The document describes the anatomy of the eye and its associated structures. It discusses the various parts that make up the eyeball itself including the cornea, iris, retina, vitreous body, crystalline lens and chambers. It also describes the extraocular muscles, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus and other accessory structures. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key components and their functions in 3 sentences or less.

1. REPRESENTED TO:
DR. ZEESHAN AKBAR
BY:
FAISAL SHAHZAD 14-ARID-2022

3.  The eye or organ of vision usually it comprises of;
 The eyeball or globe of the eye (Bulbus oculi)
 The optic nerve
 Certain accessory organs
 The accessory organs are;
 Orbital fasciae and muscles
 The eyelids and conjunctiva, and
 The lacrimal apparatus
3Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

4.  The bony walls of the orbit have been described in
connection with the skull; the peri-orbita, a fibrous
membrane which encloses the eyeball together with
its muscles, vessels, and nerves may be appropriately
included in the account of the fasciae
4Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

5.  The eyelids, upper and lower are movable folds of skin
situated in front of the eyeball.
 The upper lid more movable than the lower one, and
its free interval between the lids is termed the
palpebral fissure
 The ends of the fissure are the
angles/comissures , and are
distinguished as medial or nasal,
and lateral or temporal
5Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

6.  The third eyelid is situated at the medial angle of the
eye.
 It consists of a semi-lunar fold of the conjunctiva,
known as the membrana nictitans,
 which covers and partly encloses a curved plate of
hyaline cartilage. Its marginal part is thin and usually
more or less pigmented.
 The deep part is narrower and thicker and is
embedded in fat at the inner side of the eyeball
6Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

7.  The skin of the eyelids is thin and freely movable,
except near the free edge, where it is more firmly
attached.
 The underlying subcutaneous tissue is composed of
fat.
 The muscular layer consists chiefly of the elliptical
bundles of the orbicularis oculi, with which are
associated fibers of the supercilii in the upper lid and
the malaris in the lower lid.
7Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

8. At the medial side
there is a fibrous band,
the palpebral ligament,
 which is attached to
the lacrimal tubercle
and provides origin to
some fibres of the
orbicularis.
8Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

9.  At the medial commissure a bundle detached from the
orbicularis passes inward behind the lacrimal sac, and
is known as the pars lacrimalis (Horner's muscle)
 At the lateral side the fibrous layer is thicker and
denser along the free edge of the lid, forming here the
tarsus.
 The tarsus provides insertion to a layer of unstriped
muscle known as the tarsal muscle.
 The tarsal glands (Glandulse tarsales) are partly
embedded in the deep face of the tarsus.
9Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

10.  The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane which lines
the lids as palpebral conjunctiva (C. palpebrarum),
and is reflected upon the anterior part of the eyeball as
bulbar conjunctiva (C. bulbi); the line of reflection is
termed the fornix conjunctiva.
10Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

11.  there is a rounded pigmented prominence known as
the lacrimal caruncle
 about the size of a small pea, and is covered modified
skin, connected with that of the medial commissure,
from which project a number of hairs provided with
sebaceous glands.
 slit-like opening, the pictum lacrimal, which is the
entrance to the lacrimal duct.
11Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

12. It is composed of:
 Lacrimal Gland
 Which secretes lacrimal fluid
 Excretory ducts of gland
 The pimcta lacrimalia are the entrances to the two lacrimal
ducts.
 Lacrimal ducts
 Canaliculi
 Lacrimal sac
 Naso-lacrimal duct
 Which receive fluid & convey it to nostrils
12Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

13.  The anterior margin bears stiff hairs termed the cilia
(eyelashes).
 On the upper lid the cilia are long and numerous except
at its medial third, where they are very small or absent.
 On the lower lid the cilia are often scarcely distinguish-
able from the ordinary hairs
13Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112
Cilia

14. Sensory Nerves
branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary
divisions of the trigeminus.
Motor Nerves
Orbicularis oculi, supercilii, and malaris come from
the facial nerve
14Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

15. The straight muscles of the eyeball and the oblique
muscles in part are enclosed in fibrous sheaths
Superficial fascia (Thin)
Deep fascia
Fascia bulbi (cover the posterior part of eyeball)
Levator palpebrae superioris
Muscles of the eyeball are seven in number—four
straight, two oblique, and a retractor
15Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

16. Obliquus dorsalis s. Superior (longest and narrowest of
the ocular muscles)
Obliquus ventralis s. Inferior (wide and much shorter
than the recti)
Retractor oculi (Surround the optic nerve)
16Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

17. Rectus dorsalis
s. superior
Rectus ventralis
s. inferior
Rectus medialis
Rectus lateralis
 They are all band-like
 arise close together around the optic foramen
 diverge as they pass forward to the eyeball.
17Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

18. situated in the anterior part of the orbital cavity
protected in front by the eyelids and conjunctiva, and
in its middle by the complete orbital ring
related behind to the fascia bulbi, fat, and ocular
muscles.
form approximately a sphere
composed of the segments of
two spheres of different sizes
18Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

19. forms the anterior fifth of the fibrous tunic
transparent
colorless
non-vascular
oval in outline
anterior surface is convex
central part is termed the vertex comeae.
posterior surface (Facies posterior) is concave
The margin (Limbus corneae) joins the sclera
cornea is thinnest at the vertex
19Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

20. 20Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

21. 21Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

22. The retina or nervous tunic of the eyeball is a delicate
membrane which extends from the entrance of the
optic nerve to the margin of the pupil.
consists of three parts
 large posterior part
• pars ciliaris retinae
• Pars iridica retinae
• optic papilla
(Papilla nervi optici)
 area centralis retinae 22Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

23.  pigmented epithelium (Stratum pigmenti retinae)
arteria centralis retinae
anastomotic branches from the short ciliary arteries
veins accompany the arteries except in the capillary
plexuses; their walls consist merely of a layer of
endothelial cells, around which are a lymph-channel
and sheath.
23Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

24. anterior chamber
posterior chamber
The chambers are filled by the aqueous humor
clear fluid which consists of about 98% of water, with a
little sodium chlorid and traces of albumin and
extractives.
It is carried off chiefly through the spaces in the
zonula ciliaris (suspensory ligament of the lens) into
the plexus venosus sclerae.
24Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

25. 25Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

26. vitreous body is a semifluid
 transparent substance situated between the crystalline
lens and the retina
 In front it presents a deep cavity, the fossa hyaloidea,
which fits the posterior surface of the lens
vitreous stroma
vitreous humor
The surface is covered by a condensation of the stroma
known as the hyaloid membrane
26Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112

27. crystalline lens is a biconvex
Equator of the lens is almost circular
Anterior surface is convex
Posterior surface is much more strongly curved than
the anterior
The central points of the surfaces are the anterior and
posterior poles and the line which connects them is
the axis of the lens
zonula ciliaris is suspensory ligament of the lens
27Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112