Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
This presentation provide you the basic knowledge about the Pharmacopoeia and later about the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Details about the Indian Pharmacopoeia i.e Who publish it? When first edition was published? Published Addendum? Latest edition and its Addendum?
Pharmacopoeia: the word derives from the ancient Greek word pharmakon means drug & poeia- to make.
It is a legally binding collection, prepared by a national or regional authority& contains list of medicinal substances, crude drug & formulas for making preparation from them.
This presentation provide you the basic knowledge about the Pharmacopoeia and later about the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Details about the Indian Pharmacopoeia i.e Who publish it? When first edition was published? Published Addendum? Latest edition and its Addendum?
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
In ancient India the sources of drugs were of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.(Ayurveda).They were prepared empirically by few experienced persons. Knowledge of that medical system was usually kept secret within a family (Folkore).There were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
Introduction to Social Pharmacy, Definition, Social Pharmacy as a Discipline, Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health, Role of Pharmacist in Public Health, Concept of Health, Dimensions of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators.
Pharmaceutics is the area of study concerned with the formulation,
manufacturing stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage form. In
the previous unit various communicable, non-communicable disorders were
described. In this unit we will study how the drugs are administered in the body
to be effective. Drugs are rarely used alone. They are used as a part of a
formulation with other non-drug substances. These non-drug substances or
additives serve specific function. The drugs presented in the dosage form are
given in a specific quantity i.e. dose for a specific period. These dosage forms
are available in various forms as required for a specific disease condition.
Packaging of dosage form is another important aspect as the dosage form
should not degrade during storage. A good packaging is necessary to protect
the drug component from any type of deterioration till it reaches the consumer.
Description about what is pharmacopoeia? different pharmacopoeia and there edition. What is monograph and there comparative studies in different pharmacopoeias along with monograph format in per different pharmacopoies.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
In ancient India the sources of drugs were of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.(Ayurveda).They were prepared empirically by few experienced persons. Knowledge of that medical system was usually kept secret within a family (Folkore).There were no scientific methods of standardization of drugs.
Introduction to Social Pharmacy, Definition, Social Pharmacy as a Discipline, Scope of Social Pharmacy in Improving Public Health, Role of Pharmacist in Public Health, Concept of Health, Dimensions of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators.
Pharmaceutics is the area of study concerned with the formulation,
manufacturing stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage form. In
the previous unit various communicable, non-communicable disorders were
described. In this unit we will study how the drugs are administered in the body
to be effective. Drugs are rarely used alone. They are used as a part of a
formulation with other non-drug substances. These non-drug substances or
additives serve specific function. The drugs presented in the dosage form are
given in a specific quantity i.e. dose for a specific period. These dosage forms
are available in various forms as required for a specific disease condition.
Packaging of dosage form is another important aspect as the dosage form
should not degrade during storage. A good packaging is necessary to protect
the drug component from any type of deterioration till it reaches the consumer.
Description about what is pharmacopoeia? different pharmacopoeia and there edition. What is monograph and there comparative studies in different pharmacopoeias along with monograph format in per different pharmacopoies.
This presentation quotes various pharmaceutical calculations with examples. The following aspects like percentage calculations, alcoholic dilutions, Alligation method, proof spirit calculations, isotonicity adjustment, posology, temperature measurements, dialysis clearance, Pharmacokinetics calculations were covered with examples.
Evaluation of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity and detection of nature of adulteration.Evaluation of herbal drug is an important tool in the formulation of high quality herbal products. Quality of herb is
depends upon on many factors like cultivation, collection, drying, storage, processing for market etc. Now a day’s
substitution and adulteration of herb is very common due to scarcity of drug and its high price prevailing in the
market. Owing to medicinal properties attributed to an herb, it is necessary to maintain its quality and purity in the
commercial market. A present overview covering various tool like morphological, microscopical, physical, chemical
and biological employed for evaluation of herbal drugs.
Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards for drugs prepared by any country or regulatory body to specify the standards of identity, purity and strength for the drugs imported, manufactured or distributed throughout the country or a specific region.
Official Book Used in Pharmacy| Literature of Pharmacy| L 05|Un-Official| Pha...Tayyeb Mehmood
key point are:
Pharmacopoeias & formulary
Classification of compendia
Monograph with example
British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
International & National Pharmacopoeia
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) -National Formulary (NF)
The state Pharmacopoeia of USSR
Pakistan Pharmacopeia
Indian Pharmacopeia
Merck Index, Martindale & Others
Comparison of various herbal pharmacopoeias.pptxEasy Concept
Herbal Pharmacopoeia is a reference book for the preparation of quality medicines published by the authority of a Government and represents qualitative and therapeutic monographs on botanicals
Pharmacy information resources and classification of them
Pharmacy Information Resources
Pharmacy information resources: The medical and pharmaceutical journals, review journals, periodicals, bulletins and books containing specific and particular information and theory about drug molecules are termed 'pharmacy information resources'.
Classification of Pharmacy Resources
There are a lot of sources from where we can get the information of all types of drugs.
Primary source of drug information
Secondary source
Special information
Pharmaceutical database
WHO Bulletin and journals
Drug directory
Physicians' desk reference
Text books of Pharmacy and pharmacology
Handouts of the pharmaceutical manufacturers
Pharmacy Information Resources
Pharmacy information resources: The medical and pharmaceutical journals, review journals, periodicals, bulletins and books containing specific and particular information and theory about drug molecules are termed 'pharmacy information resources'.
Classification of Pharmacy Resources
There are a lot of sources from where we can get the information of all types of drugs.
Primary source of drug information
Secondary source
Special information
Pharmaceutical database
WHO Bulletin and journals
Drug directory
Physicians' desk reference
Text books of Pharmacy and pharmacology
Handouts of the pharmaceutical manufacturers
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Pharmacopoeia
1. Pharmacopoeia and formularies used in Nepal
• Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards for
drugs prepared by any country or regulatory body to
specify the standards of identity, purity and strength
for the drugs imported, manufactured or distributed
throughout the country or a specific region.
• It is a book containing collection of monographs and
published by an authorized body like government or
Pharmaceutical society.
• The term Pharmacopoeia comes from the Greek
word “Pharmakon” meaning drug and “Poieo”
meaning make, and the combination means any
formula or standards required to make a drug.
2. • A monograph is a collection of detailed information
on a particular drug, its dosage forms and methods of
analysis.
• A monograph contains:
1. Chemical name 6. Assay
2. Formula 7. Specific optical rotation
3. Solubility 8. Loss on Drying
4. Identification 9. Sulphated ash
5. pH 10. Dose
3. Importance of pharmacopoeia
1. To maintain the uniformity and control the
standards of the drugs available in market.
2. Avoid adulterated drugs.
3. Complete information on drugs and their
dosage forms.
4. Reference for laboratory, industry and
academic institutions.
4. Formulary
• Formularies are the list of drugs or collections of
formulas for the compounding of medicinal
preparations.
• Formularies contains more comprehensive details on
therapeutics.
• Collectively these books are known as drug compendia.
Pharmacopoeias + Formularies = Drug Compendia
5. Drug compendia
1. Official compendia
• Official compendia are the compilation of drugs
and other substances recognized as legal
standards of purity, quality and strength by
government agency of respective countries.
British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
Japanese pharmacopoeia (JP)
6. 2. Non-official compendia
• The books other than official drug compendia
which are used as secondary reference sources
for drugs and other related substances are
known as non-official drug compendia.
Merck Index
Martindale (The extra Pharmacopoeia)
7. Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
• Indian Pharmacopoeia is the official book of
standards for drugs to define identity, purity and
strength for the drugs imported, manufactured
for sale, stocked or distributed in India.
• In 1946 Government of India Published Indian
Pharmacopoeial List which served as supplement
to BP.
• Indian Pharmacopoeia was prepared by Indian
Pharmacopoeia Committee formed in 1948.
8. Indian
Pharmacopoeia
Year of
Publication
Contents
1st
Edition
Supplement to 1st
Edition
1955
1960
986 monographs
2nd
Edition
Supplement to 2nd
Edition
1966
1975
890 monographs
3rd
Edition
Addendum to 3rd
Edition
Addendum to 3rd
Edition
1985
1989
1991
1. Consists of 2 Volumes
2. IUPAC system of nomenclature
3. Analytical Techniques were included
e.g: Electrophoresis, Fluorimetry
4. Instrumental Analysis were included
e.g: UV spectroscopy
5. Dissolution of 6 tablets included
6. Limit tests for microbial contamination
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia Year of
Publication
Contents
4th
Edition
Addendum to 4th
Edition
Supplement to 4th
Edition
Addendum to 4th
Edition
Addendum to 4th
Edition
1996
2000
2000
2002
2005
1. Consists of 2 Volumes
2. Included 1149 monographs
3. Included new monographs
e.g: cream, gels, eye drops
4. Included method of preparation and
analytical methods like HPLC
5. Include In Process Quality control
Veterinary Products
5th
Edition
Addendum to 5th
Edition
2007
2008
Consists of 3 Volumes
6th
Edition
Addendum to 6th
Edition
2010
2012
Consists of 3 Volumes
7th
Edition
Addendum to 7th
Edition
Addendum to 7th
Edition
2014
2015
2016
Consists of 4 Volumes with DVD
10. Indian National Formulary
• It is a reliable reference book on drugs
formulations for the practicing
physicians/clinicians, pharmacists, clinical
pharmacists, nurses and others engaged
in healthcare profession.
Indian Pharmaceutical Codex 1953
• It is a book containing detailed information
on indigenous drugs of India.
11. British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
• British Pharmacopoeia is the source of official
standards of drugs in UK and other parts of the
world.
• It was first published by General Medicine
Council and was later done by Pharmaceutical
Commission.
• Since then Pharmacopoeial commission is
reconstituted from time to time and new editions
of British Pharmacopoeia are published.
12. British
Pharmacopoeia
Year of
Publication
Contents
First Publication 1864 extracts, crude drugs, galenicals
14th
Edition 1988 2100 monographs
Contains 2 Volumes
Volume I: monographs of medicinal
and pharmaceutical substances
Volume II: formulations, blood
products, appendices
It is now published annually and consists of 6 volumes.
13. British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
• British Pharmaceutical Codex was prepared as a
reference book to physicians and dispensing
pharmacists in 1907 as per the Council of
Pharmaceutical Society.
• Since then subsequent revisions of these books
are published.
• The decision of medicine commission stated that
there should be only one book of standards of
medicine, so BPC was discontinued.
• Later BPC was published as “The Pharmaceutical
Codex” and plans to be encyclopedia.
14. The BPC differs from BP in:
• BPC contains more drugs and preparations.
• It contains additional information on standard
of drugs, surgical dressing, pharmaceutical
preparations, etc
• It provides action and uses of drugs.
• It contains formula and preparation methods
of some other formulations.
15. British National Formulary (BNF)
• British National Formulary is a source of essential
information on drugs and medicines published by
pharmaceutical society of Great Britain and
British Medical Association.
• Pharmacological classification of drugs are given.
• It includes preparations as per Pharmaceutical
forms.
• It provides information about actions, uses,
dosage & adverse reactions.
16. United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
• The United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary
(USP-NF) are recognized as the official compendia and are used
as reference books for determining the strength, quality, purity,
packaging and labeling of drugs and other related articles.
• First USP was published in 1820 by US Pharmaceutical
Convention in English and Latin. It consists of 272 drugs.
• USP contains over 3400 monographs for drug substances and
products, together with over 160 general chapters that describe
specific procedures to support monograph tests and other
information as well.
• USP also contains 16 monographs and 9 general chapters on
nutritional supplements.
17. National Formulary (NF)
• First National Formulary of US was published in
1888 by American Pharmaceutical Association.
• USP and NF was combined as a single book of
drug standards as USP-NF.
• USP-NF represents 25th
revision of USP & 20th
revision of NF official on 2002. From then USP-NF
was published annually.
• NF covers over 3800 monographs for excipients
and dietary supplements.
18. International Pharmacopoeia
• The International Pharmacopoeia is published
by the WHO and is practically used in
developing countries.
• It was prepared to meet the international
uniformity and standardization of drugs.
• International Pharmacopoeia was first
published in 1951 in multilanguages ( English,
French, German, Japanese, etc.).
19. European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)
• The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) is the legal
document for the standards of drugs and related
substance prepared by the Council of Europe.
• European Pharmacopoeia Volume I was published in
1969 as first European Pharmacopoeia.
• It includes more than 2000 specific and general
monographs, including various chemical substances,
antibiotics, biologicals, vaccines, immunosera,
radiopharmaceuticals, herbal drugs and
homeopathic preparations.
20. Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP)
• Japanese Pharmacopoeia is established and
published to regulate the properties and
quality of drugs by Ministry of Health, Labour
and Welfare of Japan.
• It consists of general notices, rules for crude
drugs, rules for preparations, general tests,
processes, apparatus and official monographs.
• First published in 1886, JP has been revised
many times.