The document discusses fiber optic cable types and selection criteria. It covers:
- Cable types including tight buffer, distribution, loose tube, and ribbon cables and their applications.
- Factors to consider when choosing cable like bandwidth needs, attenuation rate, length, cost, and environmental requirements.
- Specifications for fiber optic cables related to their installation and operating environment.
- Choosing the right fiber type depending on needs, including installing spare fibers and future-proofing with single-mode fibers.
Fiber optics are compact, lightweight rugged design, saving the space in patch panels. Used to terminate fiber optic cable & provide a connection to individual spliced fibers
Due to security concerns, many industrial automation companies using fiber optics instead of wired & wireless ethernet as fiber optic signals.
Fiber optics also protect against hackers & able to detect the thief
Fiber optic cable is one of the fastest-growing transmission mediums for both new cabling installations and upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop applications.
So how is light guided and travels inside the fiber? This video shows a beam of light that travels inside a water stream by total internal reflection. Optical fibers work the same way. So let's take a look.
A glass fiber has a cylindrical structure and is composed of three layers. At the center is the core, core has higher refractive index. Outside of core is the cladding layer. Cladding layer has lower refractive index than the core.
The third layer is a plastic buffer coating. This buffer coating doesn't affect the fiber's optical performance, it is there for mechanical protection only.
The right picture shows how light is coupled into the fiber's core and bounced back and forth in the core and travels along the fiber.
The core and cladding layers are all based on fused silica which is a type of glass. But this fused silica is extremely clear, with almost no impurities. This transparency is extremely important, so that the light can travel for a very long distance, such as hundreds of kilometers with minimum loss. This makes trans-Pacific and trans-continent fiber optic communications possible.
Here comes the question. Why doesn't the light leak out of the fiber? That is why we have to explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
The left picture shows Snell's the law which guides how light travels at the interface of the core and cladding.
The core has a higher refractive index n = 1.5. The cladding has a lower refractive index n = 1.4. When light incidents at the interface between the core and cladding at different angles, some power is reflected back, and some power enters into the cladding which is refracted. But when we increase the incident angle to greater than a critical angle theta c, no more light enters into the cladding, all light is reflected back into the core. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. Here total means 100% of the power is reflected back into the core.
The manufacturing of glass fibers go through two steps. In the first step a preform is made. This preform has exactly the same proportion of core and cladding as final fiber product, but in a much bigger size. It looks like a thick glass rod, as shown in the bottom picture.
Then the preform is hanged at the top of a fiber drawing tower. The tower is a couple of stories tall as shown in the right picture.
The preform is heated by a furnace which softens the glass. The softened glass drips and pulled downward by gravity. A diameter monitor carefully monitors the fiber's diameter, which usually is 125um. Then the coater deposits a layer of plastic buffer coating for mechanical protection, which usually is 250um in diameter.
And finally, the fiber is winded onto a spool for storage and transportation.
Loose tube vs. tight-buffered fiber optic cableTeresa Huang
Selecting the right type of fiber optic cable boils down to the applications and the installation. This post will introduce and compare two fiber optic cable types based on different cable constructions—loose-tube and tight-buffered fiber optic cable.
Fiber optics are compact, lightweight rugged design, saving the space in patch panels. Used to terminate fiber optic cable & provide a connection to individual spliced fibers
Due to security concerns, many industrial automation companies using fiber optics instead of wired & wireless ethernet as fiber optic signals.
Fiber optics also protect against hackers & able to detect the thief
Fiber optic cable is one of the fastest-growing transmission mediums for both new cabling installations and upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop applications.
So how is light guided and travels inside the fiber? This video shows a beam of light that travels inside a water stream by total internal reflection. Optical fibers work the same way. So let's take a look.
A glass fiber has a cylindrical structure and is composed of three layers. At the center is the core, core has higher refractive index. Outside of core is the cladding layer. Cladding layer has lower refractive index than the core.
The third layer is a plastic buffer coating. This buffer coating doesn't affect the fiber's optical performance, it is there for mechanical protection only.
The right picture shows how light is coupled into the fiber's core and bounced back and forth in the core and travels along the fiber.
The core and cladding layers are all based on fused silica which is a type of glass. But this fused silica is extremely clear, with almost no impurities. This transparency is extremely important, so that the light can travel for a very long distance, such as hundreds of kilometers with minimum loss. This makes trans-Pacific and trans-continent fiber optic communications possible.
Here comes the question. Why doesn't the light leak out of the fiber? That is why we have to explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
The left picture shows Snell's the law which guides how light travels at the interface of the core and cladding.
The core has a higher refractive index n = 1.5. The cladding has a lower refractive index n = 1.4. When light incidents at the interface between the core and cladding at different angles, some power is reflected back, and some power enters into the cladding which is refracted. But when we increase the incident angle to greater than a critical angle theta c, no more light enters into the cladding, all light is reflected back into the core. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. Here total means 100% of the power is reflected back into the core.
The manufacturing of glass fibers go through two steps. In the first step a preform is made. This preform has exactly the same proportion of core and cladding as final fiber product, but in a much bigger size. It looks like a thick glass rod, as shown in the bottom picture.
Then the preform is hanged at the top of a fiber drawing tower. The tower is a couple of stories tall as shown in the right picture.
The preform is heated by a furnace which softens the glass. The softened glass drips and pulled downward by gravity. A diameter monitor carefully monitors the fiber's diameter, which usually is 125um. Then the coater deposits a layer of plastic buffer coating for mechanical protection, which usually is 250um in diameter.
And finally, the fiber is winded onto a spool for storage and transportation.
Loose tube vs. tight-buffered fiber optic cableTeresa Huang
Selecting the right type of fiber optic cable boils down to the applications and the installation. This post will introduce and compare two fiber optic cable types based on different cable constructions—loose-tube and tight-buffered fiber optic cable.
The AS-Built document of fiber optic project is very vital to the success of the project as it is one of the major document to be handed over to the Fiber maintenance team, hence the level of accuracy is expected to be higher than the proposed route drawing.
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network design, engineering and planning solutions,van den Dool Dick
Fibre optic FTTH FTTX network software solutions to design, engineer & plan FTTH / FTTX networks cost optimized automatically. Shows the required input, design phase and output to Autocad etc.
When talking about direct attach cables, we may come across breakout cable, such as Cisco QSFP+ breakout cable. There are many kinds of breakout cables, and they are suitable for various applications. For example, a Cisco QSFP-4SFP10G-CU5M compatible QSFP+ to 4 SFP+ passive direct attach copper breakout cable, as shown below, connects to a 40G QSFP+ port of a Cisco switch on one end and to four 10G SFP+ ports of a Cisco switch on the other end, and is used for very short distances and offers a very cost-effective way to connect within racks and across adjacent racks. Other than copper breakout cable, there is also fiber breakout cable. What is fiber breakout cable? How much do you know about fiber breakout cable? In this post, a brief introduction to fiber breakout cable will be given.
TiniFiber's Q1-17 Press Kit & Power Point Presentation covering all aspects of Micro Armor Fiber. Micro Armor Fiber is a break-through innovation in fiber optic cabling. TiniFiber delivers a smaller, lighter, stronger and highly flexible armored fiber optic cable that is changing the way we think about Armored Fiber and securing the fiber optic connectivity.
TiniFiber® is an award-winning, U.S. patented innovation for the fiber optic cable industry that combines the strength of armored fiber cables and the size of conventional fiber jackets into one (1) powerful solution for all commercial projects.
Micro Armor Fiber™ is the single best solution to encase and protect the fiber optic cables. The cable is built around the smallest Outer Diameter (OD) and lightest stainless steel Micro Armor Fiber™ for superior durability, bendability, ruggedness, as well as crush and rodent resistant for all project usages.
The solution offers considerable advantages over the traditional Aluminum Interlocking Armor (AIA) widely used today, and it substantially lowers the cost for installation time, manpower hours, storage, and shipping while adding superior durability and unmatched flexibility.
For far too long, the industry standard has been Aluminum Interlocking Armor, which is disproportionately large compared to the fibers they encase. They are heavy, cumbersome and not nearly as flexible as non-armored versions of the same fiber optic cables.
The benefits of a smaller, lighter, stronger, and more flexible armored fiber optic solution in a DAS application are numerous. From the system provider (Contractor, Installer) standpoint, there is a substantial reduction in labor costs and overall manpower hours associated with armored fiber DAS installations. The reduced weight and size of TiniFiber speak to this directly. And we’re not talking about slightly; Micro Armor Fiber is 65% smaller and 75% Lighter than its AIA counterpart. When you start adding up the amount of fiber optic cables required for a Distributed Antenna System and the fact that there are often multiple runs and redundancy, the difference becomes exponential. Shipping costs alone can be a major differential on a large project.
Designed with the smallest armor outer diameter which allows easy installation in tight pathways.
65% smaller in size and 75% percent lighter than standard Aluminum Interlocking Armor.
Reduces the cost of manpower hours for installations, shipping, delivery and warehousing.
Built with a tightly wrapped stainless steel coil for durability and strength for all project usages.
TiniFiber can be used wherever conventional indoor/outdoor fiber cables are used.
Won 2015/16 coveted Platinum Level Government Award for Best Fiber Optic.
Exceeds the industry performance standards.
Instrumentation Cable In India are a couple of conductor cables that carry low strength electric indicators used for tracking or controlling electric strength structures and their related approaches.
Fiber Optic Patch Cable Here's All You Should KnowSun Telecom
A fiber optic patch cable is crucial for telecommunications networks and data centers. It provides high bandwidth, high-speed data transmission, and high reliability. This article will lead you to know about fiber optic patch cables.
Loose tube cables can be either dielectric or optionally armored. The loose-tube design helps in the identification and administration of fibers in the system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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2. FIBER OPTIC BASICS
DID YOU REMEMBER TO DOWNLOAD THE
PDF FILE FOR FIBER OPTICS??? YOU
WELL NEED IT TO GET THROUGH THIS
COURSE
3. FIBER OPTICS – INTRO PART 2
Now that we have completed Part 1 of Fiber
Optics, in this part we well cover:
• Cable protects fibers in the application
environment
• Connectors join fibers or connect to active
devices so they can be disconnected for
rerouting, testing, etc.
• Splices join two fibers permanently
• Hardware provides the mounting, protection,
etc. for connectors or splices
• Test equipment checks performance
4. FIBER OPTIC CABLE
Because of the wide variety of conditions to
which they are exposed, optical fibers have
to be encased in several layers of protection.
The first of these layers is the primary buffer
coating, a thin protective coating made of
ultraviolet curable acrylate (a plastic), which
is applied to the glass fiber as it is being
manufactured. This thin coating provides
moisture and mechanical protection.
5. FIBER OPTIC CABLE
The next layer of protection is a buffer, that is typically
extruded over this coating to further increase the
strength of the single fibers. This buffer can be
either a loose tube or a tight tube. The next layer is
a strength member, usually an armored fiber, that
can be used for pulling the cable. Finally, the entire
cable is covered by a jacket designed to withstand
the environment into which the cable is going to be
installed.
Tight buffer (a zipcord is shown), distribution and
breakout cables are used indoors. Outdoors, loose
tube cable is used to allow filling the cable with
water-blocking materials to protect the fibers from
moisture.
6. FIBER OPTIC CABLE
CATAGORIES OF FIBER
• Tight buffer (Zipcord)
• Distribution
• Loose Tube
• Tight buffer Breakout
7. CABLE TYPE USAGE CHART
Type Application #Fibers
Tight buffer Building cable
Single fiber
Zipcord
Breakout
1-48
Distribution Building cable
Plenum
6-144
Loose Tube OSP
Aerial
Submarine
6-144+
Ribbon OSP
Aerial
Submarine
72-288+
8. TIGHT BUFFER CABLE:
Tight buffer cable is made in three versions:
• Single fiber, usually used for patchcords
• Zipcord used as a duplex patchcord for
connecting transceivers or connecting
devices together
• Breakout cable, which is simply a number of
single fiber cables inside a jacket used for
indoor cabling where each fiber is terminated
and routed directly to a connection.
9. TIGHT BUFFER CABLE:
• Distribution cable is an indoor cable that has
multiple fibers with a 900 micron buffer coating
which can be terminated directly, but lacking the
protection of the tight buffer cables above, must be
protected by enclosure in a patch panel or box.
• Loose tube cable comes in many varieties for
underground, aerial or even underwater
applications. It can also be armored for protection
against rodents for direct burial.
• Ribbon cable puts 12 or 24 fibers in ribbons and
stacks the ribbons to make a small diameter very
high fiber count cable. Applications are similar to
loose tube designs.
10. Fiber Optic Cable Selection
Criteria
• Cost
• Proper for the
application (building,
riser, plenum, aerial,
direct burial, submarine,
etc.)
• Enough fiber for
redundancy, upgrades
• Meets environmental
requirements
• Choose hardware to fit
cable needs
11. Fiber Optic Cable Selection
Criteria
Other factors to be considered when choosing
a fiber optic cable are:
1. Current and future bandwidth
requirements.
2. Acceptable attenuation rate.
3. Length of cable.
4. Cost of installation.
5. Mechanical requirements (ruggedness,
flexibility, flame retardanct, low smoke, cut-
through resistance).
12. Fiber Optic Cable Selection
Criteria
6. UL/NEC requirements.
7. Signal source (coupling efficiency, power
output, receiver sensitivity).
8. Connectors and terminations.
9. Cable dimension requirements.
10. Physical environment (temperature,
moisture, location).
11. Compatibility with any existing systems.
13. Specifications For Fiber Optic
Cable
Specifying the proper cable requires two major
considerations: (see next slide)
1. How the cable will be installed.
2. What environment it will be facing after
installation.
These are simply guidelines to consider when looking
for a cable for any particular installation. Different
manufacturers have different cable designs for
applications - and maybe different designs than
other manufacturers.
Therefore it is preferable to talk to several
manufacturers when choosing a cable, especially in
unusual situations.
14. Specifications For Fiber Optic
Cable
Installation
Specifications
– Tensile load
– Bend radius
– Diameter/
construction
– Temperature
Environmental Specifications
- Temperature
- Long term bend radius
- Electrical codes
- Long term tensile load
- Flame retardance
- Rodent penetration
- Water resistance
- Crush loads
- Abrasion resistance
- Resistance to chemicals
- Impact resistance
- Vibration
15. CHOOSING THE RIGHT FIBER
• Install the best
multimode fiber
• Include spare fibers
• Include singlemode
fibers in multimode
cable
• Include fibers in
copper cables (rare)
16. CHOOSING THE RIGHT FIBER
• The standard multimode fiber for over 15 years has
been 62.5/125 - the so-called FDDI grade fiber for it’s
bandwidth to support FDDI. There has been a revival
of interest in the earlier design 50/125 fiber for it's
higher bandwidth performance with VCSELs (up to
10 Gb/s), but it cannot be mixed with 62.5/125! If you
choose one fiber, all patchcords must be the same
fiber!
• Fiber is cheap - as cheap as kit string! When
specifying backbone cables, install lots of spare
fibers including singlemode fibers in multimode
cables for future high bandwidth applications.
• Sometimes it makes sense to put fibers into copper
cables. This is becoming more common when using
a combination cable (coax and UTP) for home
networks that may include 2 fibers.
