The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall pressure of the fluid flow.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
Bernoulli equation fluid mechanics lab experiments lab report:
Aim:
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate Bernoulli’s law.
Theory:
Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle. includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure. The Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle and is displaced axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six-tube manometers. The total pressure is measured by the Pitot tube and displayed on another single-tube manometer. Bernoulli’s law is expressed as:
Where: •P= static pressure of the fluid at the cross-section • 𝜌= density of flowing fluid
•g= acceleration due to gravity •v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross-section
•h= elevation head of the center of the cross-section with respect to a datum.
Figure-1: Venturi meter: It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for measuring the flow rate of liquid flow through the pipes.
Bernoulli equation
4
Procedure:
Equipment: HM-150
Figure-1: 1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5 Venturi nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube manometer (total pressure)
Specification:
1. familiarization with Bernoulli’s principle
2. Venturi nozzle with a transparent front panel and measuring points for measuring the static pressures
3. axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total pressure at various points within the Venturi nozzle
4. 6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures
5. single tube manometer for displaying the total pressure
6. flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
7. water supply using HM 150 base module or via laboratory supply
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
Bernoulli equation fluid mechanics lab experiments lab report:
Aim:
The main purpose of this experiment is to investigate Bernoulli’s law.
Theory:
Bernoulli’s principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure, and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.
The HM 150.07 experimental unit is used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle. includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable Pitot tube for measuring the total pressure. The Pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle and is displaced axially. The position of the Pitot tube can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s transparent front panel.
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static pressures. The pressures are displayed on the six-tube manometers. The total pressure is measured by the Pitot tube and displayed on another single-tube manometer. Bernoulli’s law is expressed as:
Where: •P= static pressure of the fluid at the cross-section • 𝜌= density of flowing fluid
•g= acceleration due to gravity •v= mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross-section
•h= elevation head of the center of the cross-section with respect to a datum.
Figure-1: Venturi meter: It is a device based on Bernoulli’s theorem and is used for measuring the flow rate of liquid flow through the pipes.
Bernoulli equation
4
Procedure:
Equipment: HM-150
Figure-1: 1 diagram, 2 tube manometers (static pressures), 3 water supply, 4 valve, 5 Venturi nozzle, 6 water outlet, 7 valve for water outlet, 8 Pitot tube, 9 single tube manometer (total pressure)
Specification:
1. familiarization with Bernoulli’s principle
2. Venturi nozzle with a transparent front panel and measuring points for measuring the static pressures
3. axially movable Pitot tube for determining the total pressure at various points within the Venturi nozzle
4. 6 tube manometers for displaying the static pressures
5. single tube manometer for displaying the total pressure
6. flow rate determined by HM 150 base module
7. water supply using HM 150 base module or via laboratory supply
Dead – Weight piston gauge & Center of PressureRaboon Redar
The calibration of the Bourdon gauge is the aim of the dead weight pressure gauge experiment, while the center of pressure is the other test’s aim to find the resultant force (F) and center of pressure (hp). For testing and changing pressure gages, the death-weight pressures gage is used. The pressure is exerted by weights which are supported by weight. The latter has a piston that operates on hydraulic oil in the pipe system to show those pressures by a pressure gage that is also attached to the system. A Bourdon gage with a clear dial is included in the device. Thus, there is a simple identification of the display mechanism and the different adaptation choices.
Energy losses in Bends, loss coefficient related to velocity head.Pelton Whee...Salman Jailani
In this slide you learn the how to make the lablayout and the study the Energy losses, Pelton Wheel. Kaplan TURBINE, Franices TURBine And its Efficiency of Mecahanical Power Plants..
00923006902338
1
KNE351 Fluid Mechanics 1
Laboratory Notes
Broad-Crested Weir
This booklet contains instructions and notes for the experiment listed above.
Additional material relating to laboratory work will be delivered during the
course. The expectations regarding lab work and reporting are described in a
separate document,‘KNE351. FLUIDMECHANICS: Laboratory Method and
Reporting’, which will also be circulated at the beginning of the course. It is
expected that all students study these notes and complete the pre-lab component
prior to the laboratory session. An overview of the laboratory equipment will
be provided at the beginning of each session.
A D Henderson
2
1. Learning Objectives
1. Observe and understand the behaviour of a real fluid flowing over a broad-crested weir,
2. Model this behaviour employing the Continuity and Bernoulli (Energy) Principles to
predict the flow rate from depth measurements.
3. Evaluate these predictions by comparing with measured values and use Specific Energy
to explain the changing nature of the flow over the weir.
2. Introduction
The theory of non-uniform flow in channels is covered by the course text, by many other fluid
mechanics texts, and by several web sites.
The specific energy, E, is the energy at a channel cross-section referred to the base of the
channel (in contrast to the Bernoulli equation, which is referred to a fixed horizontal datum).
The expression given for E is actually an approximation valid for small bed slopes. You've
measured the flume slope, and should examine this approximation in your report. A hydrostatic
pressure distribution is assumed, and you should also examine the validity of this assumption. If
the streamlines are not parallel, then the accelerative forces will modify the pressure - depth
relationship.
In general, two conjugate flows depths satisfy the specific energy equation for a given value of
the specific energy. The greater depth is associated with subcritical flow, and the shallower
depth with supercritical flow. At the critical depth the conjugate depths are equal, and the
discharge for the given specific energy is a maximum.
Broad crested weirs are used as a method of flow measurement in open channel flows. If the
weir is sufficiently high and long, the free surface will drop to critical depth. If the height of
the upstream flow is measured, then the flow rate can be determined.
3
3. Apparatus
• Water flume comprising of pump, control valve, venturi and v-notch flow meters,
downstream control gate.
• depth gauges
• 2 vertical water manometers
• 2 total head tubes
4. Preparation
Examine and sketch the layout of the channel and associated flow measuring equipment.
Measure the channel width and note significant geometrical parameters of the nozzle venturi
meter and V-notch weir. Note the directions of readings of all measuring scales.
a. Measure the channel, weir dimensions, a.
Total (absolute) Porosity and Isolated Porosity MeasurementRaboon Redar
Absolute porosity is the percentage or volume of void spaces or porosity of rocks that can contain hydrocarbons. Porosity is the measure of a rock’s ability to hold hydrocarbons like oil and gas, water, and condensates. Absolute porosity contains effective (interconnected) and ineffective (isolated) porosity. Effective porosity is the volume of connected pores, but isolate is the pore volume which is not connected to the pore network. Isolated porosity can be significant in volcanic rocks and some carbonates.
Porosity is the quality of being porous, or full of tiny holes. Liquids go right through things that have porosity. It is shown as a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, which is between 0 and 1, or between 0% and 100% as a percentage. Primary and secondary porosity can be read directly from neutron, density, and sonic logs.
Determining an unknown Density of a RockRaboon Redar
The main aim of this experiment is to find out the density of a rock using two basic ways. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume, and is highly variable in crustal rocks. Rock density is a physical characteristic that is governed by the chemical composition and pore spaces of a specific rock or rock type. Rock densities are useful to engineers, of course. They're also essential for geophysicists who must model the rocks of the Earth's crust for calculations of local gravity. In most cases, denser objects are also heavier.
Electricity and Electromagnetism (experimental study)Raboon Redar
You’ll understand the way to calculate and measure resistance in parallel and series circuits by knowing two of the three values of voltage, current, or resistance. In this experiment, there are 3 resistors, 1 power supply and wires you need for connecting resistors to each other, then to power supply. You can measure each resistor by an ohmmeter, voltages by voltmeter and currents by amperemeter (ammeter), while all of them can be measured by a multimeter. Use a multimeter for measuring resistance for better accuracy.
Physical Properties of different types of Metamorphic Rocks (Geology)Raboon Redar
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been modified by heat, pressure, and chemical processes, usually while buried deep below Earth's surface. Change to these extreme conditions changes the mineralogy, texture, and chemical composition of the rocks.
A rock is lustrous and shiny if it has Dolomite Crystall which is lustrous in front of the sun. Formation are some kinds of rocks which can be seperated due to some general principles like age, lithology and fossils, and when you separate them, you give them a name like: Sargalu, Surdash, Nawkalakan, Berserin, Bexma...etc
Physical Properties of different types of Sedimentary Rocks (Geology)Raboon Redar
The rock type, texture, grain size, composition, and other comments on the sedimentary rocks is shown...
Sediment is a material that is occurred naturally and broken down by processes of physical or chemical weathering, and erosion. Physical weathering like: Frost wedging, Unloading, Thermal Expansion and Biological activity. Chemical weathering like: Dissolution, Hydrolysis and Oxidation.
Weathering rates are a function of the rock type, slope (topography), structure, and the prevailing climate. Rocks that are most resistant are composed of minerals that are relatively unaffected by chemical weathering like: Quartz (that are more resistant than any other rock types). Sediments are transported by the action of wind, ice (glaciers), the gravity force acting on particles and most of them by water. Sediments can be classified based on their composition and grain size which is a good indicator of the energy or force required to move a grain of a given size.
Physical Properties of different types of Igneous Rocks (Geology)Raboon Redar
the texture, color, mineral composition, intrusive or extrusive, equivalent, felsic or mafic of the igneous rocks are discussed... (from the Greek word for fire) form from when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending upon where the molten rock solidifies.
Physical Properties of different types of Minerals (Geology)Raboon Redar
This report shows the luster, hardness, color, cleavage, streak, fracture, crystal system, chemical composition, and remarks of different types of minerals...
Geologists define mineral as any naturally occurring inorganic solid that has an orderly crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula. A compound needs to exhibit these 5 characteristics to be called a mineral: naturally occurring, has to be solid substance, orderly crystallized structure, generally inorganic (not contain carbon), and should be represented by a chemical formula.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Earth's Layers and the Tectonic Plates (G...Raboon Redar
To determine the chemical composition inside the Earth indirect measurements are used. One way to determine composition is to measure how the density of rock changes with depth below the Earth’s surface. We can do this by measuring the speeds, because they move more quickly through dense rocks than through less dense rocks. From such measurements we know that density increases with depth, but not evenly. Knowing these different densities, we can estimate what the composition of the different layers must be. The layers of different chemical composition outward from the centre of the Earth are as follows: core, mantle, and crust.
Properties of different types of Rocks (Geology)Raboon Redar
This file shows the luster, hardness, color, cleavage, streak, fracture, crystal system, chemical composition, and remarks of different types of minerals... the texture, color, mineral composition, intrusive or extrusive, equivalent, felsic or mafic of the igneous rocks... and the rock type, texture, grain size, composition, and other comments on the sedimentary rocks... all in pictures and tables.
The aim of this experiment is to standardize 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) which is an unstandard substance, by using standardized Hydrochloric acid (Na2CO3).
Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) also known as solvent extraction is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. Liquid–liquid extraction is a separation process which is based on the different distribution of the components to be separated between two liquid phases.
Applications of Differential Equations in Petroleum EngineeringRaboon Redar
In modern science and engineering, differential equations are very important. Nearly all known physics and chemistry laws are indeed differential equations. Engineers, in order to investigate systems behavior, it is virtually necessary that they are able to model and solve physical problems with mathematical equations.
Geophysical methods in Hydrocarbon ExplorationRaboon Redar
Geophysical studies of the earth's interior include measurements on or near to the earth's surface that are dependent upon the physical properties of the internal distribution. Examination of these measurements can show how vertically and laterally the physical properties of the Earth's interior differ. Through operating on different scales, geophysical techniques can be used to investigate the localized upper crust area for engineering or other purposes.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
1. 1
Soran University
Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Fluid Flow Rate & Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration
Supervised by: Dr. Dara Khalid Khidir
Prepared by: Raboon Redar Mohammed
January 16th 2021
2. 2
Contents
Aim ....................................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................3
Hydraulic Bench Unit:...................................................................................................................................3
Description unit of (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration): ..........................................................................4
Procedure of the Experiment (fluid flow rate)...................................................................................................5
Procedure of the Experiment (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration)................................................................5
Calculation of (fluid flow rate) ..........................................................................................................................6
Table of reading (fluid flow rate)...................................................................................................................6
Table of calculation (fluid flow rate).............................................................................................................6
Calculation of Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration..........................................................................................7
Table of readings (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration)..............................................................................7
Table of Calculation (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration).........................................................................7
Discussion (fluid flow rate) ...............................................................................................................................8
Discussion (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration) ............................................................................................9
References........................................................................................................................................................10
3. 3
Aim
The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic
bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall
pressure of the fluid flow.
Introduction
Hydraulic bench (which is fitted with a lever shaped like a seesaw) is used to measure the actual water
discharge measured in experiments where the actual discharge is less than the theoretical discharge. The lever
ties the load with a water discharge tub. (hydraulic bench tools in hydraulics science as well as research functions
and processes. — Steemit, 2021) A reliable laboratory facility that allows complex fluid mechanics lab tests, is
the Basic Hydraulic bench and the numerous additional modules that are available. The hydraulic bench unit
provides basic pumping facilities and a volumetric calculation of the water source for which all additional
accessories and experiments are used. The working surface of the device is in fiberglass, molded to have a
recessed area where tests can be carried out. Volume and period of reading may be used to evaluate the flow
rate. (Basic Flow Experiments Bench: Hydraulics Bench and Accessories, 2021)
Hydraulic Bench Unit:
1- Volumetric measuring tank with channel; 2- Remote sight gauge
3- Sliding valve 4- Sump tank
5- Drain cock 6- Submersible motor driven pump
7- Water supply for accessories with pump 8- Flow control valve
9- Overflow pipe 10- Switch box
11- Discharge cap 12- Water supply connection for accessories without pump
4. 4
Description unit of (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration):
Bernoulli's hypothesis show device is the test device which could be estimated through a venturi tube with 6
focuses of weight measurements. A panel with 6 water weight gages, show the 6 inactive weights. In various
areas in the venturi tube, the calculation of height and weight can also be seen on a single water weight gage.
Estimation is a measure that in relation to the venturi tube may be movably shifted. A compression device is
used to correct the test and the pressure driven seat provides the water. (F1-15 Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration
- Armfield, 2021).
1. Assembly boar. 2. Single water pressure gauge. 3. Discharge pipe. 4. Outlet ball cock.
5. Venturi tube with 6 measurement points. 6. Compression gland. 7. Probe for measuring
overall pressure (can be moved axially) 8. Hose connection, water supply.
9. Ball cock at water inlet 10. 6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in venturi tube).
The relationship between these three types of energy was first defined by Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli's
streamline flow theorem is based on three assumptions: continuous flow, incompressible fluid and fluid
friction loss. The hypothesis of Bernoulli in connection with a streamline relies on three suspicions: unfiltered
stream, incompressible liquid and no liquid molding misfortunes. In this test the validity of the condition of
Bernoulli will be confirmed. The theorem of Bernoulli can be stated and communicated as follows for any
two focuses that are found on the same stream. (Ahmari and Kabir, 2021).
𝑃1
𝜌𝑔
+
𝑣12
2𝑔
+ 𝑧1 =
𝑃2
𝜌𝑔
+
𝑣22
2𝑔
+ 𝑧2
- P: pressure, g: acceleration due to gravity,
- v: fluid velocity, z: vertical elevation of the fluid.
5. 5
The hydrostatic pressure (P) along the flow is measured by manometers tapped into the duct. The pressure
head (h), thus, is calculated as:
ℎ𝑠 =
𝑃
𝜌𝑔
Therefore, Bernoulli’s equation for the test section can be written as:
ℎ1 +
𝑣12
2𝑔
= ℎ2 +
𝑣22
2𝑔
= 𝐻
in which
𝑣2
2𝑔
is called the velocity head (hd)
z is called potential head
Total head (ht) may be measured by the traversing hypodermic probe.
ℎ𝑚 = ℎ +
𝑣2
2𝑔
The velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area of is determined as:
𝑣 =
𝑄
𝐴
Procedure of the Experiment (fluid flow rate)
1. Plugin the device to the electricity power and turn on the pump.
2. Bring a stopwatch and set it to zero.
3. Close the valve at the bottom of the volumetric tank, and as liquid starts flowing into the volumetric
tank start the stopwatch from 2 liters and wait until the liquid reaches a value of 5 liters.
4. After the liquid reached a value of 5 liters stop the watch.
5. Read off and note the measurement time and the high value of water in tank.
Procedure of the Experiment (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration)
1. Arrange the experimentation set-up on the Hydraulic Bench such that the discharge routes the water
into the channel.
2. Make hose connection between Hydraulic Bench and unit.
3. Open discharge of Hydraulic Bench
4. Set cap nut [1] of probe compression gland such that slight resistance is felt on moving probe.
5. Open inlet and outlet ball cock.
6. Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of Hydraulic Bench.
7. Open vent valves [3] on water pressure gauges.
8. Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed.
6. 6
9. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water level in pressure gauges such that
neither upper nor lower range limit [4,5] is overshot or undershot.
10. Record pressures at all measurement points. Then move overall pressure probe to corresponding
measurement level and note down overall pressure.
11. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish time t required for raising the
level in the volumetric tank of the Hydraulic Bench.
Calculation of (fluid flow rate)
Table of reading (fluid flow rate)
NO. V (liter) t (s)
1 0 0
2 3 27.04
3 3 16.11
4 4 17.30
5 8 22.06
Sample of calculation:
- Convert the liter to cubic meter by multiplying the liter unit with 0.001
- The volume flow rate can be shown as: 𝑄 =
𝑉
𝑡
which can be in (
𝑚3
𝑠
) 𝑜𝑟 (
𝐿
𝑠
)
- The mass flow rate can be shown as: ṁ = 𝜌𝑄 which can be in (
𝐾𝑔
𝑠
) (1000*Q)
- The weight flow rate can be shown as: ẇ = 𝜌𝑔𝑄 which can be in (
𝑁
𝑠
) (1000*9.81*Q)
Table of calculation (fluid flow rate)
NO. V (m^3) t (s) Q (
𝒎𝟑
𝒔
) ṁ (
𝑲𝒈
𝒔
) ẇ (
𝑵
𝒔
)
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0.003 27.04 0.000111 0.110946746 1.088387574
3 0.003 16.11 0.00018622 0.186219739 1.826815642
4 0.004 17.30 0.000231214 0.231213873 2.268208092
5 0.008 22.06 0.000362647 0.362647325 3.557570263
8. 8
Discussion (fluid flow rate)
Q1: Draw the relation between Q & ṁ, then find the slop of the relation?
Q2: Draw the relation between Q & ẇ, then find the slop of the relation?
Q3: What do you understand by the slops above?
On the other hand, the time decrease. The relation between the volume flow rate, mass flow rate and the
weight flow rate are directly proportional since the slope in a positive linear line, meaning if one of them
increases, the other two increase too. But these three are oppositely behaving against time, meaning you’ll
need more time to increase the value of each flow rate.
y = 1000.1x - 4E-05
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035 0.0004
Mass
flow
rate
(Kg/s)
Volume flow rate (m^3/s)
Q &ṁ
y = 9810x
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035 0.0004
Weight
flow
rate
(N/s)
Volume flow rate (m^3/s)
Q & ẇ
9. 9
Discussion (Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration)
Q1: Plot the pressure head (
ps
γ
) along the venture tube.
Q2: Plot the velocity head (
v2
2g
) along the venture tube.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
head
pressure
Venturi
head pressure
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Velocity
head
Venturi
velocity head
10. 10
Q3: Plot the total energy H calculated and Hm along the venture tube.
Q4: Discuss the relations above.
- Values of the Hm and H calculated from the venturi are nearly
equal to each other proving the correction of the Bernoulli
equation by inputting Z=0 because the venturi is horizontal.
- The pressure head at the 3rd
point has decreased too much that we
couldn’t even read it on the tubes, but can see the water level and assume it with zero. And notice
that as the pressure has decreased, the velocity is at its maximum value.
References
1. Armfield. 2021. F1-15 Bernoulli's Theorem Demonstration - Armfield. [online] Available at:
<https://armfield.co.uk/product/f1-15-bernoullis-theorem-demonstration/> [Accessed 16 January 2021].
2. Ahmari, H. and Kabir, S., 2021. Experiment #2: Bernoulli’S Theorem Demonstration. [online]
Uta.pressbooks.pub. Available at: <https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-2/>
[Accessed 16 January 2021].
3. Adamslab.co.uk. 2021. Basic Flow Experiments Bench: Hydraulics Bench And Accessories. [online] Available
at: <http://adamslab.co.uk/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=4403> [Accessed 16 January 2021].
4. Steemit.com. 2021. Hydraulic Bench Tools In Hydraulics Science As Well As Research Functions And
Processes. — Steemit. [online] Available at: <https://steemit.com/science/@aguess/hydraulic-bench-tools-in-
hydraulics-science-as-well-as-research-functions-and-
processes#:~:text=hydraulics%20bench%20are%20used%20to,with%20a%20water%20discharge%20tub.>
[Accessed 16 January 2021].
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hcalculated
&
Hm
Venture Points