This document discusses fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials and their use in strengthening structures. It provides definitions of composites and FRP composites. It describes the advantages of composites over traditional materials such as corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio, and design flexibility. The key constituents of composites are described as the resin, reinforcements, and fillers. Various resin and fiber types are discussed and compared in terms of their properties. The document outlines different manufacturing processes and how composites can be tailored for specific structural applications by adjusting variables like fiber type, orientation, and resin selection.
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
Introduction : ( What is FRP ? ) .
Fiber Material Behavior .
FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS .
Analysis and design .
Application requirements for repair and strengthening works .
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
Introduction : ( What is FRP ? ) .
Fiber Material Behavior .
FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS .
Analysis and design .
Application requirements for repair and strengthening works .
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Repair & Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures Using FRP CompositesParvez Ahmad Hashmat
Fiber-reinforced polymers are furthermore referred to as materials known as composites.
They are produced by a mixture of two or more basic or parent materials to make and form an enriched compound having upgraded properties.
Generally, FRP materials contain high strength fibers as (carbon, glass, or aramid )with an enriched polymer resin(vinyl ester, epoxy or polyester thermosetting plastic..), whereas the enriched fibers act, as the key reinforcing element, where the polymer resin or polymer matrix works as a holding or binder which transfers loads between fibers and protects fibers.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is becoming very
popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more economical and technically superior alternative
to the traditional techniques in many situations as it offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue
resistance, easy and rapid installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams
are continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP strengthening of continuous
beams.
Repair & Rehabilitation of Concrete Structures Using FRP CompositesParvez Ahmad Hashmat
Fiber-reinforced polymers are furthermore referred to as materials known as composites.
They are produced by a mixture of two or more basic or parent materials to make and form an enriched compound having upgraded properties.
Generally, FRP materials contain high strength fibers as (carbon, glass, or aramid )with an enriched polymer resin(vinyl ester, epoxy or polyester thermosetting plastic..), whereas the enriched fibers act, as the key reinforcing element, where the polymer resin or polymer matrix works as a holding or binder which transfers loads between fibers and protects fibers.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
Review on analytical study on strengthening of beam by frpeSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper present the review of analytical and numerical study of flexural and shear performance of retrofitted or strengthening
of beam by fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Now a day investigator prefer numerical and analytical study to minimize error which
can’t reduce in experimental study, hence numerical study is more reliable than experimental study and analytical study less time
consuming then experimental still having good agreement with experimental study.Almost all the software available in market are
work based on finite element method (FEM) such as ANSYS, ATENA 3D and ABAQUS. Analytical study carried out by different
author using FEM basedsoftware they found ultimate capacity of beam increased noticeably.Analytical investigation of reinforced
concrete (RC) beam with FRP were carried out by number of investigator they all studied on different aspect, some of those
worked on single layer or double layer of FRP , some of those worked on different pattern and thickness of FRP and then
compared stress, strain and deflection with control specimen. For precise result by finite element method use fine mashing and
appropriate material property. Bond behaviour between steel-concrete and concrete-FRP sheets/plate must be specify for
accurate and realistic results.
Keywords: retrofitting of beam, strengthening of beam, GFRP, CFRP, Finite Element Method (FEM), ANSYS
Design strengthening of beams slabs with carbon (fiber) FRP تصميم تقوية الج...Dr.Youssef Hammida
FRP Strengthening
Hevilifts is a leading designer and installer of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products for repair and strengthening of structures. FRP can be used in existing buildings to strengthen floors and walls for larger live loads, to increase strength and ductility of columns, to correct excessive deflections, to increase shear capacity of beams and to repair and strengthen corrosion damage. FRP can be used in bridges to strengthen girders for increased live load, shear and for the repair of corrosion damage.
modern building methods - moladi modern building materials - modern building systems #moladi #modern #building #methods #materials #systems - social acceptance is key
Strengthening structures via external bonding of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)
composite is becoming very popular worldwide during the past decade because it provides a more
economical and technically superior alternative to the traditional techniques in many situations as it
offers high strength, low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue resistance, easy and rapid
installation and minimal change in structural geometry. Although many in-situ RC beams are
continuous in construction, there has been very limited research work in the area of FRP
strengthening of continuous beams. In the present study an experimental investigation is
carried out to study the behavior of continuous RC beams under static loading. The beams are
strengthened with externally bonded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets. Different scheme
of strengthening have been employed. The program consists of fourteen continuous (two-span) beams
with overall dimensions equal to (150×200×2300) mm. The beams are grouped into two series
labeled S1 and S2 and each series have different percentage of steel reinforcement. One beam from
each series (S1 and S2) was not strengthened and was considered as a control beam, whereas all
other beams from both the series were strengthened in various patterns with externally bonded GFRP
sheets. The present study examines the responses of RC continuous beams, in terms of failure modes,
enhancement of load capacity and load deflection analysis. The results indicate that the flexural
strength of RC beams can be significantly increased by gluing GFRP sheets to the tension face. In
addition, the epoxy bonded sheets improved the cracking behaviour of the beams by delaying the
formation of visible cracks and reducing crack widths at higher load levels. The experimental results
were validated by using finite element method
Durability for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers on Timber StructuresJBercot
A thesis presentation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the subject BEB801 – Project 1 in the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
School of Civil Engineering & Built Environment,
Queensland University of Technology, June 2016
A Designer's Introduction to the Development, Design and Application of Vinyl...Docks & Marinas, Inc.
This presentation is geared for designers of sheet pile walls. Synthetic materials are revolutionizing the way we build things. From the aerospace industry to nearly every aspect of our lives. Today this also includes sheet piles and round piles. Far lighter than steel, cheaper, easier to install, and non-corrosive, it has become the material of choice for many water's edge applications. ESP's vinyl sheet piling comes with a 50-year warranty. Its fiberglass composite with a 25-year warranty. Now used by the USACE, US Navy, at SuperFund sites to contain hazardous materials, and at many thousands of residential, commercial, and industrial applications around the world. Contact us for further details. Docks & Marinas, Inc.
This presentation tells everything about composite resin from history to composition to usage protocols. A must read for all dental students before practicals and exams.
Mono and Fibril Brand Microsynthetic Fibres for Industrial FloorsCihan Erdoğan
Mono and Fibril are micro synthetic fiber brands of Polyfibers. They are polypropylene fiber types. Both of them has huge benefits in terms of industrial concrete floor cracking potential. In this presentation you can see why microsynthetic fibers have vital role for industrial concrete floors.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
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➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
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➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
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➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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2. WHY COMPOSITES?
• ADVANTAGES OVER TRADITIONAL
MATERIALS
• CORROSION RESISTANCE
• HIGH STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO
• LOW MAINTENANCE
• EXTENDED SERVICE LIFE
• DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
3. COMPOSITES DEFINITION
• A combination of two or more materials (reinforcement,
resin, filler, etc.), differing in form or composition on a
macroscale. The constituents retain their identities, i.e..,
they do not dissolve or merge into each other, although
they act in concert. Normally, the components can be
physically identified and exhibit an interface between
each other.
4. DEFINITION
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
are defined as:
“A matrix of polymeric material that is
reinforced by fibers or other reinforcing
material”
9. MATERIALS: RESINS
• PRIMARY FUNCTION:
“TO TRANSFER STRESS BETWEEN REINFORCING
FIBERS AND TO PROTECT THEM FROM
MECHANICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE”
• TYPES:
– THERMOSET
– THERMOPLASTIC
12. RESINS
• THERMOSET ADVANTAGES
– THERMAL STABILITY
– CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
– REDUCED CREEP AND STRESS RELAXATION
– LOW VISCOSITY- EXCELLENT FOR FIBER
ORIENTATION
– COMMON MATERIAL WITH FABRICATORS
13. RESINS
• THERMOPLASTIC ADVANTAGES
– ROOM TEMPERATURE MATERIAL STORAGE
– RAPID, LOW COST FORMING
– REFORMABLE
– FORMING PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES
14. POLYESTERS
• LOW COST
• EXTREME PROCESSING VERSATILITY
• LONG HISTORY OF PERFORMANCE
• MAJOR USES:
–Transportation
– Construction
– Marine
15. VINYL ESTER
• SIMILAR TO POLYESTER
• EXCELLENT MECHANICAL & FATIGUE
PROPERTIES
• EXCELLENT CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
• MAJOR USES:
–Corrosion Applications - Pipes, Tanks, &
Ducts
16. EPOXY
• EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• GOOD FATIGUE RESISTANCE
• LOW SHRINKAGE
• GOOD HEAT AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
• MAJOR USES:
–FRP Strengthening Systems
–FRP Rebars
–FRP Stay-in-Place Forms
17. PHENOLICS
• EXCELLENT FIRE RETARDANCE
• LOW SMOKE & TOXICITY EMISSIONS
• HIGH STRENGTH AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
• MAJOR USES:
–Mass Transit - Fire Resistance & High
Temperature
–Ducting
18. POLYURETHANE
• TOUGH
• GOOD IMPACT RESISTANCE
• GOOD SURFACE QUALITY
• MAJOR USES:
–Bumper Beams, Automotive Panels
19. SUMMARY: POLYMERS
• WIDE VARIETY AVAILABLE
• SELECTION BASED ON:
– PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF PRODUCT
– FABRICATION PROCESS REQUIREMENTS
20. Physical Properties of Thermosetting
Resins Used in Structural
Composites
Resin
Type
Density
(kg/m3
)
Tensile
Str.
(MPa)
Elong.
(%)
E-
Mod.
(GPa)
Long.
Term
t ,(C)
Polyester 1.2 50-65 2-3 3 120
Vinyl
Ester
1.15 70-80 4-6 3.5 140
Epoxy 1.1-1.4 50-90 2-8 3 120-
200
Phenolic 1.2 40-50 1-2 3 120-
150
21. MATERIAL: FIBER
REINFORCEMENTS
• PRIMARY FUNCTION:
“CARRY LOAD ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE
FIBER, PROVIDES STRENGTH AND OR STIFFNESS
IN ONE DIRECTION”
• CAN BE ORIENTED TO PROVIDE PROPERTIES IN
DIRECTIONS OF PRIMARY LOADS
30. FIBER REINFORCEMENT
• GLASS (E-GLASS)
– MOST COMMON FIBER USED
– HIGH STRENGTH
– GOOD WATER RESISTANCE
– GOOD ELECTRIC INSULATING PROPERTIES
– LOW STIFFNESS
32. FIBER REINFORCEMENT
• ARAMID (KEVLAR)
– SUPERIOR RESISTANCE TO DAMAGE
(ENERGY ABSORBER)
– GOOD IN TENSION APPLICATIONS (CABLES,
TENDONS)
– MODERATE STIFFNESS
– MORE EXPENSIVE THAN GLASS
33. FIBER REINFORCEMENT
• CARBON
– GOOD MODULUS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
– EXCELLENT STIFFNESS
– MORE EXPENSIVE THAN GLASS
– BRITTLE
– LOW ELECTRIC INSULATING PROPERTIES
35. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
REINFORCING FIBERS
Fiber Type Advantages Disadvantages
E-Glass, S-Glass High Strength,
Low Cost
Low Stiffness,
Fatigue
Aramid High Strength,
Low Density
Low Compr.
Str., High
Moisture
Absorption
HS Carbon High Strength
and Stiffness
High Cost
UHM Carbon Very High
Stiffness
Low Strength,
High Cost
41. COMPARISON OF AXIAL AND
FLEXURAL EFFICIENCY OF FRP
SYSTEMS
AXIAL
EFFICIENCY
FLEXURAL
EFFICIENCY
Material E/ρ Rank E1/2
/ρ Rank
Carbon/Epoxy 113.1 1 8.4 1
Kevlar/Epoxy 52.1 2 6.0 2
E-Glass/Epoxy 21.4 4 3.5 3
Mild Steel 25.6 3 1.8 4
42. DESIGN VARIABLES
FOR COMPOSITES
• TYPE OF FIBER
• PERCENTAGE OF FIBER or FIBER VOLUME
• ORIENTATION OF FIBER
– 0o
, 90o
, +45o
, -45o
• TYPE OF POLYMER (RESIN)
• COST
• VOLUME OF PRODUCT - MANUFACTURING
METHOD
43. DESIGN VARIABLES
FOR COMPOSITES
• PHYSICAL:
– tensile strength
– compression strength
– stiffness
– weight, etc.
• ENVIRONMENTAL:
– Fire
– UV
– Corrosion Resistance
44. TAILORING COMPOSITE
PROPERTIES
• MAJOR FEATURE
• PLACE MATERIALS WHERE NEEDED -
ORIENTED STRENGTH
– LONGITUDINAL
– TRANSVERSE
– or between
• STRENGTH
• STIFFNESS
• FIRE RETARDANCY
45. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
APPROACH FOR COMPOSITES
S t r u c t u r a l D e s ig n W it h F R P C o m p o s it e s
M a t r ix , F ib e r s
M ic r o m e c h a n ic s
L a m in a , L a m in a t e
M a c r o m e c h a n ic s
S t r u c t u r a l A n a ly s is
S t r e n g t h e n in g D e s ig n
S T R U C T U R E
F R P R e p a ir
47. FLOW CHART FOR DESIGN OF
FRP COMPOSITES
[ E ] x , y
T r a n s fo r m e d E n g . C o n s t a n t s
[ Q ] x , y
T r a n s fo r m e d M a t h . C o n s t a n t s
[ Q ] 1 , 2
M a t h e m a t ic a l C o n s t a n t s
[ F ib e r O r ie n t a t io n ]
[ E ] x , y
T r a n s fo r m e d E n g . C o n s t a n t s
[ S ] x , y
T r a n s fo r m e d M a t h . C o n s t a n t s
[ S ] 1 , 2
M a t h e m a t ic a l C o n s t a n t s
[ E ] 1 , 2
E n g in e e r in g C o n s t a n t s
51. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
• PROPERTIES OF FRP COMPOSITES VARY
DEPENDING ON:
– TYPE OF FIBER & RESIN SELECTED
– FIBER CONTENT
– FIBER ORIENTATION
– MANUFACTURING PROCESS
52. REPAIR
• HYBRIDS (SUPER COMPOSITES): TRADITIONAL
MATERIALS ARE JOINED WITH FRP
COMPOSITES
– WOOD
– STEEL
– CONCRETE
– ALUMINUM
53. BENEFITS - SUMMARY
• LIGHT WEIGHT
• HIGH STRENGTH to WEIGHT RATIO
• COMPLEX PART GEOMETRY
• COMPOUND SURFACE SHAPE
• PARTS CONSOLIDATION
• DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
• LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
• HIGH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH
55. LIFE CYCLE ECONOMICS
(Examples)
• IBACH BRIDGE (SWITZERLAND)
– CFRP LAMINATES- 50 TIMES MORE
EXPENSIVE THAN STEEL PER KILOGRAM
– CFRP LAMINATES- 9 TIMES MORE
EXPENSIVE THAN STEEL BY VOLUME
– REPAIR WORK REQUIREMENTS-175 KG
STEEL OR 6.2 KG CFRP
– MATERIAL COST-20 % OF THE TOTAL
PROJECT COST
57. CONCLUSIONS
• ECONOMICS ARE MORE THAN THE BASIC
ELEMENTS OF MATERIALS, LABOR,
EQUIPMENT, OVERHEAD, ETC.
• ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE ECONOMICS MUST BE
CONSIDERED AND COMPARED TO THAT OF
TRADITIONAL MATERIALS TO DETERMINE THE
BENEFITS OF COMPOSITES IN A GIVEN
APPLICATION
59. EXTERNAL REINFORCEMENT OF
RC BEAMS USING FRP
• BACKGROUND
• DESIGN MODELS
– LACK OF DUCTILITY
– FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
– SHEAR STRENGTHENING
– PRESTRESSED FRP APPLICATION
• DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND
ANALYSIS
• OTHER ISSUES
– FATIGUE, CREEP, LOW TEMPERATURE FRP
PERFORMANCE
• DESIGN EXAMPLES
60. FRP STRENGTHENED BEAMS
BACKGROUND
• FRP VS. EXTERNALLY STEEL BONDED
PLATES
– CORROSION AT THE EPOXY-STEEL INTERFACE
– STEEL PLATES DO NOT INCREASE STRENGTH,
JUST STIFFNESS
– HIGH TEMPERATURES PERFORMANCE
DIFFICULTIES DUE TO HEAVY WEIGHT OF THE
STEEL PLATES
– STRENGTHENING DESIGN BASED ON MATERIAL
WEIGHT, NOT STRUCTURAL NEEDS
– CONSTRUCTION DIFFICULTIES
– TIME CONSUMING, HEAVY EQUIPMENT NEEDED
61. FRP STRENGTHENED BEAMS
LACK OF DUCTILITY
• LINEAR STRESS-STRAIN PROFILE
• DEFINITION OF DUCTILITY
– DEFLECTION AT ULTIMATE/DEFLECTION AT
YIELD- NOT APPLICABLE FOR FRP MATERIAL
– STRAIN-ENERGY ABSORPTION, I.E., AREA UNDER
LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVE- OK FOR FRP
COMPOSITES
– IN GENERAL- THE HIGHER THE FRP FRACTION
AREA, THE LOWER THE ENERGY ABSORPTION OF
THE STRENGTHENED CONCRETE BEAM
76. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Preparation of the Concrete Surface
• Mixing Epoxy, Putty, etc.
• Preparation of the FRP Composite System
• Application of the FRP Strengthening System
• Anchorage (if recommended)
• Curing the FRP Material
• Application of Finish System
77. CONCRETE SURFACE
PREPARATION
• Repair of the existing concrete in accordance to:
– ACI 546R-96 “Concrete Repair Guide”
– ICRI Guideline No. 03370 “Guide for Surface
Preparation for the Repair of Deteriorated
Concrete...”
• Bond Between Concrete and FRP Materials
– Should satisfy ICRI “Guide for Selecting and
Specifying Materials for Repair of Concrete
Surfaces”
78. CONCRETE SURFACE
PREPARATION
• Repair Cracks 0.010 inches or Wider
– Epoxy pressure injected
– To satisfy Section 3.2 of the ACI 224.1R-93
“Causes, Evaluation and Repair of Cracks…”
• Concrete Surface Unevenness to be Less than 1
mm
• Concrete Corners- Minimum Radius of 30 mm
79. APPLICATION OF THE FRP
COMPOSITE
• In Accordance to Manufacturer’s and Designer's
Specifications
– Priming
– Putty Application
– Under-coating with Epoxy Resin
– Application of the FRP Laminate/ FRP Fiber Sheet
– Over-coating with Epoxy Resin
80. CURING OF THE FRP
COMPOSITES
• In Accordance to Manufacturer’s Specifications
– Temperature ranges and Curing Time- varies from
few hours to 15 days for different FRP systems
• Cured FRP Composite
– Uniform thickness and density
– Lack of porosity
83. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Concrete Surface
Preparation
– Smooth, free of dust and
foreign objects, oil, etc.
– Application of primer
and putty (if required by
the manufacturer)
85. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Priming of the Concrete
Surface
• Application of the
Undercoating epoxy
Layer (adhesive when
FRP pultruded laminates
are used)
The Composites Institute identifies eight market segments (plus a ninth - miscellaneous) for composite applications. The are: transportation construction marine corrosion-resistant consumer electrical/electronic appliance/business aircraft/defense
NEW
Composites can provide infrastructure applications with many benefits as listed here. Infrastructure can have all these benefits an more when the proper materials and manufacturing process is selected. But I believe that in order to achieve these goals, the engineer must specifically know the performance of his product. This includes the physical, mechanical, installation, cost, and quality that identifies the minimum performance specifications.
Composites are composed of polymers, reinforcing fibers, fillers, and other additives. Each of these ingredients play an important role in the processing and final performance of the end product. In general terms, you could say that: The polymer is the “glue” that holds the composite and influence the physical properties of the composite end product. The reinforcement provides the mechanical strength properties to the end product. The fillers and additives are processing aids and also impart “special” properties to the end product. Other materials that we will cover include core materials. Depending on you application, core materials provide stiffness while being lightweight.
Polymers are generally petrochemical or natural gas derivatives and can be either thermoplastic or thermosetting. Both types of polymers are used in composites and can benefit when combined with reinforcing fibers. However, the major volume of thermoplastic polymers are not used in composite form. In contrast to thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers generally require reinforcing fibers of high filler loading in order to be used. Properties required are usually dominated by strength, stiffness, toughness, and durability. The end-user must take into account the type of application, service temperature, environment, method of fabrication, and the mechanical propeties needed. Proper curing of the resin is essential for obtaining optimum mechanical properties, preventing heat softening, limiting creep, and reducing moisture impact.
Thermosetting polymers are used for the major portion of the composites industry.
Unsaturated polyester have the dominant share of this market because of their relatively low cost, fabrication flexibility and good performance. These polyesters are different than the thermoplastic polyesters used for textile fibers. Polyesters are available in many different varieties based on their special attributes or processing characteristics. Table 2.1 on page 13 of the handbook provides a handy selection guide that relates these characteristics to composite performance properties and typical end product uses.
Vinyl esters are epoxy/polyester hybrids that combine some of the better characteristics of each system. They have good structural performance and dynamic properties. Vinyl esters should be considered for higher performance applications than isophthalic polyesters because they have superior chemical and water resistant properties, better retention of strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures and greater toughness. They process like polyesters. Their higher cost is offset by performance improvements.
Epoxy polymers have higher mechanical properties, particularly dynamic and fatigue resistant properties, and water resistance than polyesters,. They exhibit low shrinkage during cure. They also have excellent adhesion characteristics. They have good heat and chemical resistance, good electrical properties. Epoxies generally have a slower cure. Epoxy resins should be considered where higher shear strength than is available with polyesters, and the application requires good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures or durability. Epoxies are used automated manufacturing such as pultrusion, filament winding, resin transfer molding, and compression molding. Some epoxies have low ultra-violet resistance and may need special surface protection.
Phenolics are experiencing a resurgence of interest in composites because of their fire resistance. They have low creep and good dimensional stability. Phenolic resins should be considered when the goal is performance under heat, retention of properties under fire conditions or low emission of toxic fumes. Characteristics of phenolics include low flammability, low spread of flame and little smoke. Mechanical properties are comparable to orthophthalic polyesters. Low shrinkage compared with polyesters is as characteristic of this resin. Phenolics are available in liquid form or as molding compounds. Cure at room temperature is possible, however an elevated post cure above 80 0 C is needed ot obtain dimensionally stable materials. Development efforts by the resin producers have resulted in liquid systems for filament winding, pultrusion, and spray-up. This has greatly broadened the market opportunity for phenolics in the composites industry. Their excellent ablative characteristics have been used in rocket nozzle applications.
Urethane’s are available as either thermoplastic or thermosets. Broad compounding capability cover the range from flexible to rigid systems. Both foams and solid forms are in use. They process rapidly, and although higher in cost, are gaining in usage based on cost/performance. Polyurethanes are used primarily in Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding, for items such as automotive bumpers and fascia.
To summarize the discussion on polymers: A wide variety of polymers are available that can satisfy virtually every conceivable end use application. Proper selection requires knowledge of the physical and mechanical properties of the application and the fabrication process to be used to produce the end products.
There are many reinforcing fibers commercially available for use in composites. They are of both natural and synthetic or man-made origin.
The most prominent reinforcing fibers in terms of both quantity consumed and product sales value would be aramid, boron, carbon/graphite, glass, nylon, polyester, and polyethylene. Of these, glass fiber represents the predominant reinforcement because of its relatively low cost, good balance of properties, and a 40 year experience base. Materials such as boron are very expensive and only used in the most demanding performance applications.
Glass has very good impact resistance due to their high strain to failure, when compared to other fibers. Aramid also has excellent impact resistance, particularly to ballistic impact. Not shown on this chart is steels ability to have a strain to failure up to 20%. The value shown is the strain at yield.
I want to point out that in this graph, carbon can be shown with several different modulus. For example, 12K carbon fibers are available with standard or low (33-35 MSI), intermediate (40-50 MSI), high (50-70 MSI), and ultra high (70-140 MSI) modulus. The higher you go, the more expensive it gets. The higher modulus is more suitable for aircraft and spacecraft where performance is the main objective, not cost.
Carbon and aramid fibers can have small or negative coefficients of thermal expansion. It should be noted that the matrix has a much higher CTE than the reinforcement. The thermal expansion of the composite depends not only on the type of reinforcement and the type of matrix, but also the geometry of the reinforcement, its volume fraction, and the amount and type of filler used.
As shown in the video, many raw materials are used to produce glass. silica sand is the primary ingredient, accounting for more than 50 percent of the raw materials. Additional materials that may be used include limestone, flourspar, boric acid, and clay, in addition to a variety of metal oxides. The combination and amounts depends on which type of glass is being produced. Glass is generally the most impact resistant fiber but also weighs more than carbon or aramid. Glass fibers have excellent strength characteristics, equal and higher than steel in certain forms. The lower modulus requires special design treatment in applications where stiffness is critical. Processing characteristics required of glass fibers include: choppability, low static buildup, good fiber matrix adhesion. Glass fibers are insulators of both electricity and heat and thus their composites exhibit very good electrical and thermal insulation properties. They are transparent to radio frequency radiation, therefore they are used extensively in radar antenna applications. Glass filaments are extremely fragile, and are supplied in bundles called strands, rovings or yarns. Strands are a collection of continuous filaments. A roving refers to a collection of untwisted strands or yarns. Yarns are collections of filaments or strands that are twisted together.
E-Glass is electrical resistant glass providing good overall strength at low cost. It accounts for about 90% of all glass fiber reinforcements. It has good electrical resistance, and it is used in radomes and antennas because of its radio frequency transparency. It is also used in computer circuit boards to provide stiffness and electrical resistance. S-Glass is a high strength, high stiffness glass with good performance in high temperature and corrosive environments. This type of glass is stronger and stiffer than E-Glass and is used in more demanding applications were their extra cost can be justified. This type of glass is referred to R-Glass in Europe and T-Glass in Japan. A lower cost version, S-2 glass is approximately 40-70% stronger than E-Glass. S-2 Glass is used in golf club shafts because is provides flexibility and accuracy for long ball hitting, and it is less expensive than carbon. C-Glass is a calcium borosilicate glass providing good resistance to corrosive acid environments such as hydrochloric and sulfuric acid. It is also noted that E-Glass and S-2 Glass have a much better resistance to basic solutions such as sodium carbonate, compared to C-Glass. C-Glass has poor high-temperature performance, therefore either E-Glass or S-Glass is used. ECR-Glass , used in Europe is an alternative to E-Glass in a corrosive environment. They have similar properties to E-Glass, very resistant to chemical attack and are boron free. AR-Glass is a alkali resistant glass formulated for use in cement substrates and concrete.
Aramid fiber, is an aromatic polyimide, organic man made fiber. There are three major commercial suppliers: DuPont produces a product called Kevlar, Akzo produces a product called Twaron, and Teijin produces a product called Technora. Kevlar is produced in two distinct types of aramid fibe: Kevlar 29 and and a higher modulus Kevlar 49. Both types have a tensile stress/strain curve which is essentially linear to failure. Aramid fibers offer good mechanical properties at a low density with the added advantage of toughness or damage resistance. They are characterized as having reasonably high tensile strength, a medium modulus, and a very low density. There is a significant cost difference compare with glass fibers. Since aramids are lightweight, they have an advantage in their strength/weight and stiffness to weight ratios. It should be noted that they have relatively low compressive strengths. Aramid fibers are insulators of both electricity and heat. They are resistant to organic solvents, fuels, and lubricants. Fibers without resin are tough and used as cables or ropes because they do not behave in a brittle manner as do both carbon and arramid. “ hybrids” of the two fibers may be used in specific applications such as high performance boats.
Carbon/graphite fibers combine high modulus with low density and make them very attractive for aircraft and other applications where weight saved” can be directly translated to cost savings and, therefore, justify their higher material cost. Carbon fiber is created using polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch or rayon fiber precursors. PAN based fibers offer good strength and modulus values up to 85-90 Msi. They also offer excellent compression strength for structural applications. Pitch fibers are made from petroleum or coal tar pitch. Their extremely high modulus values (up to 140 Msi) and favorable CTE make them the material used in spacecraft applications. It should be noted that Carbon fiber composites are more brittle than glass or aramid and can show galvanic corrosion when used next to metal. A barrier material, such as glass, and sometimes epoxy, must be used.
NEW
To summarize the discussion about reinforcements, one should remember that with composites, the mechanical strength properties are dependent on the type, amount, and orientation of the reinforcement that is selected for the particular product. With the variety and many different forms of reinforcements that are commercially available, an almost limitless number of composite systems are available to meet the strength requirements of any applications. Additionally, the ability to orient the composite strength characteristics to the specific performance requirements of the application, provides a unique advantage for composites that translates to weight and cost advantage as compared to traditional homogeneous structural materials.
Reinforcing fibers contribute to the mechanical strength characteristics of the composite. The strength is dependent on: - the type or species of fiber - the amount of fiber - the orientation of the fiber - the fiber surface treatment - and its compatibility with the matrix polymer. By varying these parameters, a broad range of mechanical properties are possible. For example, a composite which has all the fibers aligned in one direction, it is stiff and strong in that direction, but in the transverse direction, it will have a lower modulus and low strength. Also, the fiber volume fraction heavily depends on the method of manufacture. Generally, The higher the fiber content the stronger the composite.
These same parameters allow the tailoring of the mechanical properties of the composite to the specific property requirements of the end product application. This is a major feature of composite materials that allows their efficient use in highly stressed applications.
By carefully selecting the fiber, resin and manufacturing process, designers can tailor composites to meet final product requirements that could not be achieved using other materials. Fiber orientation can maximize strength in one or more directions. This allows wall thickness variations, complex-contoured parts, and various degrees of stiffness or strengths. Composite laminates may be designed to be isotropic (uniform properties in all directions, independent of applied load) or anisotropic (properties only apparent in the direction of the applied load), balanced or unbalanced, symmetric or asymmetric depending on the forces from the application. Understanding layered or laminate structures behavior is very important in designing effective composite parts or structures.
We will discuss the various types of manufacturing processes. They include.....
Both processes are characterized by relatively low equipment and tooling costs, low to medium production volumes, high level of worker dependence, and the requirement for emissions control techniques because of the styrene fumes that come from the polyester resins that are typically used.
- Pultruded parts naturally have a high degree of reinforcement orientation in the continuous direction. - Cross direction reinforcement is achieved by woven tapes or mats, or process attachments that wind reinforcements around the reinforcing system. - The process, once operating, uses very low labor. Long continuous runs can be economically produced. - Tooling and capital equipment costs are moderate and depend on the size and complexity of the profiles to be produced. - Long production runs with minimum number of profile changes provide the best economics. - Very large, complex profiles have been produced. Hollow and encapsulated core structures are routinely produced. Hybrid reinforcing systems are easily incorporated into a pultruded product to maximize the strength of a particular profile.
To summarize, FRP composites material properties vary depending on the type of fiber and resin selected, the fiber content, the fiber orientation, and the manufacturing process. This is very important in order for composites to be used in the proper applications.
Repair of the infrastructure using FRP composites promises to have a huge impact for the civil engineer. FRP composites, used in conjunction with traditional construction materials such as wood, steel, concrete, and aluminum, will create SUPER COMPOSITES, where both materials complement each other in the performance of a structure. For example, both glass and aramid have demonstrated major benefits when applied in wood glulam beams. A thin layer of FRP composites used on the tensile face of glulam beams nearly doubles the length of that beam without increasing the depth of the beam. Some of you may be familiar with the use of carbon and glass FRP composites to repair, strengthen, and seismically upgrade reinforced concrete structures, particularly in California.