Optical fibers transmit light signals over long distances for communication purposes. They have a thin glass core surrounded by cladding and a protective buffer coating. Total internal reflection allows light to be transmitted through the core without loss. Optical fibers come in single-mode and multi-mode varieties and are used for applications like telephone networks, cable TV, and data transmission. Their advantages include high bandwidth, low signal degradation, and small size. Disadvantages include high installation costs and fragility.

1. OPTICAL FIBERS
COMMUNICATION
DEBANSHU GHOSH
AEIE BATCH [ F-Y ]
ROLL NO. : 40

2. AgENdA:
• Introduction
• Working
• Types
• Applications
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• References

3. INTROdUCTION
• Optical fibers are
long, thin strands of
very pure glass
usually 120 µm in
diameter. They are
arranged in bundles
called optical cables
and used to transmit
light signals over long
distances.

4. APPROAChES TO
OPTICAL
COMMUNICATION

5. PARTS OF OPTICAL
FIBER
• Core – thin glass center of the fiber where
light travels.
• Cladding – outer optical material
surrounding the core.
• Buffer Coating – plastic
coating that protects
the fiber.

6. INNER STRUCTURES

7. TRANSMISSION OF LIghT
ThROUgh OPTICAL
FIBERS
• Total Internal Reflection

8. TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
• The angle of the light
is always greater than
the critical angle.
• Cladding does not
absorb any light from
the core.
• The extent that the
signal degrades
depends upon the
purity of the glass and
the wavelength of the
transmitted light.

9. FIBER OPTICS SySTEMS
hAS
Transmitter
Optical Fiber
Optical Regenerator
Optical Receiver

10. TRANSMISSION PROCESS

11. TyPES OF OPTICAL
FIBERS
Optical fibers come in two types:
• Single-mode fibers
• Multi-mode fibers
1. Step Indexed
2. Graded Indexed

12. SINgLE-MOdE FIBERS
• Single-mode fibers
are used to transmit
one signal per fiber
(used in telephone
and cable TV). They
have small core (9
microns in diameter)
and transmit infra-red
light from laser.

13. MULTI-MOdE FIBERS
• Multi-mode fibers are
used to transmit
many signals per fiber
(used in computer
networks). They have
larger cores (62.5
microns in diameter)
and transmit infra-red
light from LED.

14. SIzES

15. WAvELENgTh dIvISION
MULTIPLExINg
• Signals with different
wavelengths are
combined, transmitted
together, and separated
again.

16. TIME dIvISION
MULTIPLExINg
• Several optical signals
are combined,
transmitted together, and
separated again based
on different arrival times.

17. APPLICATIONS
• Carry plain old telephone service (POTS)
• For transmission of data
• Transmitting broadband signals
• In the biomedical industry
• Non-Communication Applications
(sensors etc…)

18. INSTALLEd FIBER IN US

19. gLOBAL UNdERSEA
FIBER SySTEMS

20. AdvANTAgES
• Less Expensive
• Enormous Potential Bandwidth
• High Carrying Capacity
• Less Signal Degradation
• Electrical Isolation
• Low Power
• Signal Security
• Small Size & Light Weight
• System Reliability & Ease of Maintenance
• Ruggedness & Flexibility
• Low Transmission Loss

21. dISAdvANTAgES
• Fiber optics are that the cables are
expensive to install.
• The termination of a fiber optic cable is
complex and requires special tools.
• They are more fragile than coaxial cable.

22. RESEARCh QUESTIONS
• What can fiber optics do for us in the future?
– Improve our communication
– Faster internet connection
• What would the Internet look like if this could
happen?
– Streaming capabilities
– Download capabilities
• What is being done to make this transition
happen?
– Government action
– Private Companies at work

23. REFERENCES
1. http://www.authorstream.com/
2. http://www.howstuffworks.com/
3. http://www.wikipedia.com/
4. http://www.osun.com/

24. QUESTIONS?????
ThANK yOU