The document discusses common issues with fiber optic cables and connections. The most frequent causes of fiber optic failures are broken fibers from bending, insufficient transmitting power, excessive signal loss from long cable spans, contaminated connectors, faulty splices, and too many splices or connectors. Each connector introduces 0.5-0.75 dB of loss and each splice introduces about 2 dB of loss. Troubleshooting involves inspecting cables for damage, checking connections are secure, and cleaning connectors if dust is present.
So how is light guided and travels inside the fiber? This video shows a beam of light that travels inside a water stream by total internal reflection. Optical fibers work the same way. So let's take a look.
A glass fiber has a cylindrical structure and is composed of three layers. At the center is the core, core has higher refractive index. Outside of core is the cladding layer. Cladding layer has lower refractive index than the core.
The third layer is a plastic buffer coating. This buffer coating doesn't affect the fiber's optical performance, it is there for mechanical protection only.
The right picture shows how light is coupled into the fiber's core and bounced back and forth in the core and travels along the fiber.
The core and cladding layers are all based on fused silica which is a type of glass. But this fused silica is extremely clear, with almost no impurities. This transparency is extremely important, so that the light can travel for a very long distance, such as hundreds of kilometers with minimum loss. This makes trans-Pacific and trans-continent fiber optic communications possible.
Here comes the question. Why doesn't the light leak out of the fiber? That is why we have to explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
The left picture shows Snell's the law which guides how light travels at the interface of the core and cladding.
The core has a higher refractive index n = 1.5. The cladding has a lower refractive index n = 1.4. When light incidents at the interface between the core and cladding at different angles, some power is reflected back, and some power enters into the cladding which is refracted. But when we increase the incident angle to greater than a critical angle theta c, no more light enters into the cladding, all light is reflected back into the core. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. Here total means 100% of the power is reflected back into the core.
The manufacturing of glass fibers go through two steps. In the first step a preform is made. This preform has exactly the same proportion of core and cladding as final fiber product, but in a much bigger size. It looks like a thick glass rod, as shown in the bottom picture.
Then the preform is hanged at the top of a fiber drawing tower. The tower is a couple of stories tall as shown in the right picture.
The preform is heated by a furnace which softens the glass. The softened glass drips and pulled downward by gravity. A diameter monitor carefully monitors the fiber's diameter, which usually is 125um. Then the coater deposits a layer of plastic buffer coating for mechanical protection, which usually is 250um in diameter.
And finally, the fiber is winded onto a spool for storage and transportation.
Fiber optic cable is one of the fastest-growing transmission mediums for both new cabling installations and upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop applications.
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
One of the advantages of fibre optic cabling is its ability to be joined several times in the same installation run. This is also helpful if you are in need of a fibre cable repair
Nowadays, fiber optic cable has been praised for their high-performance capacities. But in practical use, it also troubles installers and users. Not only does the fiber installation process need great care and attention, but also the troubleshooting process is a little tricky. Today, this text will discuss some common problems with fiber optic cables and how to troubleshoot these faults.
So how is light guided and travels inside the fiber? This video shows a beam of light that travels inside a water stream by total internal reflection. Optical fibers work the same way. So let's take a look.
A glass fiber has a cylindrical structure and is composed of three layers. At the center is the core, core has higher refractive index. Outside of core is the cladding layer. Cladding layer has lower refractive index than the core.
The third layer is a plastic buffer coating. This buffer coating doesn't affect the fiber's optical performance, it is there for mechanical protection only.
The right picture shows how light is coupled into the fiber's core and bounced back and forth in the core and travels along the fiber.
The core and cladding layers are all based on fused silica which is a type of glass. But this fused silica is extremely clear, with almost no impurities. This transparency is extremely important, so that the light can travel for a very long distance, such as hundreds of kilometers with minimum loss. This makes trans-Pacific and trans-continent fiber optic communications possible.
Here comes the question. Why doesn't the light leak out of the fiber? That is why we have to explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
The left picture shows Snell's the law which guides how light travels at the interface of the core and cladding.
The core has a higher refractive index n = 1.5. The cladding has a lower refractive index n = 1.4. When light incidents at the interface between the core and cladding at different angles, some power is reflected back, and some power enters into the cladding which is refracted. But when we increase the incident angle to greater than a critical angle theta c, no more light enters into the cladding, all light is reflected back into the core. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection. Here total means 100% of the power is reflected back into the core.
The manufacturing of glass fibers go through two steps. In the first step a preform is made. This preform has exactly the same proportion of core and cladding as final fiber product, but in a much bigger size. It looks like a thick glass rod, as shown in the bottom picture.
Then the preform is hanged at the top of a fiber drawing tower. The tower is a couple of stories tall as shown in the right picture.
The preform is heated by a furnace which softens the glass. The softened glass drips and pulled downward by gravity. A diameter monitor carefully monitors the fiber's diameter, which usually is 125um. Then the coater deposits a layer of plastic buffer coating for mechanical protection, which usually is 250um in diameter.
And finally, the fiber is winded onto a spool for storage and transportation.
Fiber optic cable is one of the fastest-growing transmission mediums for both new cabling installations and upgrades, including backbone, horizontal, and even desktop applications.
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
One of the advantages of fibre optic cabling is its ability to be joined several times in the same installation run. This is also helpful if you are in need of a fibre cable repair
Nowadays, fiber optic cable has been praised for their high-performance capacities. But in practical use, it also troubles installers and users. Not only does the fiber installation process need great care and attention, but also the troubleshooting process is a little tricky. Today, this text will discuss some common problems with fiber optic cables and how to troubleshoot these faults.
Safety issues of fiber optic cable installationFern Xu
Nowadays, fiber optic cables have great use in many applications, and are sure to see even more growth in future. Now question occurs. Since more and more fibers are deployed in fiber optic systems, how to ensure the safety in fiber optic cable installation? This article is gonna to have detailed description about safety issues in installing fiber optic cable.
10 frequently asked questions about fiber opticsAngelina Li
this post has collected questions made by professional during seminars, forum and projects. Solutions are also provided respectively to help readers to form the general understanding of this system.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
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Fibre Optic FAQ’s
What is fibre optic cabling?
Fibre optic cabling is a type of cable that is used to transmit data at high speeds. It is made up of tiny glass or plastic strands that are bundled together. Fibre optic cables can carry much more information than traditional copper cables, and they are also much faster.
Why do we need fibre optic cables?
Fibre optic cables are used in a variety of applications where high speed and large bandwidth are required. They are commonly used in long distance telephone and data communications, cable television, and internet connections.
How do fibre optic cables work?
Fibre optic cables work by transmitting light instead of electricity. The light is generated by a laser or LED, and is then sent through the fibre optic cable. The light signals are then converted back into electrical signals at the other end.
How are fibre optic cables installed?
Fibre optic cables must be installed by trained and certified professionals. The installation process can be quite complex, and it is important that it is done correctly in order to avoid any damage to the cables.
What are the benefits of fibre optic cables?
Fibre optic cables offer many benefits over traditional copper cables, including higher bandwidth, lower signal loss, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Fibre optic cables are also much thinner and lighter than copper cables, making them easier to install and work with.
If you are in need of high speed and large bandwidth data transmission, then fibre optic cables may be the right solution for you. Be sure to hire a trained and certified professional to complete the installation process.
www.nmcabling.co.uk
Fiber Optic Cable Installation and Handling InstructionsThe LED Studio
Fiber optic cables can be easily damaged if they are improperly handled or installed. It is imperative that certain procedures be followed in the handling of these cables to avoid damage and/or limiting their usefulness.
Fiber patch cables have seen extremely heavy use in telecommunications and wide area networks, since they feature high data rate capabilities, noise rejection and electrical isolation.
Communication with fiber optic technologyPranavKoshe
• What is Fiber Optics?
• Structure of Fiber Optics.
• Modes of Fiber Optics.
• How it is made?
• Advantages / Disadvantages of Fiber Optics.
• Applications of Fiber Optics.
• Conclusion
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. The most common causes of fiber optic malfunctions
Broken fibers because of physical stress or excessive bending
Insufficient transmitting power
Excessive signal loss due to a cable span that’s too long
Excessive signal loss due to a contaminated connector
Excessive signal loss due to faulty splices or connectors
Excessive signal loss due to having too many splices or connectors
Faulty connection of fiber to the patch panel or in the splice tray
The cable’s attenuation may be too high because of poor quality splices or too
many splices.
Things like dust, fingerprints, scratches, and humidity can contaminate
connectors.
There is low transmitter strength.
There are bad connections in the wiring closet.
3. Cause of loss
Each connector gives about a 0.5-db loss up to a maximum of about .75 dB.
Each splice results in a loss of about 2 dB.
If you’re using single-mode fiber, you can plan on losing 0.1 db for every 600
feet of cable.
If you’re using multimode cable, plan on losing about 0.1 dB per 100 feet of
cable.
4. Common Fiber Optic Cabling Issues
Fiber Damage
Fiber optic cables make use of glass fibers to transmit data. And although these cables are made
to withstand natural elements, its glass fiber material makes it vulnerable to breakage or
damage. That’s why it’s important to be mindful of how you handle the cables you use for your
fiber optic network.
In order for you to continue enjoying the benefits of fiber optics, you have to replace damage
fibers immediately. That’s why it’s recommended to make use of a fiber optic tracer to look for the
faults within the cable.
Incorrect Connectors
At present, there are different kinds of connectors available that you can use for fiber optic cords.
But before you purchase one, you have to see to it that you have the appropriate one for your
fiber optic cables. It’s important to have a connector that fits well on your cables to optimize your
fiber optic network experience. Moreover, you should also make sure that they are inserted
properly so that they won’t slip out.
5. Length Problem
When your fiber optic cable is longer than what’s necessary, it becomes susceptible to bending,
twisting, and winding around itself—these are potential risks that can cause permanent damage to
your cable. That said, it’s crucial to make sure that you’re using the appropriate length for your network
infrastructure. You can get the approximate length by measuring the distance between all the
equipment you’re going to connect using the fiber optic cables.
Stretching Problem
Another reason why fiber optic cables can get damaged is overstretching. When cables are stretched
over a certain range it can no longer tolerate, it can easily damage the components within it. To refrain
this from happening, you have to avoid pulling the jacket of the cable. If the need to fit or remove
connectors arises, it’s recommended to use a fiber optic grip tool. That way you’ll be able to perform
the necessary customization without the risk of stretching your fiber optic cables.
External Damage
When it comes to fiber optic cables, even the slightest splits and scratches can affect your network’s
performance. And that’s the exact reason why fiber optic experts can’t stress the importance of regular
cable inspections enough to fiber optic users.
The possibility for external fiber optic cable damage is always present—that’s why it’s important to
keep an eye out for them. Once you spot any cable defects, remember to always replace these cables
for you to continue experiencing the business perks that fiber optics bring.
6. Other Causes of Fiber Optic Problems
Aside from the common fiber optic cabling issues mentioned above, there are other situations
that can cause fiber optic problems. And it’s important to identify them early to help you make the
complicated process of troubleshooting these network problems easier. The first step you can
take to do this effectively is to gather information. By doing this, you will be able to narrow down
the possible causes of your network problem and troubleshoot it more efficiently.
To get you started, you can base your questions during your data gathering from these common
scenarios that cause fiber optic problems:
7. The Most Common Causes of Fiber Optic Failure:
Broken fiber because of excessive bending
A disconnected cable
Signal loss due to a cable span that is too long
Signal loss due to a bad connector
Signal loss due to faulty splices or too many splices
Inadequate transmitting power
Faulty connection to the patch panel
The Most Common Causes of an Intermittent Fiber Optic Connection:
• Installer allowed too much of a loss budget
• Dust, fingerprints, and humidity
• Scratches on connectors
8. How to Troubleshoot Fiber-Optic Cable
Step 1
Inspect the fiber-optic cable by following it along its length. Look for
obstruct the cable's optical fibers. Gently straighten any unnecessary
Step 2
Remove any objects resting on top of, or otherwise putting pressure on,
Step 3
Check for excess tension in the cable. Fiber-optic cables should have
causes stress on the fibers. Slacken any cables that are pulled tightly.
Step 4
Shorten cable spans that seem excessively long by placing connected
and using shorter fiber-optic cables.
Step 5
Identify any splits, rips or tears in the cable. Replace any damaged
9. Connection Troubleshooting
Step 1
Locate the point at which the fiber-optic cable connects to a device,
router, television or other piece of electronic equipment.
Step 2
Check the connection. If the connection is loose, firmly secure the cable
Step 3
Inspect the cable's connectors. Spray the connector with compressed
and foreign particles.
Step 4
Disconnect the fiber-optic cable and reconnect it to the device if simply
fails to remedy the problem.
Investigate the point of access for any fiber-optic cable that enters your
Remove any foreign elements that could obstruct or place stress on the
10. Troubleshooting
a. First determine if the problem is with one or all the fibers in the cable.
If all fibers are a problem, there is a likelihood of a severe cable installation
problem.
If all fibers are broken or have higher than expected loss, an OTDR will show
the location of the problem on longer cables but premises cables may be too
short and need physical inspection of the cable run.
If the problem is caused by kinking or too tight a bend, the cable will have to
be repaired or replaced. Generally OSP cables will be spliced as in a
restoration and if the cable is a short OSP cable or a premises cable,
replaced.
11. b. High loss fibers have several potential causes, but bad splices or terminations are the most
likely cause for field terminated cables.
In some cases, using improper termination practices will result in high loss for all fibers, just as in kinking or
bending losses, not just one fiber.
c. Cables with a fiber or fibers showing very high loss or no light transmission at all should be tested for
obvious breaks in the pigtail fiber or cable, generally at the splice or connector, with a visual fault locator or
OTDR if of sufficient length (>100m)
d. Testing for high loss should start with microscope inspection of terminations for proper polish, dirt,
scratches or damage.
e. If dirt appears to be the problem, clean the connectors and retest.
f. If other connector damage is found on visual inspection, re-termination will probably be necessary.
Sometimes scratches can be polished out with diamond film by an experienced technician.
g. Pre-polished splice connectors with internal splices will generally look OK when inspected with a
microscope unless damaged after installation. The most likely cause of loss with these connectors is high
splice loss in the internal splice. They can be tested with a visual fault locator coupled into the fiber at the
far end. High light loss will be seen as an illumination of the connector ferrule. Some connectors have
translucent backs hells and can be tested with a VFL coupled directly into the connector.
h. If the reason for high loss is not obvious and the connectors are adhesive/polish style, the problem may
be a fiber break in the back of the connector. A VFL may help in finding fiber breaks, depending on the
connector style and the opacity of the cable jacket.
i. Splice loss problems can be pinpointed during OTDR testing. Confirmation with a VFL should be done if
the length from the end of the cable is short enough (~2-3km) where a VFL is usable. The VFL can find
12. j. High loss links where the excessive loss is only a few dB can be tested with
a FOTP-171 type single-ended test with a source and power meter.
When tested in this manner, a high loss connector will show high loss when
connected to the launch cable connector but not when connected directly to
the power meter detector which picks up all the light from the fiber.
13. Comparison Chart
PARAMETER COPPER CABLE FIBER OPTICS
Working principle Data is transmitted in the form of electrical pulses. Signal transmission is accomplished in the form of
light pulses.
Composed of Copper wire Glass fiber
Cost Low High
Transmission speed Slow Fast
Attenuation More Less
Transmission range Short as compared to fiber optics Long as compared to copper cable
Size and weight Thick and heavy Thin and light
Reliability Less reliable More reliable
Power consumption Greater than 10 W per user. Around 2 W per user
Bandwidth Lower Higher
Lifespan 5 years 30 to 50 years
Noise immunity Low High
14. Definition of Copper Cable
Copper cables are guided media composed mainly of copper wires that allow
transmission of data from an end to another.
Copper cable due to its conductive nature widely used as a medium for data
transmission for the past 50 years.
In copper cables, the data is transmitted due to the movement of electrons.
This is the reason; copper cable allows data transmission in the form of
electrical pulses.
Copper cabling is known as the most compatible element in case of electrical
equipment.
When telephones were invented in 1876 then need of copper cables as
electrical conductors had increased considerably.
Copper is material that possess excellent creep characteristics that prove
advantageous during cable connections.
At the same time as compared to other metals copper exhibits corrosion
resistance property.
15. Advantages
It possesses higher electrical conductivity.
Copper cables are less expensive and has low maintenance cost.
These are highly compatible thus is widely used with electrical equipment.
It is extensively available.
Disadvantage of Copper Cable
• These are less reliable.
• Data transmission speed of copper cables is high due to low bandwidth.
• It consumes more power.
• Less immune to noise and other interferences.
16. Definition of Fibre Optics
Fiber optics allows the transmission in the form of light pulses.
These are composed of one or more strands of glass or silica.
These are basically dielectric waveguide that works at optical frequencies.
Fiber optics utilizes the principle of Total internal reflection in order to
transmit electromagnetic energy in form of photons (light particles).
Fiber optics is composed of glass core which is surrounded by a plastic
cladding having a lower refractive index as compared to the core.
The figure below shows a typical fiber optics
17. When we talk about a fiber optic system then it necessarily has a device to
convert an electrical signal into a light signal at the transmitting end.
Furthermore, a device that takes the light signal and changes it into the
electrical signal at the receiving end.
It utilizes wavelength near to the infrared range of spectrum that lies above
visible range hence is not identified with naked eyes.
18. Advantages
Optical fiber cables are durable hence last for longer durations when installed.
It possesses greater immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Due to large bandwidth, a large amount of data can be transmitted through the
cable.
Fiber optics allows secured data transmission.
Due to thin structure and smaller diameter, these occupies less space and is light
in weight.
Fiber optics has a much higher capacity as compared to copper cable.
Disadvantages of Fiber Optics
• As these are fragile in nature (delicate) thus requires more protection in comparison
to copper cables.
• Installation cost of optical fiber cable is high and is difficult to install.
• The need for repeaters increases with distance.
• Excessive bending can easily deteriorate the cable.
19. Applications
Copper Cable
1. These are widely used in electricity distribution systems and telecommunication
system.
2. Due to easily bending nature, these are widely used in automobile industry.
Fiber Optics
1. In telephone systems and Surveillance cameras.
2. These are widely used in computer networks and submarines cable networks.