spray of catalyzed resin directed at the mold. The deposited materials are left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions.
Rehabilitation of concrete structures, surface treatmentShivRam G Krishnan
This presentation was part of IIT Bombay course Repair and Rehabilitation of Structure. This contains details of Surface preparation of structure, bonding agents and placement techniques
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
Steel fibers for reinforced concrete kasturi metalKasturi Metal
Introduction on Steel and PP Fibers and Fiber reinforced Concrete Concept. Clear information on how fiber reinforced concrete can act as a super crack resistor and make brittle concrete more ductile.
Kasturi Metal Composites P Ltd , India is the largest manufacturer of fibers for concrete reinforcement in India. Its Brand Duraflex™ Steel Fibers – Glued and Loose, and Durocrete™ Macro and Micro Polypropylene Fibers is the most preferred brand in India for various national and International Projects.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
What is a Fiber?
Why are Fibres are used?
What is Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)?
Steel fibers
Glass Fibers
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose Fiber
Polypropylene Fibers
Synthetic fibers
NATURAL FIBERS
Factors affecting the Properties of FRC
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (Frp) Composites Rebar Steven Tyler
Mission - Promote the use and growth of FRP reinforcement (rebar, tendons & grids) in concrete and masonry applications through development of quality procedures, industry specifications, performance standards, and field application guidelines.
http://www.bpcomposites.com/
Retrofitting is the seismic strengthening of existing damaged or undamaged structures.
Retrofitting a building involves changing its systems or structure after its initial construction and occupation. This work can improve amenities for the building's occupants and improve the performance of the building
Fibre Reinforced Plastic manufacturing methodsjeff jose
Composites manufacturing processes are complex, and involve combinations of the following physical processes:
1) Reinforcement Shaping
2) Resin Infusion
3) Composite Consolidation
Advantages and disadvantages of processing techniques
plastic composite manufacturing
Hand Lay-up
Spray up method
Filament winding
Match die molding
Pultrusion
Resin transfer molding
Reaction injection molding
Hand Lay-Up is well suited for low volume production of product.
This method can be used for both corrosion barrier and the structural portion
Fiber is chopped in a hand-held gun and fed into a spray of catalyzed resin directed at the mold. The deposited materials are left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions.
Reinforced arches have a wide range of applications. This paper discuss about use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) for strengthening of reinforced concrete arches. The experiment is conducted on shallow arches. Three arches are tested. One is used as a control arch while other two are strengthened using FRP strips in different patterns. Six non symmetric point loads are equally spaced along the arches. The arch is modelled as a polygon.
Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Materials in Reinforced Concrete Structures...Girish Singh
Around the world we are having several upcoming projects near the coast line so the study is needed to understand the effect on cost when we use FRP in the structure because FRP is a costly material compare to steel which may or may not increase the structure overall cost.
It will may or may not increase the structure cost because if we use FRP in a structure then we can avoid the problem that we face in a structure caused due to corrosion which reduce strength of the structure, foundation loosing plaster from the surface of the reinforced section due to expansion caused due to rusting as well as in building envelopes.
The objectives of this seminar report are to study about FRP Manufacturing and its properties, study about the various applications of FRP, design and analyze a FRP member, Finite element analysis of a simple beam using FRP as a reinforcement, role of FRP in the sustainable world, to find out the cost benefit of the elements used in a corrosive environment structure which can be replaced by the FRP.
This study will cover all the forms of FRP that can be used in a building and give a brief about FRP rebars its properties, design, analysis, uses and the effect on cost of a build during construction as well as the cost analysis of the structure.
This study will give an idea on the advantage of FRP over steel when we are using FRP in a corrosive environment like coast line and it will give an initial idea to the designer about the advantage and disadvantage of FRP over steel.
In the final part of this seminar report analysis results are used to give a base that FRP can sustain in structure as FRP reinforced bar and an example of a LCC is also used to give a satisfactory conclusion and on the final page the summery of the seminar is present.
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
Composite construction by Er. SURESH RAOAjit Sabnis
Presentation is a part of Structural Engg. series by ACCE(I) Institutes. Deals with details of Composite Structures-Design and Construction with case studies
Started to create milestones, we Nickunj Eximp ENTP Private Limited marked our presence in the year 1987 and operates in the manufacturing/servicing of Electrical Wires, High Temperature Alloys, Ceramics & Refractory Material, Graphite Products since 31 years. Our quality services/products have always won us many appreciations from our clients. Our spontaneous performance and confident approach in offering the excellent range of Electrical Wires, High Temperature Alloys, Ceramics & Refractory Material, Graphite Products, Insulation Material, Titanium Rod, Thermal Insulation Fabrics that has made us to deepen our roots in the market. We Nickunj Eximp ENTP Private Limited breathe with the aim to satisfy our clients with our smart products/services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals who all contribute best of their potentials to offer high efficiency.
Sistem Panel Serbaguna merupakan Sistem yang terdiri dari Panel Pracetak yang dihubungkan sling satu sama lain dan diisi urugan tanah di antara kedua Panel Pracetak.
Concrete Canvas is a flexible concrete impregnated fabric that hardens on hydration to form a thin, durable water proof and fire-resistant concrete layer. Essentially, it’s concrete on a roll.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
4. 4
Introduction
Coverage of Presentation
• Why Strengthening?
• Conventional Strengthening Techniques
• MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
– Features & Benefits
– Areas and Ways of application
– Installation Procedure
– Basic Design Understanding
– Research and Testing
– Some Completed Projects
5. 5
Introduction
Why Strengthening?
ERRORS IN DESIGN STAGE
• Design Errors
– Loading Specification
– Material Specification
– Change of Code
• Drafting Errors
• Assumption Errors
SERVICE STAGE
• Overloading
• Change of use
• Upgrading
• Environmental factors
• Earthquake/Seismic forces
• Lack of regular
maintenance
• Concrete deterioration
• Bomb blast
CONSTRUCTION ERRORS
• Poor Construction Practices
– Insufficient compaction
– Inadequate curing time
• Poor Workmanship
• Lack of proper supervision
7. 7
Introduction
Some of the Traditional Strengthening Techniques
STEEL PLATE BONDINGSTEEL PLATE BONDING
JACKETING/ENLARGEMENTJACKETING/ENLARGEMENT
EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONINGEXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING
11. 11
STEEL PLATE BONDING
• Disadvantages
– Bulky set-up
– Labour and Time intensive
– Difficult to align and install
– Design needs to cater for weight of
steel plates
– Requires heavy equipment
– Steel plates need to be tailor made
– Drilling and bolting cause further
distress
Some of the Traditional Strengthening Techniques
12. 12
Some of the Traditional Strengthening Techniques
JACKETING
• Disadvantages
– Bulky set-up with massive formwork
– Labour and Time intensive
– Fairly destructive
– Improper bond between new and
existing concrete
– Different shrinkage rate of old and new
concrete
– Offset from original alignment
Existing profile
Enlarged profile
16. 16
Some of the Traditional Strengthening Techniques
EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING
• Disadvantages
– Labour and Time intensive
– Requires special equipment
– Requires specialised skills
– Requires easy access to work area
– Fairly destructive
– Uneven surface finish
– Offset from original alignment
– May not be aesthetically acceptable
19. 19
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
History of Composite Strengthening
• Used in the aerospace and
manufacturing industry for 25 years
• Used in structural strengthening for
more than 10 years.
32. 32
Constructio
n
Chemicals
07 / 2006
– Klaus
Kamhub
er
1. Roll MBrace Primer1. Roll MBrace Primer
2. Level Surfaces with2. Level Surfaces with
MBrace PuttyMBrace Putty
3. Apply First Coat of3. Apply First Coat of
MBrace SaturantMBrace Saturant
Easy InstallationEasy Installation
33. 33
Constructio
n
Chemicals
07 / 2006
– Klaus
Kamhub
er
4. Apply MBrace Fiber4. Apply MBrace Fiber
ReinforcementReinforcement
6. Apply Optional6. Apply Optional
MBrace TopcoatMBrace Topcoat
5. Apply Second Coat5. Apply Second Coat
of MBrace Saturantof MBrace Saturant
Easy InstallationEasy Installation
34. 34
Constructio
n
Chemicals
07 / 2006
– Klaus
Kamhub
er
Design Thickness 0.0065 in.
Tensile Strength 3.3 K/in.
Tensile Strength
for Design
505 Ksi
Tensile Modulus
for Design
33 Msi
Ultimate Elongation 1.5%
Physical Properties
of CF Sheet
35. 35
Constructio
n
Chemicals
07 / 2006
– Klaus
Kamhub
er
MBrace vs. Conventional Upgrade
Bonded Steel Plate
0.5 cm bolted plate
110 kg dead load
Placed by lift truck
Member Enlargement
2 #20 rebar, 10 cm grout
1,125 kg dead load
Formed and cured
FRP Sheet
1 layer resin bonded
2.7 kg dead load
Placed by hand
Simply supported beam; 35% upgrade in live load
36. 36
Constructio
n
Chemicals
07 / 2006
– Klaus
Kamhub
er
FRP Repair Strategies
Ductile behavior
Deflection
Load Beam with Composite
Original beam
B
C
A D
SL
SL
UL
42. 42
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Strengthening Philosophy in MBraceTM
#2 Compatible MBraceTM
Primer and MBraceTM
Saturant to form effective polymer matrix
Fully integrated
Proper load transfer to fibres Concrete Failure
43. 43
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Strengthening Philosophy in MBraceTM
#3 Coloured MBraceTM
Saturant to indicate complete
impregnation of fibres with the saturant
Fully impregnated
Proper protection to fibres
Proper distribution of loads
Carbon Fibre
E-Glass Fibre
45. 45
Buildings
• RC Beams, Columns and Slabs
• RC and Masonry Walls
Bridges
• Beams, Pier and Deck Slabs
Silos, Chimneys and Tanks
Pipes and Tunnels
Marine Structures
• Jetties and Wharves
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Areas of Application with MBraceTM
51. 51
Increases flexural capacity of flexural elements
Increases shear capacity of beams, columns and walls
Increases vertical load-bearing capacity of columns
Increases ductility under cyclic loadings
Increases seismic resistance
Resistance against corrosion
Resistance to crack propagation
Resistance to bomb blast
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Characteristics of MBraceTM
52. 52
High Strength-to-Weight Ratio
Easy to install and non-destructive
Low labour and less downtime
Does not require heavy and special equipment
Can be used in space-constrained areas
Flexible and able to adapt to various shapes
No off-setting from original alignment
Durable, non-corrosive and able to resist corrosion
No maintenance
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Advantages of MBraceTM
E-Glass Fibre
Carbon Fibre
53. 53
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Composite Performance of MBraceTM
Properties
Type of Fibre
Tensile Strength
(min. ASTM D3039)
Tensile Modulus
(min. ASTM D3039)
Ultimate Strain
(min. ASTM D3039)
Thickness/Layer
MBraceTM
EG900
E-Glass
480 N/mm2
28 000 N/mm2
2.0
1.10 mm
MBraceTM
CF130
Carbon
30000 N/mm2
2300 G N/mm2
1.5
0.165 mm
58. 58
Surface Preparation
• Remove existing
finishes to expose
bare concrete surface
• Concrete surface to be
smoothen to give an
even surface with no
voids or potholes
• Chamfer edges and
corners to a radius of
approximately 20mm
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
59. 59
Application of Primer
• Mix MBraceTM
Primer
Part A and Part B
using a mechanical
mixer for between 1-
2 minutes
• Apply MBraceTM
Primer to prepared
concrete surface
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
61. 61
Material Preparation
• Fibre sheets are pre-
cut according to the
requirement as per
structural drawings.
• Mix MBraceTM
Saturant Part A and
Part B using a
mechanical mixer for
between 1-2 minutes
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
62. 62
Saturation of Fibre
• Saturate MBraceTM
Fibre
Sheets with MBraceTM
Saturant using a roller or
saturator
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
63. 63
Installation of MBraceTM
• Install pre-saturated MBraceTM
Fibre Sheets onto primed
concrete surface
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
65. 65
Broadcast sand
• Broadcasting sand onto
strengthened column to
form keys for application of
finishes
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
66. 66
Finishes
• Apply desired finishes to
the strengthened column
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Installation Procedure of MBraceTM
87. 87
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Slab Testing
Cantilever end-span of RC bridge deck slab was tested to
failure
Failed deck slab was repaired and strengthened using
MBraceTM
Strengthened deck slab was loaded and no sign of failure
was shown when the unstrengthened failure load was
reached
88. 106
Tensile Strength Test FRP Carbon CF 130 at
Material & Structure Lab. Civil Eng. Institut
Technology Bandung West Java
91. 110
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Silo, USA
Silo was strengthened with MBraceTM
to increase its load-bearing capacity
and enhance against hoop stresses
Strengthening work was conducted
with no disruption to the daily
operation of the silo
92. 111
MBraceTM
Composite Strengthening System
Silo, USA
Grooves were formed on
concrete substrate for the
installation of MBarTM
Workers cutting grooves
on concrete substrate
View of Silo with prepared
concrete substrate
95. 114
Hong Kong LCC206 (Cont’d)
Fitting GFRP reinforcement cage to
steel frame to be lifted to vertical
position
Stiffening frame
96. 115
Hong Kong LCC206 (Cont’d)
GFRP cage lifted by crane and lowered into
excavated hole for construction of D-wall
16m long GFRP
Reinforcement Cage
97. 116
MBarTM
FRP Reinforcements
Delhi Metro, India
GFRP was used as
reinforcement to replace
conventional steel for the
soft-eye.
GFRP is ideal for TBM to cut
through easily without
damaging it.
⇒Less labour
⇒Less downtime
⇒Less work constraints
⇒Lower overall project cost
Delhi Metro
98. 117
MBarTM
FRP Reinforcements
C822 Circleline Project, Singapore
MBarTM
GFRP rods used
as temporary
reinforcement at soft-eye
region of diaphragm wall
for link sewer tunnelling
interface
MBarTM
GFRP rods
chosen due to:
⇒Easy to cut by TBM
⇒Light-weight
⇒Easy to handle
⇒Less construction time
⇒High tensile strength
Soft-eye region to be
reinforced with MBarTM
GFRP
rods
99. 118
Install of MBarTM
GFRP rods to
replace conventional steel
reinforcements at soft-eye region
Steel tie
used to
secure
MBarTM
MBarTM
FRP Reinforcements
C822 Circleline Project, Singapore
100. 119
Sutherland Metro
CFRP rods used as soil nails to create steep-
sided cuttings for new railway in an urban area.
CFRP rods chosen due to:
⇒High resistant to wide variety of
aggressive environments.
⇒Light-weight; 3.5% of the weight
of an equivalent strength steel
rods
⇒Easy to handle
⇒Reduced construction time
⇒Reduced costs of about 10%
⇒High tensile strength
102. 121
114mm Drilled Hole
200mm thk
Vegetation Layer
Sutherland Metro (Cont’d)
Cementitious Grout (W/C:0.45)
Min. Strength 35N/mm2
at 28 Days
1 layer of Geogrid
laid on soil surfaceRC Face Plate
400x400x70mm thk
bedded on 2:1 Mortar
Voids & Empty Hole
packed with 2:1 Mortar
16mm Dia.
CFRP Rod
Wedge Grip
Mechanism
103. 122
Sutherland Metro (Cont’d)
Using drilling rigs to drill 114mm dia.
hole.
CFRP was inserted into
the drilled holes. Length of
between 3.0 and 10.7 m.
Holes filled under gravity
with grout.
109. 128
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure & Shear Strengthening for Beam
Compass Rose Restaurant in
Raffles City S. C., Singapore
Strengthening using MBraceTM
due to change in use.
New RC slabs added to close up
void after removal of existing
RC staircase linking two floors.
110. 129
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure & Shear Strengthening for Beam
Compass Rose Restaurant in
Raffles City S. C., Singapore
Casting of new RC slab after
strengthening of RC beam with
MBraceTM
Installing MBraceTM
onto RC beam to
increase flexural capacity
111. 130
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure & Shear Strengthening for Beam
Compass Rose Restaurant in
Raffles City S. C., Singapore
Strengthening for shear using
MBraceTM
Bolting of steel plate to strengthened
RC beam
112. 131
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Beam
Convention Center in Oklahoma City, USA
Strengthening
using
MBraceTM
to
increase
flexural capacity
Change in use
due to addition
loads from
exhibition events
on trucks and
heavy machines
113. 132
Installing of MBraceTM
to main beam
Installing MBraceTM
to
joist beams
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Beam
Convention Center in Oklahoma City, USA
115. 134
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Beam
North Vista Secondary School, Singapore
Applying MBraceTM
Primer onto
prepared RC beam surface
Installing MBraceTM
Carbon Fibre
onto RC beam to increase flexural
capacity
116. 135
MBraceTM
Project: Shear Strengthening for Beam
Carpark Structure in South Florida, USA
Strengthening of beams
to increase shear
capacity using
MBraceTM
Steel-plate bonding and
enlargement proposed
initially
But due to space-
constraining and
aesthetic reasons,
MBraceTM
accepted
117. 136
MBraceTM
Project: Shear Strengthening for Beam
Carpark Structure in South Florida, USA
MBraceTM
applied to beam
at direction perpendicular to
shear cracks
MBraceTM
installed
unto RC beam
Project completed with
no disruption and at a
reduced cost to owner
119. 138
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Upgrading of Marsiling Drive Precinct MUP10, Singapore
Strengthening of RC
columns at first-storey
of HDB flats using
MBraceTM
.
RC columns
strengthening under
HDB’s upgrading and
maintenance to existing
HDB flats.
124. 143
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Column
Stadio De Cesena 98, Italy
Crack repair to reinstate
column
Column primed with
MBraceTM
Primer
Column strengthened
with MBraceTM
126. 145
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Column
Stadio De Cesena 98, Italy
Strain gauges installed
onto strengthened column
Insitu load testing on column
strengthened with MBraceTM
127. 146
FRP Project: Column Strengthening
Evangel Family Church, Singapore
RC Columns to be strengthened
128. 147
FRP Project: Column Strengthening
Evangel Family Church, Singapore
Priming of concrete substrate
prior to installation
Installation of FRP to RC Column
129. 148
Shear deficiency of
RC columns due to
additional loading
from new roof truss.
Architectural features
of columns must be
preserved
MBraceTM
proposed and
adopted
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Conservation of Majestic Theatre, Singapore
130. 149
Shear capacity of
RC columns
enhanced with
MBraceTM
Architectural
features
preserved
Total of 20 RC
columns
strengthened
within a short
period of 10 days
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Conservation of Majestic Theatre, Singapore
133. 152
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Slab
JTC Summit, Singapore
Saturating MBraceTM
E-Glass Fibre
using roller
Installing MBraceTM
onto RC slab to
increase negative moment capacity
134. 153
MBraceTM
Project: Flexure Strengthening for Pier Deck
Port Canaveral Pier, USA
Strengthening
using
MBraceTM
to
increase flexural
capacity of RC
Slabs due to
increase in
crane loads
Coastal/Marine
Structures
137. 156
MBraceTM
Project: Strengthening for Wall
Residential Apartment, Singapore
Surface preparation prior to the
installation of MBraceTM
Priming of prepared concrete
substrate with MBraceTM
Primer for
installing MBraceTM
138. 157
Applying MBraceTM
EG900 E-Glass
Fibre saturated with MBraceTM
Saturant to the primed concrete
substrate
MBraceTM
Project: Strengthening for Wall
Residential Apartment, Singapore
140. 159
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Viadotto Calafuria 98, Italy
Bridge pier
strengthened using
MBraceTM
to increase its
load-bearing capacity
Strengthening work was
conducted with no
disruption to traffic flow
of the bridge
141. 160
Column primed with
MBraceTM
Primer and
Saturant
Laying dry MBraceTM
Carbon Fibre vertically to
column
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Viadotto Calafuria 98, Italy
142. 161
Apply MBraceTM
Saturant onto
MBraceTM
Carbon Fibre to
impregnate the carbon fibre
Remove protective sheet
from MBraceTM
Carbon Fibre
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Viadotto Calafuria 98, Italy
144. 163
Final adjustment and
alignment of carbon fibre
Apply MBraceTM
Saturant onto
MBraceTM
Carbon Fibre to
impregnate the carbon fibre
MBraceTM
Project: Column Strengthening
Viadotto Calafuria 98, Italy
145. 164
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Arch Railway Prakanong Bridge, Thailand
Award-Winning Project
50 year old Arch
Railway Bridge
strengthened with
MBraceTM
due to
increase in traffic
volume
8th Annual Projects Awards
ICRI 2000 Project Awards Program
Award of Excellence
Transportation Category
146. 165
Restoration in progress with
no disruption to
transportation of oil
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Arch Railway Prakanong Bridge, Thailand
Installation of MBraceTM
to bridge
Bridge strengthened
and the architectural
beauty of the bridge is
also preserved.
147. 166
Restoration in progress with no
disruption to transportation of oil
Applying MBraceTM
Saturant to
MBraceTM
Carbon Fibre
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Arch Railway Prakanong Bridge, Thailand
148. 167
Installation of MBraceTM
to bridge
Bridge
strengthened to
withstand a 40%
increase in live
load and the
architectural
beauty of the
bridge is also
preserved.
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Arch Railway Prakanong Bridge, Thailand
149. 168
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Little River Bridge, Australia
80 year old bridge built in
1920 was strengthened
with MBraceTM
to
increase its load-bearing
capacity due to new code
requirement
MBraceTM
was proposed
against steel-plate
bonding and approved!!!
Strengthening completed
within three weeks
150. 169
Level substrate with
MBraceTM
Putty
Prime substrate with
MBraceTM
Primer
Installing MBraceTM
to soffit of beam
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Little River Bridge, Australia
151. 170
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Bridge G270, Phelps County MO USA
Pilot Project with the
Missouri Department
of Transportation
(MoDOT) to study
the effective of
strengthening bridge
with FRP
Bridge strengthened
to allow removal of
load posting
152. 171
Installing MBraceTM
to soffit of deck
slab
Bridge deck slab strengthened with
MBraceTM
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Bridge G270, Phelps County MO USA
153. 172
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Santa Theresa Viaduct, Brazil
Important viaduct
serving heavy traffic
daily
Viaduct needed to be
strengthened to
cater to increase in
traffic load
Required Upgrade
for 45-ton Vehicles
154. 173
MBraceTM
Project: Bridge Strengthening
Santa Theresa Viaduct, Brazil
MBraceTM
installed to soffit of deck
slabs and beams for flexural
strengthening
Viaduct strengthened and
completed with finishes
162. 181
MBraceTM
Project: Crack Repair for Tank
Water Tank in USA
Cracks caused by
insufficient steel
due to design
error
Cracks injected
with epoxy and
MBraceTM
installed
across crack
Cracks
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
An example of passive strengthening would be one in which a steel plate is bonded to the bottom of a beam. That beam must deflect before any loads are transferred into the plate.
An example of an active strengthening technique would be external post tensioning. In this situation, an externally post-tension rod not only compresses the member but also is put into a condition in which instantaneous loads will be picked up by the post-tensioning rod.
The key difference is that the strengthening element is prestressed for active techniques.
The final step in the repair strategy defines a technique. Typical strengthening techniques include enlargement and overlays, composite construction (similar to the MBrace System), external or internal post-tensioning, stress reduction, and internal or external grouting.
The following slides will show some examples of “conventional” strengthening techniques.
This slide shows the technique of enlargement for flexural upgrade of a beam. New reinforcing steel is doweled into the existing beam and encased in concrete.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Continuing through the strengthening process, two questions must be asked during the development of the repair strategy.
1.Do we need to strengthen or stabilize the condition?
Strengthening would describe a situation in which additional loads beyond original design must be carried. Stabilization would describe a situation in which the structure needs to be brought back to its original or intended load-carrying condition.
2.What is the load-carrying type?
This question deals with the issue of -- How will the loads be picked up by the additional strengthening member? In active strengthening techniques loads will be instantaneously engaged into the additional strengthening member. In passive strengthening techniques loads will not engage into the additional strengthening member until deflection occurs.
Properties of the MBrace Carbon Fiber Sheet of note:
Tensile Strength -- 3300 lbs. per lineal inch tensile capacity
Tensile Strength for Design -- 505,000 psi (505 ksi vs. 60 ksi for steel=10x)
Tensile Modulus -- 3.3 x 106 (33 msi vs. 29 msi for steel)
Design Thickness -- .0065”
Ultimate Elongation -- 1.5% to failure
As a general comparison between the MBrace System and Conventional Upgrades, three conditions are noted in which a beam requires a 35% upgrade in live load. In order to equal one sheet (1 ply) of CF-130, you would have to install:
1.A 3/16” steel bonded plate
or
2.An enlarged member utilizing 2 #8 bars encased in 4” of concrete.