Fiber optics can transmit data at high bandwidths and speeds over long distances with low signal distortion and loss. It works by total internal reflection of light within an optical fiber made of thin glass or plastic cores surrounded by cladding. This allows fiber optics to function as a light pipe and transmit light signals between its ends. Fiber optics is preferred for data transmission because it can carry more data than copper cables and is less susceptible to interference.

1. ∗ Fiber Optics (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber
made of extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker
than a human hair. It can function as a “light pipe”, to
transmit light between the two ends of the fiber
∗ Why Fiber Optics is Preferred?
What is Fiber Optics

2. Why Fiber Optics is Preferred ?
∗ Fiber optics can transmit the data with Higher
Bandwidth at Higher speeds with in the networks for
a LONG DISTANCES.
∗ The reason is there is no distortion of Light signals
while transferring the data, hence low losses and
more efficiency.

3. About Fiber Optic cableAbout Fiber Optic cable
plastic jacketglass or plastic
claddingfiber core
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

4. Details of Fiber Optics
∗ If you look closely at a single optical fiber, you will seeIf you look closely at a single optical fiber, you will see
that it has the following parts:that it has the following parts:
∗ CoreCore - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light- Thin glass center of the fiber where the light
travelstravels
∗ CladdingCladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core- Outer optical material surrounding the core
that reflects the light back into the corethat reflects the light back into the core
∗ Buffer coatingBuffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber- Plastic coating that protects the fiber
from damage and moisturefrom damage and moisture

5. Total Internal Reflection

6.  Refraction is the changing direction of light when it goes into a
material of different density.
 The critical angle is the angle of incidence that will produce a 90
0
angle of refraction.
 Material 1 is more dense than material 2, so n1 is greater than n2.
n1
n1 n1
n2n2
n2
Total Internal Reflection contd..

7. Shaper Decoder
Photocell or
light
detector
Amplifier
Original voice
or video
Coder and
Converter
Light Source
Transmitter
Pulses
Information
Input (Voice
or video)
Digital data from computer
Fiber Optic cable
Light ON/OFF at
rapid rate
Pulses
Digital data to computer
How Fiber Optics transmit data

8. – Single Mode Fiber.
– It uses a laser-diode arrangement to transmit the light signal.
– It uses a single ray of light in the transmission process.
– It can be used for longer fiber runs (it can traverse up to 40 km without a
repeater).
– Multi Mode Fiber.
– It uses an infrared LED system to transmit the light signal.
– It uses multiple rays of light (more signals down the path).
– It is used for shorter fiber runs (under 2 km).
– It is less expensive to implement than SMF.
– The most common application in networking utilizes MMF 62.5/125µm
cables, with a maximum distance of 275 m.
Types of FiOs

9. Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

10. FiOs Advantages

11. FiOs Disadvantages

12. Did you know?
12
• A small optical fiber can carry more data than a large copper cable.
• It is a unidirectional technology.

13. Areas of Application
∗ Telecommunications
∗ Local Area Networks
∗ Cable TV
∗ CCTV
∗ Optical Fiber Sensors

14. Optical Network Architecture
∗ Active Optical Network (AON)
∗ Passive Optical Network (PON)

15. 15
Fiber To The x in PON/AON

16. Active Optical Network (AON)
AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal,
such as a switch or router. Normally, signals need optical-electrical-optical
transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed
only to the customer for whom it is intended.

17. Passive Optical Network (PON)
A passive optical network (PON) is a telecommunications network that uses
point-to-multipoint fiber to the premises in which unpowered optical splitters are
used to enable a single optical fiberto serve multiple premises.

18. Fiber to the x in PON

19. Evaluation of Access Line Rates

20. Questions ???