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Ferns & Spore Bearing Plants for FNPS 7-8-22.pptx
- 1. John Pipoly III, Ph.D., FLS Broward County Parks & Recreation jpipoly@broward.org; 954-357-5280 A Modern Perspective for Vascular Plants Ferns and Spore-Bearing Plants
- 2. Ferns and Allies Lycophyta and Moniliophyta The “non-seed” vascular plants
- 3. 2 Major Groupings of Vascular Plants 1) Spore-bearing plants a) Club and Spike Mosses and relatives b) Ferns and Horsetails 2) Seed-bearing plants a) Joint Firs b) Flowering Plants i. Primitive Flowering Plants ii. Basal Magnolia Relatives iii. Monocots iv. Dicots e) Cycads f) Ginkgos g) Conifers
- 4. Simplified Phylogeny (Genealogy) of Vascular Plants Spore plants
- 6. • Ferns and Relatives: Lycophytes and Monilophytes Reproduce sexually by spores; spores dispersed by wind or water; free living gametophytes separate from sporophyte; stems dichotomously branch; do NOT have a vascular cambium. • A. Lycopodiophyta –Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, Quillworts –Leaves are microphylls- only 1 vein ; Club mosses w/ 1 kind of spore (homosporous); -others with microspores and megaspores • B. Equisetophyta – Horsetails --Leaves microphylls but reduced and fused to each other; stems hollow except at joints (nodes), with silica ; homosporous • C. Pteridophyta – True Ferns, including Wisk Ferns –Eusporangiate Ferns- sporangia come from group of cells instead of just one, thousands of spores. Psilotum Wisk Ferns: no leaves, only enations-leaflike structures without veins; truly dichotomous branching in stems; sporangia fused; related to Ophioglossum Snake Tongue which has macrophylls but has subterranean gametophyte. –Leptosporangiate Ferns –all others– sporangium comes from one single cell and usually has a hood- indusium, or a basal ring- annulus and 32-128 spores; all have macrophylls (2- veins) –See http://tolweb.org/Polypodiidae/21666
- 7. Ferns and their relatives • Reproduce sexually by spores • Spores are wind or water dispersed • Have free living gametophytes separated from the sporophyte • Do not have a vascular cambium
- 8. Sexual Reproduction is via Alternation of Generations Ferns and their relatives
- 9. Stele- the arrangement and development of vascular tissue with respect to the axis of a stem
- 10. I. Protostele- without a pith region of undifferentiated tissue (parenchyma cells); associated with plants that produce enations (without a vein) or microphylls (one vein in leaf) A. haplostele - the most basic of protosteles, with a cylindrical core of vascular tissue. This type of stele is the most common in roots. B. actinostele - a variation of the protostele in which the core is lobed. This type of stele is rare among living plants, but is found in stems of the whisk fern, Psilotum. C. plectostele - a protostele in which interconnected plate-like regions of xylem are surrounded and immersed in phloem tissue. Many modern club mosses (Lycopodiopsida) have this type of stele within their stems. RED= Xylem Aqua= Phloem
- 11. II. Siphonostele- associated with megaphylls (> 1 vein in leaf) have a pith in the stem, surrounded by a cylinder containing the vascular tissue. A. solenostele - with a central core of pith enclosed in a cylinder of vascular tissue. This type of stele is found only in fern stems today. B. dictyostele - a variation of the solenostele caused by dense leaf production. The closely arranged leaves create multiple gaps in the stelar core. Found only in ferns. C. eustele - Vascular tissue in arranged in vascular bundles, usually in one or two rings around the central pith. In addition to being found in stems, the eustele appears in the roots of monocot flowering plants. RED= Xylem Aqua= Phloem
- 14. Lycopods or Club-Mosses Huperzia dichotoma Hanging Club-Moss Diagnostic Features: • Leaves are microphylls- one vein • Sporangia separate, born in leaf axils • Strobili terete (round in x-section) • Plants homosporous (one kind of spore)
- 15. Lycopods or Club-Mosses Protosteles- no pith Actinostele- star-shaped xylem Plectostele- xylem embedded in phloem
- 17. Lycopods or Club-Mosses Huperzia selago Club- Moss Asexual reproduction Gemmae
- 18. Lycopodiella cernua Nodding Club Moss
- 20. Selaginella uncinata Peacock Club-Moss Selaginella- spike mosses
- 21. Selaginella or Spike-Moss • Stem w/ microphylls • Sporangia born singly in the leaf axils • Leaves with a small ligule on the upper surface near base • Strobili heterosporous, 4-sided and flattened Diagnostic Features:
- 22. Life Cycle of Selaginella
- 24. Selaginella
- 26. MONILOPHYTES “FERNS” First Group: Eusporangiate And Psilotaceae
- 27. Lepto- sporangium develops from a single cell Sporangium Development- Divides ferns in two groups
- 28. Psilotaceae or Wisk-Fern Psilotum nudum Diagnostic Features: • Aerial stems branch dichotomously • Stems bear enations, not leaves • Leaves absent • Sporangia fused, quasi-eusporangiate • Aerial stems with actinostele • Plants homosporous
- 29. Psilotaceae or Wisk-Fern Psilotum nudum Whisk Fern Actinostele Parenchyma samson.kean.edu
- 30. Life Cycle of Psilotum-Wisk Fern
- 31. Psilotum nudum Whisk Fern Psilotaceae or Wisk-Fern
- 33. Adder’s Tongue Ophioglossaceae Botrichym lunari Grape Fern Ophioglossum vulgatum • Stems unbranched • Eusporangiate sporangia • 1 sterile blade resembling a leaf, 1 fertile blade with sporangia
- 35. Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum palmetum, gametophytes (above) sporophyte (left)
- 37. Equisetum or Horsetail Equisetum hyemale Scouring-Rush Diagnostic Features • Stems jointed; hollow except at joints (nodes) • Leaves reduced, connate (fused to each other), born in cylindrical whorl • Sporangia borne in groups on peltate sporangiophores • Plants homosporous
- 38. Equisetum- Horsetail Life Cycle
- 40. Equisetum
- 42. Lepto- sporangium develops from a single cell Sporangium Development- Divides ferns in two groups
- 44. Leptosporangiate– note annulus on Sporangium
- 45. Life Cycle of a Fern
- 46. Osmunda or Royal Fern: Diagnostic Features: • Winged stipes • Vascular bundle, • Large naked sporangium without sorus or indusium Osmunda regalis Royal Fern Osmundaceae
- 47. Osmunda or Royal Fern Osmunda regalis Royal Fern
- 48. Hymenophyllaceae or Filmy Fern Trichomanes krausii Kraus” Bristle Fern • Diagnostic Features: • Leaves monomorphic, membranous • Sori marginal the indusium 2-valved and immersed in blade • Receptacle for sporangia a bristle
- 49. Hymenophyllaceae or Filmy Fern Trichomanes krausii Kraus” Bristle Fern George Yatskevitch
- 50. Lygodium or Climbing Fern Lygodium microphyllum Old World Climbing Fern Schizaeaceae Diagnostic Features: • Dimorphic leaves • Sporangia in 2 rows on lobe of segment, covered by a hood-like indusium • Twining vines INVASIVE
- 51. Marsileaceae or Water-Clover Marsilea vestita Hairy Water Clover Diagnostic Features: • Aquatic to semi- • Stems creeping • Lvs erect or floating, palmately divided into 3 pinnae • Heterosporous, sporangia of 2 types, borne within same sporocarp
- 52. Marsilea sp. Water Clover Marsileaceae or Water-Clover
- 53. Salviniaceae or Floating Fern Salvinia minima Water Spangles Diagnostic Features: • Floating aquatic • Stems creeping, unbranched • Lvs dimorphic, in whorls of 3: 2 emergent -2 submerged • Heterosporous, sori borned on submergent lvs, surrounded by a membranous indusium
- 54. Salviniaceae or Floating Fern Salvinia minima Water Spangles
- 55. Salviniaceae Azolla caroliniana Carolinia Mosquito Fern Diagnostic Features: • Floating aquatics • Stems pinnately branched • Lvs sessile, alternate, one lobe above, one below • Heterosporous; sporocarps borne in pairs
- 58. Dennstaedtiaceae or Cuplet Fern Pteridium aquilimun Eastern Bracken Diagnostic Features: • Leaves monomorphic • Pinnae opposite or sub-opposite • Sori w/indusia entire or erose margin • Nectaries at base of lower pinnae
- 59. Dennstaedtiaceae or Cuplet Fern Pteridium aquilimun Eastern Bracken
- 60. Pteridaceae or Break Fern Acrostichum aureum Golden Leather Fern Diagnostic Features: • Sterile and fertile fronds separate; fertile pinnae < 5 at apex • Sporangia covering entire surface of distal pairs of pinnae • Sporangia with small projections (paraphyses) • Found in mangroves
- 61. Pteridaceae-Break Ferns Acrostichum danaeifolium Giant Leather Fern Diagnostic Features: • Sterile and fertile fronds separate • Fertile pinnae throughout fertile frond • Sporangia with small projections (paraphyses) • Found in mangroves
- 62. Pteridaceae Adiantum capillus- veneris Maidenhair Diagnostic Features: • Leaves monomorphic Stems black • Leaves lobate • Sori on segment margins • Indusium oblong or cresent shaped
- 63. Ctenitis submarginalis Brown Hair Comb Fern Dryopteridaceae Diagnostic Features: • Leaves monomorphic • Sori subround to kidney shaped • Indusia kidney-shaped, attached on the side.
- 64. Tectaria heracleifolia Broad Halberd Fern Dryopteridaceae (Tectariaceae) Diagnostic Features: • Leaves monomorphic • Sori round, kidney shaped or moon-shaped • Indusia kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, peltate or circular
- 65. Polypodiaceae or Polypod Microgramma heterophylla Climbing Vine Fern Diagnostic Features: • Stems creeping, scales bicolored • Lvs. slightly dimorphic • Sori on veinlets, round, 1 row between midrib and margin
- 66. Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis michauxiana Resurrection Fern Diagnostic Features: • Stems creeping, scaly • Leaves erect, hygroscopic, pinnatifid • Sori submarginal, protruding from pockets in blade
- 67. Polypodiaceae or Polypod Microsorum grossum Wart Fern Escaped from cultivation; native to Australia
- 68. Campyloneurum phyllitidis Long Strap Fern Polypodiaceae or Polypod Diagnostic Features: • Conspicuous lateral veins and long-tapering apices • Petiole is absent or maximum 9cm long a narrowly winged • Sori are round, borne in 2 parallel rows, between and parallel to lateral veins
- 69. Campyloneurum phyllitidis Strap Fern Polypodiaceae or Polypod
- 70. Aspleniaceae or Spleenwort Asplenium dentatum Toothed or Slender Spleenwort Diagnostic Features: • Stems with scales • Sori on side of veinlet, oval or linear • Indusia membranous and attached laterally
- 71. Aspleniaceae or Spleenwort Asplenium dentatum Toothed or Slender Spleenwort Diagnostic Features: • Stems with scales • Sori on side of veinlet, oval or linear • Indusia membranous and attached laterally
- 72. Asplenium nidus Bird’s Nest Fern Aspleniaceae Family
- 73. Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris kunthii Southern Shield Fern Diagnostic Features: • Leaves monomorphic • pinnate-pinnatifid • Simple hairs • Sori round, w/indusia, sporangia w/glandular hairs
- 74. Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris kunthii Southern Shield Fern
- 75. Blechnum serrulatum Swamp Fern Blechnaceae or Midsorus Fern Diagnostic Features: • Stems creeping, scaly • Leaves monomorphic • Sori borne parallel to midvein, 1 on each side, continuous along length of pinna
- 76. Blechnum serrulatum Swamp Fern Blechnaceae or Midsorus Fern Diagnostic Features: • Stems creeping, scaly • Leaves monomorphic • Sori borne parallel to midvein, 1 on each side, continuous along length of pinna
- 77. Nephrolepidaceae, Sword Fern Family Nephrolepis cordifolia TUBEROUS SWORD FERN note tubers and overlapping pinnae covering rachis below. INVASIVE SPECIES
- 78. Nephrolepidaceae, Sword Fern Family Nephrolepis exaltata, Wild Boston Fern note no tubers and non- overlapping pinnae. Native species OK
- 79. Want to know more ? American Fern Society: http://amerfernsoc.org/home.html Fiddlehead Forum: http://homepages.gac.edu/~cjgroh/fiddlehead/ British Pteridological Society http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/bps/links.htm Fern Society of South Australia http://users.chariot.net.au/~saufern/ Texas Gulf Coast Fern Society http://www.tgcfernsoc.org/ Tropical Fern and Exotic Plant Society (South Florida) http://www.tfeps.org/ Los Angeles International Fern Society http://www.laifs.org/ Tampa Bay Fern Club http://www.geocities.com/fernmaster2000/ San Diego Fern Society http://www.sdfern.com/
- 80. Interactive Keys Available online To Ferns and Fern Allies in Australia: http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online- resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=4210 To Ferns and Allies all over North America, including Free E-books http://www.berkshireplanning.org/environment/documents/FERN_RE SOURCES.pdf Flora North America : http://www.fna.org/ e-Floras.org website- http://www.efloras.org/ Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants: http://www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/ Texas A & M Vascular Plant Image Library http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/gallery.htm Key to Fern Allies in Wisconsin: http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/bcw/Fern_Allies_of_WI.html
- 81. Other USEFUL REFERENCES: Wunderlin, R. and B. Hansen. 2000. Flora of Florida. Vol. 1: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. University Press of Florida. Gainesville. 366 pages. Nelson, Gil. 2000. The Ferns of Florida: A Reference and Field Guide. Pineapple Press. Sarasota, Florida. 208 pages. A SERVICE OF THE BROWARD COUNTY BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Individuals with disabilities requiring accommodations in order to participate in programs, services, and activities must contact the Special Populations Section at 954-357-8170 or TTY 954-537-2844 at least five (5) business days prior to the scheduled meeting or event.