The document outlines the history and development of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) from its ancient origins to modern applications. It discusses various types of fibers used, their mechanical properties, advantages and disadvantages, as well as the implications for construction technology. Additionally, it highlights ongoing research and the future potential of advanced materials like textile reinforced concrete.

1. F
R
C

2. Lets’s
Bigin
Milad Nourizadeh
Civil engineering
department of the
University of Tabriz

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CONTENTS
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4. Approximately 3500 years ago,
sun-baked bricks reinforced
with straw or horse hair were
used to build the 57 m high hill
of Aqar Quf (near present-day
Baghdad) [1].
Fibre-reinforced cement-products
were invented in the late 19th
century by the Austrian Ludwig
Hatschek. He mixed 90% cement
and 10% asbestos fibres with water
and ran it through a cardboard
machine, forming strong thin
sheets [2]. Early 1900 saw the use
of asbestos fiber.
In 1950 fiber reinforced concrete
was becoming a field of interest
as asbestos being a health risk
was discovered. The steel and
glass fibers that were used in the
early work on FRC in the 1950s
and 1960s were straight and
smooth [3].
HISTORY

5. Serious theoretical studies of
FRC began only in the early
1960s, with the work of
Romualdi and his colleagues
[e.g. Romualdi & Batson 1963;
Romualdi & Mandel 1964]. Since
then there was no looking back,
glass, steel, polypropylene fiber
were used in concrete [3-5].
Since 1960s, more complicated
geometries of fibers have been
developed, mainly to modify their
mechanical bonding with the
cementitious matrix. Thus, modern
fibers may have profiled shapes,
hooked or deformed ends [6].
Beside the previous
development, by following
decade, fibers may occur as
bundled filaments or fibrillated
films, or they may be used in
continuous form (mats, woven
fabrics, textiles) [7].
HISTORY

6. What is the FRC?
Fiber reinforced concrete is made
with hydraulic cement, and
aggregates of various sizes,
incorporating discrete,
discontinuous fibers.
INTRODUCTION

7. • Properties of fibers
• Properties of matrix
• Properties of application
!

8. Properties
of fibers
As the main parameter, the
proprieties of fibers could have
an enormous influence on the
FRC properties directly like:
the ratio of length to diameter of a fiber in which the diameter may be an equivalent
diameter. This parameter has an important role in FRC mechanical properties [7].

9. Properties
of matrix

10. Properties of
application

11. Different Types of Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Following are the different type of fibers generally used in the
construction industries.
1 2 3 4

12. A compilation of mechanical properties of commonly used fibers in concrete materials [7]
Reference ACI 544.5R-10

13. 13
1
Steel fibers influences on concrete:
• Increasing the toughness of the concrete.
• Increasing the durability
• Improving tensile and flexural strength
• Improving resistance to impact, abrasion,
corrosion fatigue and freeze-thaw
• Controlling crack widths

14. SFRC

15. Volume of
fiber
Figure1- Effect of the volume of
steel fibers on the strength and
toughness of SFRC [8].

16. Volume of
fiber Figure 2-Effect of the volume fraction of fibers
on the compressive stress-strain curve [9].

17. Volume of
fiber
Figure 3-Effect of reinforcement ratio (Fiber
content) on mean crack spacing [10].

18. Aspect ratio
of fiber Figure 4-Influence of the aspect ratio of fibers
on the compressive stress-strain curve [9].

19. Geometry
of fiber
Figure5-Influence of the fiber type on
the force-displacement curves [11].

20. • High tensile strength
• The mass production
• Improvement in impact strength.
• Increased flexural strength, ductility and resistance
to thermal shock.
• Used in formwork, swimming pools, ducts and roofs,
sewer lining and especially in exterior façade panels.
2

21. GFRC

22. 3 • Asbestos is a mineral fiber and has proved to be the
most successful fiber, which can be mixed with OPC
(Ordinary Portland Cement).
• The asbestos fiber reinforced concrete has high flexural
and tensile strength.
• Asbestos fiber shows very good resistance to heat,
electrical, chemical damage and fire.
Asbestos fiber

23. 3
Asbestos fiber
However
During the 1960s and 1970s it became evident that
asbestos fibers pose considerable health hazards. Because
of their small size they can be inhaled into the lungs,
causing damage and disease.

24. Advantages
Low Cost
• Reduce material costs
• Reduce material handling and transport costs
• Increase precast production speeds
Eliminates Corrosion / Low Maintenance
• No corrosion
• Increased service life
• Low maintenance costs
Environmentally Friendly
• synthetic fiber concrete reinforcement delivers a
70% reduction in carbon footprint compared with
steel fiber and steel rebar reinforcement.
4

25. 25
Disadvantages
• Poor fire resistance
• Sensitivity to sunlight and oxygen
• Low modulus of elasticity
• Poor bond with the matrix
4

26. Conclusion Advantages of FRC
▲ Controlling
crack widths
▲ Increasing the
durability
▲ Improving
tensile and
flexural
strength
▲ Improving
resistance to
impact,
abrasion,
corrosion
fatigue and
freeze-thaw

27. Conclusion
▼ High cost of
materials
▼ Difficulty of
application
▼ little knowledge about
behavior of FRC
and design methods
Conclusion Advantages of FRC

28. APPLICATIONS
Rapid advances in FRC materials technology have
enabled civil engineers to incorporate FRC in a
variety of applications. Such as followings.
!

29. Architectural panels, tilt-up construction,
walls, fencing, septic tanks, burial vaults,
grease trap structures, bank vaults and
sculptures.
1

30. Use of steel fiber-reinforced concrete in
place of rebar in the coupling beams of a
metro Seattle, United States, skyscraper
has helped simplify and speed the
building's construction while maintaining
structural integrity in one of the most
seismically active regions of the US.
2
metro Seattle, US.

31. the GFRC panels, on average, weigh
substantially less than pre-cast concrete
panels due to their reduced thickness.
Their low weight decreases loads
superimposed on the building’s structural
components making construction of the
building frame more economical.
3
Isfahan international public gatherings center, Isfahan, Iran

32. Conventional concrete paving, SCC,
white-toppings, barrier rails, curb and
gutter work, pervious concrete, sound
attenuation barriers, etc.
4
Docklands Light Railway, UK.

33. Fiber-reinforced concrete promises to
provide a long-term solution to bridge deck
problems [13].
5
Mackenzie River Twin Bridges, Ontario, Canada

34. Dams, oil platforms, lock structures,
channel linings, ditches, storm-water
structures, etc.
6
Patrind hydro power, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

35. Precast segments and shotcrete, which
may include tunnel lining, shafts, slope
stabilization, sewer work, etc.
7
The Oliola water tunnel, Spain

36. Runways, taxiways, aprons, seawalls,
dock areas, packing and loading ramps.
8
Tokyo International Airport, Tokyo, Japan

37. heavy loaded floors and roadways.
9
FRC floor by V. Paulius and Associates in Carteret, New Jersey, US

38. nuclear power plants or military base
Impact resisting structures
10
The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, Michigan, US

39. A new technology
Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a composite material consisting of a cement-based
matrix with typically small maximum aggregate grain sizes and high-performance
continuous multifilament yarns made of alkali-resistant (AR) glass, carbon, polymer, or
other materials [14].
TRC

40. ▲Corrosion resistant ▲ Durable concrete ▲Thinner and lighter
elements
TRC Advantages
▲Low transport costs ▲Easier installation and
low labor costs
▲Higher strength
properties in
comparison with steel-
reinforced concrete

41. Our studies

42. confined specimen by
textile which is ready for
matrix application
Concrete Lab, Civil engineering department of University
of Tabriz

43. TRC confined specimen
under axial compression
loading
Strength of Materials Lab, Civil engineering department of
University of Tabriz

44. Research
suggestion
• Investigation on evaluating properties of UHPC (Ultra High
Performance Concrete) with a content of fibers,
• Study about thermal strength of FRC.
• Investigation on bonding properties between fibers and matrix and
how to improve it.
• Investigation on mechanical properties of waste fiber reinforced
concrete.

45. Any question ?
?
You click here to email me!
nourizadehmilad@gmail.com

46. References [4] Romualdi, J.P. & Batson, G.B. 1963. Mechanics of
crack arrest in concrete, Journal of Engineering
Mechanics 89: 147-168.
[5] Romualdi, J.P. & Mandel, J.A. 1964. Tensile strength
of concrete affected by uniformly dispersed and
closely spaced short lengths of wire reinforcement,
Journal of the American Concrete Institute 61: 657-
672.
[6] Bentur, A. and Mindess, S., Fiber Reinforced Cementitious
Composites, Elsevier Applied Science, 1990, pp. 1-2.
[7] ACI Committee 544, Report on the Physical Properties and
Durability of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI 48331, 2010.
[8] S.P. Shah and V.B. Rangan, ‘Fiber reinforced concrete
properties’, J. American
Concrete Institute. 68, 1971, 126–135.
[9] ACI Committee 544, Design Considerations for Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington
Hills, 1999.
[1] R.N. Swamy, ‘Prospects of fibre reinforcement in
structural applications, in Advances in Cement-Matrix
Composites’, Proc. Symp. L, Materials Research Society
General Meeting, Boston, MA, Nov. 1980, Materials Research
Society, University Park, PA (now Pittsburgh, PA), 1980, pp.
159–169.
[2] Ooe. Landesarchiv (ed.), Oberoesterreicher, vol. 2, 1982;
NDB.
[3] Mindess S, ’Thirty years of fibre reinforced concrete
research at the UWM British Colombia’, In
Proceedings of an International Conference on Sustainable
Construction Materials and Technologies (Kraus RN, Naik TR,
Claisse P and Sadeghi-Pouya H (eds)). CBU, University of
Milwaukee, USA.

47. References
[13] Krstulovic-Opara, N.; Haghayeghi, A. R.; Haidar, M.; and
Krauss, P. D., 1995, “Use of Conventional and High-Performance
Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete for Bride Deck
Overlays,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 92, No. 6, Nov.-Dec.,
pp. 669-677.
[14] Brameshuber, W. (Ed.), 2006. Textile reinforced concrete:
report no. 036 of the RILEM
State-of-the-Art Report, RILEM Technical Committee 201-TRC.
[10] R. Deluce, Jordon & J. Vecchio, Frank. (2013). Cracking
behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete members
containing conventional reinforcement. ACI Structural
Journal. 110. 481-490.
[11] Tutankhamun Sami Sharif, ’Effect of fiber shape on
mechanical behavior of steel fiber in fiber reinforced
concrete FRC’. African Journal of Physics Vol. 3 (5), pp. 105-
109, May, 2016.
[12] Balaguru, P. and Shah, S. (1992). Fiber-reinforced cement
composites. New York: McGraw-Hill, p.343.