This document provides information on various extraction methods used in herbal medicine extraction. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active plant portions using selective solvents. Some key points:
- Extraction methods include maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, soxhlet extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction.
- Parameters that influence the extraction quality include the plant material, solvent used, extraction time, temperature, and solvent polarity.
- Common solvents are chosen based on factors like toxicity, ability to extract desired compounds, and ease of post-extraction handling.
- The extraction process typically involves size reduction of plant material, followed by extraction with a solvent, filtration, concentration, and drying steps
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmacognosy. It begins by defining extraction as removing active constituents from a solid or liquid using a solvent. It then describes different types of extracts that can be produced like dry, soft, and liquid extracts. The rest of the document explains key extraction methods in detail, including maceration, percolation, digestion and others. It discusses factors that affect the extraction process and properties of ideal solvents.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Extraction techniques uploaded by Sana Danish (4rM uol)SANA DANISH
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract medicinally active constituents from plants and animals. It describes maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, and percolation processes. It provides details on how each technique is performed, including specifics on solvents, temperatures, durations, and yields. Factors that determine the choice of extraction technique include the drug characteristics, therapeutic value, stability, and desired concentration of the final product.
This document discusses various extraction methods used to separate medicinally active compounds from plant materials. It begins with an introduction on selecting extraction methods based on compound characteristics and solvent properties. Several conventional methods are described in detail, including maceration, infusion, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation. Non-conventional methods like ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction are also summarized. The document concludes by noting that the appropriate extraction method depends on factors like the target compound and plant material properties.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
The document discusses various extraction processes used to isolate active pharmaceutical ingredients from plant or animal sources. It describes liquid-liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction processes. Ideal solvent properties are outlined. Common solvents used in extraction like water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, and continuous extraction techniques are explained along with the equipment used. Different types of extracts produced including aqueous, tinctures, liquid extracts, soft extracts, and dry extracts are also summarized.
Extraction and phytochemical analysis of medicinal plantsShameem_Byadgi
This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and total phenolic content of several medicinal plants. Plant materials were extracted using different solvents and subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative testing identified the presence of compounds like phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results showed that the plants contained valuable phytochemicals and could be a potential source of drugs. The methanol extracts generally had the highest concentration of phytochemicals.
The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmacognosy. It begins by defining extraction as removing active constituents from a solid or liquid using a solvent. It then describes different types of extracts that can be produced like dry, soft, and liquid extracts. The rest of the document explains key extraction methods in detail, including maceration, percolation, digestion and others. It discusses factors that affect the extraction process and properties of ideal solvents.
what is extraction. what are the conventional methods what are their drawbacks. what are the advanced techniques used to overcome those drawbacks. major focus on Microwave assisted extraction. its factors advantages types and applications
Extraction techniques uploaded by Sana Danish (4rM uol)SANA DANISH
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract medicinally active constituents from plants and animals. It describes maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, and percolation processes. It provides details on how each technique is performed, including specifics on solvents, temperatures, durations, and yields. Factors that determine the choice of extraction technique include the drug characteristics, therapeutic value, stability, and desired concentration of the final product.
This document discusses various extraction methods used to separate medicinally active compounds from plant materials. It begins with an introduction on selecting extraction methods based on compound characteristics and solvent properties. Several conventional methods are described in detail, including maceration, infusion, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation. Non-conventional methods like ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction are also summarized. The document concludes by noting that the appropriate extraction method depends on factors like the target compound and plant material properties.
method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. It is an extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase.
The document discusses various extraction processes used to isolate active pharmaceutical ingredients from plant or animal sources. It describes liquid-liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction processes. Ideal solvent properties are outlined. Common solvents used in extraction like water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, and continuous extraction techniques are explained along with the equipment used. Different types of extracts produced including aqueous, tinctures, liquid extracts, soft extracts, and dry extracts are also summarized.
The document discusses various methods of extraction used in pharmacy, including partition, leaching, maceration, percolation, digestion and soxhlet extraction. It defines extraction as treating plant or animal tissues with solvent to dissolve medicinally active constituents. Various equipment used for extraction include infusion, decoction, maceration, and percolation. Infusion involves steeping plant material in water, while decoction involves boiling plant material in water. Maceration involves soaking plant material in solvent, and percolation involves packing plant material in a percolator and pouring solvent through it. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmaceutics including infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, and digestion. It describes the process, equipment, and examples for each method. Water and alcohol are discussed as common solvents used in extraction due to their ability to dissolve different active pharmaceutical ingredients. The summary focuses on the key extraction techniques and solvents covered.
Conventional extraction methods such as maceration, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction are used to extract active constituents from plants. Maceration involves placing plant material in a solvent for an extended period of time to extract soluble components. Percolation uses solvents passed through plant material to achieve extraction over a shorter time than maceration. Soxhlet extraction allows for continuous recycling of solvent to maximize extraction yield, but requires more specialized equipment. The ideal solvent for extraction is selective for the desired compounds, compatible with the compounds, inexpensive, non-toxic, and volatile to allow for removal after extraction.
This document discusses the process of collecting and drying crude drugs for phytochemical screening as part of a dissertation. It covers selecting promising plant materials, properly collecting, identifying and drying plants. Extraction methods like maceration, percolation and soxhlation are described. The document emphasizes the importance of using the right solvents and purification methods like fractional crystallization for isolating compounds.
This document discusses phytochemical screening of plants. It begins by explaining that plants contain natural bioactive compounds in their various parts that can provide therapeutic effects. The document then outlines the two main types of phytochemicals - primary and secondary metabolites. It provides examples of each. The rest of the document describes various qualitative and quantitative methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides in plant extracts. It concludes by discussing solvent extraction and pathways to isolate pure bioactive constituents from plants.
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract phytochemicals from plant materials. It begins with definitions of extraction and discusses solvent selection. Specific techniques covered include maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, countercurrent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Extraction of specific compound classes like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils are also summarized.
This document discusses various extraction protocols used in plant extraction. It describes the basic process of extraction which involves treating plant or animal tissues with solvents to dissolve active constituents while leaving most inert matter undissolved. Some key points discussed include:
- Various solvents and their properties for effective extraction. Common solvents used include water, ethanol, methanol, etc.
- The basic steps of extraction - size reduction, extraction, filtration, concentration and drying.
- Different extraction techniques like maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc. and their procedures.
- Separation and isolation of extracted constituents using techniques like fractional crystall
This document defines extraction as the removal of soluble constituents from a solid or liquid with a suitable solvent. It discusses various types of extraction including solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and expression. Key terms like menstruum, marc, and extractives are defined. Important solvents for extraction like water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform are described. The document also covers the theory of extraction and importance of extraction in quantitative control of drugs and producing more stable, palatable forms.
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
Methods of Extraction, Pharmacognosy, types of extraction for herbal drugsDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various techniques for extracting medicinal compounds from plants and organisms. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active plant or animal tissues from inactive components using selective solvents. Several specific extraction methods are described, including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, potential chemical changes during extraction, time requirements, and environmental impact.
The document discusses various extraction methods used to separate desired components from raw materials. It defines extraction and describes common terms like marc and menstrum. The objectives of extraction are to obtain therapeutic components while removing inert materials. Extraction types include liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extraction. Key factors that affect extraction are also outlined. Common extraction techniques are infusion, decoction, maceration, and percolation. Specific details are provided on how each technique is performed.
This document discusses various extraction and isolation techniques for plant constituents. It describes extraction processes like maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, counter-current extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Fractional crystallization, distillation, chromatography techniques and other methods are used to separate and identify plant constituents. Chromatography methods discussed include thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also covers types of solvents used, factors in solvent selection, types of extracts produced, and applications of gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
This presentation provides information on different types of volatile oils and their medicinal values. Volatile oils are also known as ethereal or essential oils, and evaporate at ordinary temperatures. They provide scents to plants and protect them from animals. There are various classifications of volatile oils including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and esters. Methods to obtain volatile oils include distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Volatile oils have many medicinal uses such as for aromatherapy, as antiseptics, and to treat conditions like spasms. The presentation examines properties, chemical constituents, extraction methods, and applications of these important plant-derived oils
The document describes the Soxhlet extractor, a piece of lab equipment used to extract compounds from solids using solvents. It was invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet to quantify fat in milk. A Soxhlet extractor consists of a boiler, thimble to hold the solid, and siphon to empty the thimble. It allows continuous extraction of a sample with solvent over hours or days. The solvent dissolves and concentrates the desired compound in the distillation flask through repeated cycles of dissolving, draining, and refluxing. It is useful for pharmaceutical, environmental, and foodstuff extractions, though it requires large volumes of solvent and time.
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Sonia Singh, an assistant professor at GLA University, gave a presentation on the pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of coriander. Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, which are cultivated in parts of Europe, Africa, and India. The fruit is yellowish-brown and spherical, containing volatile oils that are aromatic and spicy. Microscopic examination shows the fruit has a dorsal ridge and commissural surface, with epicarp cells containing calcium oxalate crystals. The chemical constituents include volatile oils like linalool, terpenes, and fatty acids. Therapeutically, coriander is used as a carminative, digestive aid, and
The document describes a Soxhlet apparatus, which is used to extract compounds from solids using solvents. It was invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet to quantify fat in milk. It has a chamber that holds the solid sample and is filled with warm solvent from a distillation flask via a siphon. The solvent dissolves some of the desired compound and returns to the flask, repeating the process over hours or days to concentrate the compound. It is commonly used in pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, and food testing to extract lipids, oils, and other compounds. While lengthy, it provides efficient, gentle extraction of compounds that are only slightly soluble in solvents.
Extraction, isolation and identification lect 1reemissa5
Medicinal plants provide sources for traditional and modern medicines. There are various methods for extracting active compounds from medicinal plants including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and aqueous-alcoholic extraction. The selection of an extraction method depends on factors like the plant materials used, the desired compounds, and the solvent. Common steps in extraction are size reduction, extraction using a solvent, filtration, concentration, and drying to produce extracts for use.
The document discusses various methods of extraction used in pharmacy, including partition, leaching, maceration, percolation, digestion and soxhlet extraction. It defines extraction as treating plant or animal tissues with solvent to dissolve medicinally active constituents. Various equipment used for extraction include infusion, decoction, maceration, and percolation. Infusion involves steeping plant material in water, while decoction involves boiling plant material in water. Maceration involves soaking plant material in solvent, and percolation involves packing plant material in a percolator and pouring solvent through it. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses various extraction methods used in pharmaceutics including infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, and digestion. It describes the process, equipment, and examples for each method. Water and alcohol are discussed as common solvents used in extraction due to their ability to dissolve different active pharmaceutical ingredients. The summary focuses on the key extraction techniques and solvents covered.
Conventional extraction methods such as maceration, percolation, and Soxhlet extraction are used to extract active constituents from plants. Maceration involves placing plant material in a solvent for an extended period of time to extract soluble components. Percolation uses solvents passed through plant material to achieve extraction over a shorter time than maceration. Soxhlet extraction allows for continuous recycling of solvent to maximize extraction yield, but requires more specialized equipment. The ideal solvent for extraction is selective for the desired compounds, compatible with the compounds, inexpensive, non-toxic, and volatile to allow for removal after extraction.
This document discusses the process of collecting and drying crude drugs for phytochemical screening as part of a dissertation. It covers selecting promising plant materials, properly collecting, identifying and drying plants. Extraction methods like maceration, percolation and soxhlation are described. The document emphasizes the importance of using the right solvents and purification methods like fractional crystallization for isolating compounds.
This document discusses phytochemical screening of plants. It begins by explaining that plants contain natural bioactive compounds in their various parts that can provide therapeutic effects. The document then outlines the two main types of phytochemicals - primary and secondary metabolites. It provides examples of each. The rest of the document describes various qualitative and quantitative methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, reducing sugars, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and cardiac glycosides in plant extracts. It concludes by discussing solvent extraction and pathways to isolate pure bioactive constituents from plants.
This presentation comprehensively tells about not only the classical methods of extraction but also the modern methods by which herbal products can be easily and efficiently extracted for further use in isolation and formulation
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract phytochemicals from plant materials. It begins with definitions of extraction and discusses solvent selection. Specific techniques covered include maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, countercurrent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Extraction of specific compound classes like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils are also summarized.
This document discusses various extraction protocols used in plant extraction. It describes the basic process of extraction which involves treating plant or animal tissues with solvents to dissolve active constituents while leaving most inert matter undissolved. Some key points discussed include:
- Various solvents and their properties for effective extraction. Common solvents used include water, ethanol, methanol, etc.
- The basic steps of extraction - size reduction, extraction, filtration, concentration and drying.
- Different extraction techniques like maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc. and their procedures.
- Separation and isolation of extracted constituents using techniques like fractional crystall
This document defines extraction as the removal of soluble constituents from a solid or liquid with a suitable solvent. It discusses various types of extraction including solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and expression. Key terms like menstruum, marc, and extractives are defined. Important solvents for extraction like water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform are described. The document also covers the theory of extraction and importance of extraction in quantitative control of drugs and producing more stable, palatable forms.
what is extraction, infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, digestion, factors, procedure for infusion, procedure for decoction, procedure for maceration, factors for extraction
Methods of Extraction, Pharmacognosy, types of extraction for herbal drugsDivya Sree M S
This document discusses various techniques for extracting medicinal compounds from plants and organisms. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active plant or animal tissues from inactive components using selective solvents. Several specific extraction methods are described, including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to efficiency, potential chemical changes during extraction, time requirements, and environmental impact.
The document discusses various extraction methods used to separate desired components from raw materials. It defines extraction and describes common terms like marc and menstrum. The objectives of extraction are to obtain therapeutic components while removing inert materials. Extraction types include liquid-liquid and solid-liquid extraction. Key factors that affect extraction are also outlined. Common extraction techniques are infusion, decoction, maceration, and percolation. Specific details are provided on how each technique is performed.
This document discusses various extraction and isolation techniques for plant constituents. It describes extraction processes like maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, counter-current extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Fractional crystallization, distillation, chromatography techniques and other methods are used to separate and identify plant constituents. Chromatography methods discussed include thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The document also covers types of solvents used, factors in solvent selection, types of extracts produced, and applications of gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.
This presentation provides information on different types of volatile oils and their medicinal values. Volatile oils are also known as ethereal or essential oils, and evaporate at ordinary temperatures. They provide scents to plants and protect them from animals. There are various classifications of volatile oils including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and esters. Methods to obtain volatile oils include distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Volatile oils have many medicinal uses such as for aromatherapy, as antiseptics, and to treat conditions like spasms. The presentation examines properties, chemical constituents, extraction methods, and applications of these important plant-derived oils
The document describes the Soxhlet extractor, a piece of lab equipment used to extract compounds from solids using solvents. It was invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet to quantify fat in milk. A Soxhlet extractor consists of a boiler, thimble to hold the solid, and siphon to empty the thimble. It allows continuous extraction of a sample with solvent over hours or days. The solvent dissolves and concentrates the desired compound in the distillation flask through repeated cycles of dissolving, draining, and refluxing. It is useful for pharmaceutical, environmental, and foodstuff extractions, though it requires large volumes of solvent and time.
Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers found widely in plants. Podophyllum lignans from Podophyllum species have anticancer and antiviral properties. Their structure contains five rings. Phenylpropane units in lignans are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is a prominent lignan in flaxseed that has antioxidant and antiplatelet effects. Quassinoids from Quassia species have insecticidal, antibacterial, and antitumor properties. Their basic structure contains a beta-carbolinium ion.
Sonia Singh, an assistant professor at GLA University, gave a presentation on the pharmacognosy and phytochemistry of coriander. Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum, which are cultivated in parts of Europe, Africa, and India. The fruit is yellowish-brown and spherical, containing volatile oils that are aromatic and spicy. Microscopic examination shows the fruit has a dorsal ridge and commissural surface, with epicarp cells containing calcium oxalate crystals. The chemical constituents include volatile oils like linalool, terpenes, and fatty acids. Therapeutically, coriander is used as a carminative, digestive aid, and
The document describes a Soxhlet apparatus, which is used to extract compounds from solids using solvents. It was invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet to quantify fat in milk. It has a chamber that holds the solid sample and is filled with warm solvent from a distillation flask via a siphon. The solvent dissolves some of the desired compound and returns to the flask, repeating the process over hours or days to concentrate the compound. It is commonly used in pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis, and food testing to extract lipids, oils, and other compounds. While lengthy, it provides efficient, gentle extraction of compounds that are only slightly soluble in solvents.
Extraction, isolation and identification lect 1reemissa5
Medicinal plants provide sources for traditional and modern medicines. There are various methods for extracting active compounds from medicinal plants including maceration, digestion, decoction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and aqueous-alcoholic extraction. The selection of an extraction method depends on factors like the plant materials used, the desired compounds, and the solvent. Common steps in extraction are size reduction, extraction using a solvent, filtration, concentration, and drying to produce extracts for use.
Extraction involves separating active plant or animal components using selective solvents. Key steps include maceration, where plant material soaks in solvent, and percolation, where solvent percolates through packed material. Important factors in solvent selection are selectivity for active compounds, extraction capacity, safety, and cost. Common solvents include water, alcohol, and non-polar solvents like chloroform and hexane. Extraction produces stable, potent, and easily formulated extracts for various applications.
All about extraction methods in pharmacognosy.
The procedure of separating active compounds, active substances, or active medications from basic materials derived either directly from plants or animals,
It is the separation of medicinally active tissues from inert or inactive components in plants or animals using specific solvents.
Solvent ;
Can be Polar or Non-polar
Depends on the nature of secondary metabolite
Example;
Polar Solvents; Water, Alcohol etc.
Non- polar; Benzene, chloroform etc.
Ideal properties of the solvent;
Must be highly selective for the compound to be extracted
Inert with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant material
Cost effective
Be harmless to man & eco-friendly
CHOICE OF EXTRACTION METHODS DEPENDS ON;
Size of Sample
Quantity of the extract required
Choice of solvent
The time taken for extraction
Cost
Terms used in extraction;
MENSTRUUM;
Solvent or solvent mixture used for extraction.
MISCELLA /Extract;
Solution containing extracted substances.
MARC;
Inert insoluble material that remains after extraction.
Drying of crude drugs;
To prevent microbiological contamination, it is necessary.
Drugs should be dried below 60°C unless otherwise specified.
Shade drying
Lowered heat exposure
Less chance to chemical alteration
Sun drying
Use less intense sun light
Economic, Most efficient
Far infrared drying
Less explored yet
Expensive, Used for expensive drugs
Vacuum Drying
Low Pressure rapid drying method
For thermolabile compounds
Oven/Hot air drying
Often used
Steps of Extractions;
Size reduction
Maximum surface area
Mesh size is 30-40 optimum
Extraction
Maceration, Infusion, Percolation, soxhlation etc.
Filtration
With the help of musciline cloth, filter paper, filter press
Concentration
By evaporation of solvent
Drying
Spray drying
Extraction;
Extraction is the process of efficiently dissolving & separating the desired chemical constituents from the crude drug with the use of solvent.
Types Of Extraction ;
Solid Extraction
The name refers to the separation of solid components from solid substance by using appropriate solvent. This type of extraction is generally performed before any further separation or processing..
2. Solvent Extraction
The liquid-liquid extraction is one in which phytoconstituents that are extracted by solid extraction process are partitioned between any two immiscible solvents.
Ideally this process needs to be carried out after solid extraction process & it is considered as purification process.
On a laboratory scale Solvent extraction is carried out in a separating funnel.
Mechanism of .......
In that topic their is describe the different types of Extraction Methods, Parameters for Selecting appropriate Extraction methods, types of Extract, types of Separation techniques, types of distillation, chromatographic techniques.
1. Extracts are concentrated preparations of plant or animal material obtained by removing active constituents with a solvent and evaporating the solvent. They are more potent than crude drugs, containing primarily active constituents.
2. Extraction methods include solid-liquid extractions like maceration, percolation, and digestion. Liquid-liquid extraction uses two immiscible solvents. Large-scale industrial extractions use continuous circulation and multiple extraction stages for higher yields.
3. The document discusses the properties and production of extracts, different extraction methods, factors affecting extraction efficiency, and large-scale extraction processes.
This document defines galenicals as medicinal preparations made by extracting active principles from crude plant materials using solvents. It discusses various extraction methods like infusions, decoctions, maceration and percolation. Infusions are dilute solutions made by soaking plant materials in water or alcoholic menstruum. Decoctions are similar but involve boiling the plant materials. Maceration and percolation are longer extraction processes where the plant materials are soaked or slowly percolated with solvents over time. The document also mentions tinctures, which are alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic liquid extracts of plant or chemical materials.
This is about the large extraction, hope you all get benefit from this and feel easy to use it .
This is all about how we do extraction at large scale and what is the best procedure to do it properly, as a pharmacist we must know about little details of our formulations how they are extracted and their further process and machinery used. All the terms should be considered and handling is the most important step. This will be a ready to explain type information.
1. Extraction is the process of removing active constituents from plant or animal tissues using a solvent. Common extraction methods include maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, and infusion.
2. Galenicals refer to medicinal preparations produced by extraction methods. Common galenicals include tinctures, extracts, and spirits.
3. Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of plant or animal materials. They are typically produced by maceration or percolation to extract active constituents from the raw materials.
Galenical preparations are medicinal preparations made by extracting active principles from crude plant materials using solvents. The extraction process leaves behind inert constituents. Common galenical preparations include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, and extracts, which are made by processes like maceration and percolation. Infusions are dilute solutions made by soaking plant material in water or alcoholic menstrum. Decoctions are similar but involve boiling the plant material. Maceration and percolation are extended soaking processes used to produce tinctures and extracts.
Extraction is a method of removing active constituents from plant or animal tissues using selective solvents. There are several types of extraction including maceration, percolation, digestion, and decoction. Maceration involves placing plant material in a solvent and allowing it to stand for several days, while percolation uses continuous downward displacement of solvent through a bed of plant material. Factors that affect the extraction process include temperature, particle size, solvent used, and pH. The goal is to dissolve and remove medicinally active portions while leaving behind inactive components.
Extraction refers to processes for the isolation of the active ingredients from drug material. This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable menstruum (liquid solvent eg. water or alcohol). Expression is the physical act of applying pressure to squeeze out oils or juices from plants.
This document discusses the process of extraction, specifically maceration. It defines extraction as separating medicinally active portions of plants from inactive components using selective solvents. It then describes maceration as soaking crushed plant material in a solvent for a period of time to soften cells and dissolve soluble constituents. The key steps of maceration involve adding crushed plant material and solvent to a vessel, soaking for 7 days, straining and pressing the plant material, and filtering and concentrating the extracted liquid. Larger scale extraction processes like circulatory extraction and multiple stage extraction in an extraction battery are also summarized to improve efficiency.
The document discusses various methods used for pharmaceutical extraction of plant materials. It begins by outlining the objectives of extraction and some key terminology. Some common solvents used in extraction are then described, including their advantages and disadvantages. The key types of extraction processes covered include liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, and solid-liquid extraction. Specific extraction methods like infusion, decoction, maceration, and percolation are also defined. Factors that can influence the extraction process and ideal properties of solvents are highlighted.
The document discusses various extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing active components from a solid or liquid using a solvent. Common extraction methods include maceration, percolation, digestion, decoction, and infusion. Maceration involves placing plant material in a solvent for 3-7 days with agitation. Percolation is continuous downward displacement of solvent through packed plant material. Proper extraction requires considering factors like the plant material, solvent, temperature, and particle size. Modern techniques like supercritical fluid extraction are also used.
Phytochemical Analysis Of Plants Product And Study It's Biological Activities Widely used in the human therapy, veterinary, agriculture, scientific research and countless other areas Have inhibitory effects on all types of microorganisms in vitro
The document discusses various methods for extracting components from medicinal plants. It describes maceration, where fragmented plant material soaks in solvent over 2-14 days. Digestion is similar but involves slight heating. Infusion and decoction extract using hot or boiling water. Distillation extracts volatile oils. Supercritical fluid extraction uses pressurized carbon dioxide as a solvent. Continuous extraction methods like Soxhlet extraction involve repeatedly treating plant material with fresh solvent to efficiently extract components. The key factors that influence extraction method selection include the plant composition, solvent characteristics, and temperature effects on solubility and stability of chemical components.
The document discusses various general methods used for the isolation and separation of plant constituents, including extraction processes, separation techniques, and analytical methods. Extraction methods covered include maceration, infusion, digestion, decoction, percolation, soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Separation techniques include fractional crystallization, fractional distillation, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, and paper chromatography. Analytical methods for identification discussed are gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and qualitative chemical reactions.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. your name
CONTENTS
•Definition
•Basics of Extraction
•Parameters for Selecting an Appropriate Extraction Method
•Steps Involved in the Extraction of Medicinal Plants
•The basic parameters influencing the quality of an extract
•Plant material
•Solvents used
•Choice of solvents
•Extraction procedures
•General methods of extraction.
•Dien Starck assembly for moisture content determination
•Microwave assitsed Extraction
•Countercurrent extraction
•Supercritical fluid Extraction
3. your name
Extraction (as the term is pharmaceutically used) is
the separation of medicinally active portions of plant
(and animal) tissues using selective solvents through
standard procedures.
DEFINITION
Extracts are the product
relatively complex mixture
of metabolites, in liquid or
semisolid state or (after
solvent recovery/removal)
in dry powder form.
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During extraction, solvents diffuse into the solid plant material
and solubilize compounds with similar polarity.
• Non polar solvents will dissolve non-polar compounds
• While polar solvents dissolve polar compound
• Solvent used is Menstrum
• Residue is Marc.
Extract Contains complex mixture
of many medicinal plant metabolites
Alkaloids,
Glycosides,
Terpenoids,
Flavonoids
Steroid
Triterpenoid
BASICS OF EXTRATION
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• Authentication.
• Foreign matter should be completely eliminated.
• Use the right plant part and, for quality control
purposes.
• Conditions used for drying the plant material
largely depend on the nature of its chemical
constituents.
• Powdered plant material should be passed
through suitable sieves to get the required
particles of uniform size.
Parameters for Selecting an Appropriate Extraction
Method
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The basic parameters influencing the quality of an extract
The basic parameters influencing the quality of an extract
Plant part used as starting material.
Solvent used for extraction
Extraction procedure
Variations in extraction methods affect quantity and secondary
metabolite composition of an extract depends upon
Type of extraction
Time of extraction
Temperature
Nature of solvent
Solvent concentration
Polarity
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In order to extract medicinal ingredients from plant material,
the following sequential steps are involved:
• Size reduction
• Extraction
• Filtration
• Concentration
• Drying
Steps Involved in the Extraction of Medicinal Plants
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•Plant based natural constituents part of the plant.
•Scientific analysis of components follows a logical
pathway.
•Plants are collected or supplied by local healers in
geographical areas where the plants are found.
•Fresh or dried plant materials used as a source for the
extraction.
•Plants are usually air dried to a constant weight
before extraction.
•Dry the plants in the oven at about 40°C for 72 h.
PLANT MATERIAL
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Properties of a good solvent in plant extractions
• Low toxicity
• Ease of evaporation at low temp.
• Promotion of rapid physiologic absorption of
the extract
• Preservative action
• Inability to cause the extract to complex or
dissociate.
CHOICE OF SOLVENTS
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Factors affecting the choice of solvent :-
•Quantity of phytochemicals to be extracted
•Rate of extraction
•Diversity of different compounds extracted.
•Diversity of inhibitory compounds extracted.
• Ease of subsequent handling of the extracts.
•Toxicity of the solvent in the bioassay process.
•Potential health hazard of the extracts.
•The choice will also depend on the targeted
compounds to be extracted.
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GENERAL METHODS OF HERBAL
PLANT EXTRACTION
Maceration,
Infusion,
Percolation,
Digestion,
Decoction,
Hot continuous extraction
(Soxhlet),
Counter-current extraction,
Microwave-assisted extraction,
Ultrasound extraction
(sonication),
Supercritical fluid extraction,
Phytonic extraction (with
hydrofluorocarbon solvents).
Hydrodistillation techniques
(water distillation, steam
distillation, water and steam
distillation),
Hydrolytic maceration followed
by distillation, expression and
enfleurage (cold fat extraction)
Headspace trapping,
Solid phase micro-extraction,
Protoplast extraction,
Microdistillation,
Thermomicrodistillation,
Molecular distillation.
Extraction techniques For
aromatic plants
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Types of Extraction
Successive Fractionation
Same drug material
Extracted using different
Solvents
Solvents chosen according to
increasing polarity
Crude extract prepared with
single solvent
Fractionated with different
solvents
drug material
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Infusion
• Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating
the crude drug for a short period of time with
cold or boiling water.
• These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble
constituents of crude drugs
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1. The drug is usually coarsely powdered, very fine powder
being avoided (50 gm).
2. Moisten the drug in a suitable vessel, provided with a cover,
with 50 ml of cold water.
3. Allow to stand for 15 minutes.
4. Then add 900 ml of boiling water, cover the vessel tightly.
5. Allow it to stand for 30 minutes.
6. Then strain the mixture, pass enough water to make the
infusion measure 1000 ml.
7. Some drugs are supplied in accurately weighed in muslin
bags for preparing specific amounts of infusion.
8. If the activity of the infusion is affected by the temperature of
boiling water, cold water should be used.
9. As the infusions are not stable, they should be made freshly
and used.
Infusion Process
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Decoction
•Method is used for the extraction of the water soluble and
heat stable constituents
•Crude drug is boiled in water for 15 minutes,then cooling,
straining and passing sufficient cold water through the drug
to produce the required volume.
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Digestion
• This is a kind of maceration in
which gentle heat is applied during
the maceration extraction process.
• It is used when moderately elevated
temperature is not objectionable
and the solvent efficiency of the
menstrum is increased.
• Heat Reflux-
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In maceration (for fluid extract), whole or coarsely
powdered plant-drug is kept in contact with the
solvent in a stoppered container for a defined
period with frequent agitation until soluble matter is
dissolved.
Maceration.
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Plant Material (Crushed or cut small or Moderately coarse powder)
Placed in a bottle 1 liter )
Whole of the selected solvent (closed vessels maceration
menstrum)added
Allowed to stand for seven days shaking occasionally
Liquid strained off Solid residue (mark) pressed
(Recover as much as occluded solution)
Strained and expressed liquids mixed
Clarified by subsidence or filtration
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Types of Maceration
1. Simple maceration of organized drugs
2. Simple maceration of Unorganized drugs
3. Multiple maceration (Single, Double
Triple)
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Processes for Organized Drugs
(e.g. Barks, Roots)
Processes for Unorganized Drugs
(e.g. Gum- resin)
(i) Drug + whole of menstruum (i) Drug + 4/5 ths (in most cases) of
menstruum
(ii) Shake occasionally during 7 days (ii) Shake occasionally during 2 to 7
days as specified
(iii) Strain of liquid, and press the
marc
(iii) Decant the liquid. Marc is not
pressed
(iv) Mix the liquid, clarify by subsidence
for filtration
Filtrate is not adjusted to volume
(iv) Filter the liquid and pass more
menstrum through
filter to volume
Preparations made by this process
Vinegar of squill, B.P.C
Oxymel of Squill, B.P.C
Tincture of Orange I.P
Tincture of Capsicum, B.P.C
Compound Tincture of Gentian
Tincture of Lemon
Tincture of Squill, B.P.C
Preparations made by this process
Compound Tincture of Benzoin
Tincture of Myrrh, B.P.C
Tincture of Tolu, B.P.C
Maceration Processes for Organized and Unorganized Drugs
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Percolation
This is the procedure used most frequently to extract active
ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts
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Percolation Process divided in following steps
•Size reducation or
communiation of the
drug
•Imbibation
•Packing
•Maceration
•Percoation
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Organized vegetable drug is taken in powdered form.
Uniform moistening of the powdered vegetable drugs with menstruum
for a period of 4hours in a separable vessel (Imbibition).
Packed evenly into the percolator.
A piece of filter paper is placed on surface followed by a layer of clean
sand so that top layers of drugs are not disturbed.
Sufficient menstruum is poured over the drug slowly and evenly to
saturate it, keeping the tap at bottom open for passing of occluded gas
to pass out.
Percolation Process
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Sufficient menstruum is also added to maintain a small layer above the
drug and allowed to stand for 24 hours.
After maceration, the outlet is opened and solvent is percolated at a control
rate with continuous addition of fresh volume.
75% of the volume of the finished product is collected.
Marc is pressed and expressed liquid is added to the percolate giving 80%
to 90% of the final volume.
Volume is adjusted with calculated quantities of fresh menstruum.
Evaporation and concentration to get finished products by applying suitable
techniques and apparatus
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Continuous Hot Percolation extraction(Soxhlet)
1. Stirrer
2. Still pot
3. Distillation
path
4. Thimble
5. Solid
6. Siphon top
7. Siphon exit
8. Expansion
adapter
9. Condensor
10.Cooling
water in
11.Cooling
water out
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Ultrasound-assisted Soxhlet extraction:
Expeditive approach for solid sample treatment
Application to the extraction of total fat from oleaginous seeds
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•
1: Stirrer bar/anti-bumping
granules
2:RBF (Still pot)
3: Fractionating column
4: Thermometer/Boiling
point temperature
5: Condenser
6: Cooling water in
7: Cooling water out
8: Graduated (Burette) tube
9: Tap
10: Collection vessel
Dean-Stark Assembly-For
Moisture content determination
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• This equipment is usually used in azeotropic distillations.
• A common example is the removal of water generated
during a reaction in boiling toluene.
• An azeotropic mixture of toluene and water distills out of
the reaction
• Only the toluene (density=0.865 g/ml) returns, since it
floats on top of the water (density=0.998 g/cm3), which
collects in the trap.
• Hence Dean-Stark method is commonly used to measure
moisture content
Two types of Dean-Stark traps exist
1)For solvents with a density less than water
2)For solvents with a density greater than water
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1. Thoroughly clean the receiving tube and the condenser
of the apparatus, rinse with water and dry.
2. Introduce 200 ml of toluene R and about 2 ml of water
into a dry flask.
3. Heat the flask to distil the liquid over a period of 2 hours
4. Allow to cool for about 30 minutes and read off the
volume of water to an accuracy of 0.05 ml (first
distillation).
5. Weigh accurately a quantity of the material expected to
give about 2-3 ml of water and transfer to the flask. (For
weighing material with a paste-like character, use a boat
of metal foil.)
6. Add a few pieces of porous porcelain and heat the flask
gently for 15 minutes.
Steps Invovled in determination of moisture by
Dien Starck assembly
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7. When boiling begins, distil at a rate of 2 drops per
second until most of the water has distilled over, then
increase the rate of distillation to about 4 drops per
second.
8. As soon as the water has been completely distilled,
rinse the inside of the condenser tube with toluene R.
9. Continue the distillation for 5 more minutes, remove the
heat, allow the receiving tube to cool to room
temperature and dislodge any droplets of water
adhering to the walls of the receiving tube by tapping
the tube.
10.Allow the water and toluene layers to separate and read
off the volume of water (second distillation).
11.Calculate the content of water as a percentage using
the formula:
100(n1 − n)
w
Where
w = the weight in g of the material being examined
n = the number of ml of water obtained in the first distillation
n1 = the total number of ml of water obtained in both distillations
41. your name41
•A) Direct steam distillation:
Cut the drug freshly
Take it into distillation flask
Pass generated steam through
material
Then pass volatile le oil content
through water condenser
Volatile oil get collected in flask
depending on whether oil is
lighter/heavier than water.
EXTRACTION OF VOLATILE OILS
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A.Water distillation :
Applicable to those material whose constituent are not degreased by
boiling up to 100 degree. Eg. Turpentine oil.
B. Water & steam distillation:
Applicable to those plant material whose constituent undergoes
degradation by direct boiling e.g.. Clove oil, cinnamon oil.
C. Direct steam distillation:
Applicable to fresh drug that is loaded with sufficient natural
moisture hence no maceration is required. e.g.. Peppermint oil .
B) Expression:
This method is used to obtain volatile oils which are present
in rind of fruit by extrusion application of pressure to preserve
natural fragrance otherwise they get deteriorated by distillation
process.
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Sponge method:
Wash citrous fruit to remove dirt
Cut into halves to remove juice completely
Rind is turned inside out by hand
When secretory glands ruptures rind is squezed
Finally collect oozed volatile oil with the help of sponge &
squeeze it in a vessel.
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Scarification process(ecuelle a piquer):it is specialy
designed apparatus.
Keep freshly washed lemons into apparatus
Rotate it repetedly
When oil glands are punctured oil get discharged
Collect discharged oil transfer it to another vessel& keep it
Decant clear oil
Finally filter it get clear volatile oil
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Rasping process:-
Remove outer surface of peel of citrus fruit containing oil gland.
Put it in horsehair bags
Press it strongly
Oil stred in oil glands get ooze out which has turbid apperence
Allow it to stand
Finally oil seprated put which may be decanted
Filter it subsequently
Mechanical process:
This method is based on above principle. in this method heavy duty centrifuge
devices are used so that there is easy separation of oil/water emulsion takes place.
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• Extraction Method
Extraction process is used for such plant sources which either
content very small amount of volatile oils or the oil contents are
extremely susceptible to decomposition by the exposure to steam.
In such cases recovery of volatile oil is not commercially feasible.
In general extraction of volatile oils from natural sources is carried
out by two different methods.
A. Extraction with
volatile solvent:
e.g. Hexane, benzene.
B. Extraction with
non volatile solvents:
e.g. tallow, olive oil.
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• A. Extraction with volatile solvents:-
Plant material extracted with low boiling volatile solvents. Like
benzene, hexane , pet. Ether. By adopting the method of hot
continuous extraction. (Soxhlet extraction)
Resulting volatile oil removed under reduced pressure.
• B.Extraction with non volatile solvents:
This process is employed for the preparation of finest brands of
perfume oil, i.e. natural flower oil.
There are three methods used for the extraction of volatile oils
from flowers with non vol. solvents.
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Enfleurage:
A glass plate is covered with a thin coating of especially prepared and odourless
fat (called a chassis).
The freshly cut flowers are individually laid on to the fat which in time becomes
saturated with their essential oils.
The flowers are renewed with fresh material.
Eventually the fragrance-saturated fat, known as pomade, may be treated with
alcohol to extract the oil from the fat.
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Pneumatic method :
The basic principle of this method is very much closer to enflurage
method
Current of warm air is passed through flowers.
It is loaded with suspended volatile oil particles.
Then pass it through a fine spray of melted fat in which volatile oil
get absorbed.
Maceration:
Fresh flowers are gently & carefully heated in melted fat.
Stir it frequently until complete exhaustion takes place
Flowers are then stained & squeezed exuded
Fat is returned to main bulk of fat unless &until a desired conc is
achieved .
Cool volatile oil containing fat recover it by three successive
extractions .
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1. In counter-current extraction (CCE), wet DRUG material is
pulverized and produce a fine slurry.
2. Here the material to be extracted is moved in one direction
within a cylindrical extractor where it comes in contact with
extraction solvent.
3. The further the starting material moves, the more concentrated
the extract becomes.
4. Complete extraction is thus possible when the quantities of
solvent and material and their flow rates are optimized.
5. Finally, sufficiently concentrated extract comes out at one end of
the extractor while the marc falls out from the other end.
Counter-current Extraction (CCE)
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Solvent Inlet Drug Slurry Inlet
Residue out
Extract out
Counter-current Extraction (CCE)
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Advantages of Counter-current Extraction
•Unit quantity of plant material can be extracted with
much smaller volume of solvent.
•CCE is commonly done at room temperature this
method spares thermo labile compounds from
exposure to heat
•As pulverization of drug is done under wet condition
heat generated during comminution is neutralized.
•This method is more efficient than hot percolation.
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Appliction of Counter-current Extraction
1. Oil is to be extracted from soya beans in a counter
current stage-contact extraction apparatus, using
hexane.
2. application have been concerned with the purification
and separaion of organic or biochemical compound.
3. application in inorganic chemistry seem to confined to
separation of the radio-nuclides and a new techniques
for the determination of trace elements in geological
material.
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Process of separating one component from another using
supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent.
Extraction is usually from a solid drug, but can also be from
liquids.
SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical
purposes
For larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a
product or collect a desired product.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used as supercritical
fluid, sometimes modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or
methanol.
Extraction conditions for Supercritical carbon dioxide
are above the critical temperature of 31°C and critical
pressure of 74 bar.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
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Introduction of feed into extractor (solid feed) or extractor in
modified column either co-currently or counter-currently
Formation of mobile phase: mixing of solutes with supercritical
fluid.
Exposure of mobile phase to pressures (50-500 atm) and
temperatures (ambient to 300°C) near or above the critical
point for enhancing the mobile phase solvating power.
Isolation of dissolved solute by precipitation
Eg. CO2 in vapour form is compressed into a liquid before
becoming supercritical and then extraction takes place.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) Process
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COMPONENTS OF SFE
1. Fluid reservoir (gas cylinder in case of CO2)
2. Pump – Reciprocating pump – Syringe pump (pulse-free flow at
large range of flow rates)
3. Extraction cell/column (stationary phase) – Usually stainless steel
Chamber or vessel in compartment – Capable of withstanding high
pressure (300-600 atm) [for solids] – Open tubular capillary columns or
packed columns [liquids]
4. Restrictor – Maintaining pressure change inside the extraction vessel
Two types- – fixed (linear restrictor, tapered desire, integral restrictor,
ceramic frit restrictor, metal restrictor) – Variable (variable nozzle, back
pressure regulator)
5. Collector (trapping system)
6. Detectors (flame ionization detector of gas chromatography
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Advantages and Disadvantages of (SFE)
Advantages Disadvantages
High diffusion rate than liquid
solvents
CO2 has low polarity and hence
cant extract polar compounds
Lower viscosities than liquid
solvent
Presence of water / moisture may
cause problems
High efficiency compared to
general methods
Unpredictability of matrix effect
Suitable for Thermolabile
compounds
Need of specilized /expensive
equipment
Low polarity of CO2 can be
modified by co-solvent
Sterile and Bateriostatic
Non combustible and non-
explosive environment friendly
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• Prolonged time (penetration of SCF into the interior of a
solid is rapid, but solute diffusion from the solid into the
SCF).
• Modeling is inaccurate
• Scale is not possible (due to absence of fundamental,
molecular-based model of solutes in SCF)
• Expensive
• Consistency & reproducibility may vary in continuous
production
LIMITATIONS
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• Adequate contact time (for penetration of solvent into
solid particles and diffusion of solute from inside the solid
particles to solvent)
• Equilibrium should be achieved (i.e. proper flow of
solvent such that concentration of dissolved solutes in the
solvent phase will be below the solubility of solute in
solvent)
PRECAUTIONS
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Food science
• Fat and oil samples in meat, egg, meals, chocolate, dairy
products, seeds and food snacks,
Natural products
• Flavors & spices of ginger, eucalyptus, soyabean, coffee,
soybean, basil, lime peels, potato chips, popcorn
By-products recovery
• Fruit and vegetable waste
Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
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MICROWAVE THEORY
Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic waves
They have frequency between 300MHz to 300 GHz
Microwaves are positioned between the X-ray and infrared
rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Microwaves serves two major purposes:
– Communication – Energy vectors
Microwave-assisted extraction
The energy vector application is the direct action of waves on
materials that has the ability to convert a part of the absorbed
electromagnetic energy to heat energy.
Microwaves are made up of two oscillating perpendicular
field’s i.e. – Electric field – Magnetic field
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In MAE, heating occurs in a targeted and selective manner
with practically no heat being lost to the environment as the
heating occurs in a closed system.
This unique heating mechanism significantly reduces the
extraction time (usually less than 30min) as compared to
Soxhlet.
EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE
• Dried plants contain a minute microscopic trace of moisture
which serves as target for microwave heating.
• High temperature and pressure is generated inside the
oven.
• High temperature causes dehydration of cellulose which
accounts for its reduction of mechanical strength.
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MAE process
Microwave radiation enters plant cell
Moisture get heated up
Moisture evaporates
Generation of tremendous pressure on cell wall
Swelling of plant cell
Rupture of the cell
Leaching out of phyto-constituents
This phenomenon can be intensified if the plant matrix is
impregnated with solvents with higher heating efficiency
under microwave.
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CLOSED VESSEL
• With closed vessel extraction,
pressurized microwave assisted
extraction is performed under
pressure (with or without
regulation).
• The pressure allows
temperatures above boiling
points of the solvents to be
reached enhancing speed and
efficiency.
• To avoid overpressure, power,
temperature and pressure can be
controlled.
• When dealing with thermo-labile
compounds, high temperature
causes degradation of analytes.
Therefore, the open system is
chosen.
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Disadvantages of
closed-vessel system
1.High pressure used poses
safety risks
2.Usual constituent material
of the vessel does not allow
high solution temperatures
3.Addition of reagents is
impossible since it is a single
step procedure
4.Vessel must be cooled
down before it can be opened
to prevent loss of volatile
constituents
Advantages of closed-
vessel system
1.Decreased in extraction time
2.Loss of volatile substances is
avoided
3.Less solvent is required
because no evaporation occurs
4.No hazardous fumes during
acid microwave since it is a
closed vessel
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OPEN VESSEL
• Extraction is made at
atmospheric pressure.
• The maximum possible
temperature is determined
by the boiling point of the
solvent at that pressure.
• Loss of vapor's is
prevented by the presence
of a cooling system on the
top of the extraction vessel
that causes condensation
of solvent vapors.
• Heating is homogenous
and efficient.
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Disadvantages of
closed-vessel system
1.This method is less precise
than in close-vessel system
2.The sample throughput is
lower as open system cannot
process many samples
simultaneously
3.Require longer time to achieve
same results as for closed
system
Advantages of closed-
vessel system
1.Increased safety
2.Addition of reagent is possible
3.Vessels made of various
material can be used
4.Excess solvent can be
removed easily
5.Ability to process large
samples
6.No requirement for cooling
down or depressurization
7.Low cost of equipment
8.Suitable for thermolabile
products