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CONSERVATION of medicinal plants- parmacogosynh

The document outlines strategies for the conservation of medicinal plants in India, emphasizing the importance of maintaining biodiversity for current and future generations. It details methods such as legislation, in-situ conservation (like biosphere reserves and national parks), and ex-situ conservation (including gene banks and botanical gardens). Additionally, it highlights the need for local community involvement in these conservation efforts and the various scientific techniques employed for protecting genetic diversity.

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CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Conservation strategy defines conservation as “the management of human use of the biodiversity so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations”. Strategies & Priorities: The primary goals of biodiversity conservation can be summarized as follows: • Maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support systems on which human survival and economic activities depend. • Preservation of species and genetic diversity and sustainable use of species and ecosystems.
Methods for conservation of medicinal plants There are basically three scientific techniques of conservation of genetic diversity of these plants. • Legislation • In-situ conservation • Ex-situ conservation
Legislation: There are no separate policies or regulations for conserving medicinal plants growing in forests in India. There conservation is covered under existing laws pertaining to forestry. Following are the laws formulated by government of India for conservation of forests which directly or indirectly protects the wild herbal flora. • Forest Act, 1927 • Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 and Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 1991 • Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 • Environment Protection Act, 1986 • National forest policy, 1988 • National biodiversity act, 2002
In-situ conservation Conservation of a given species in its natural habitat or in the area where it grows naturally is known as in- situ conservation. It includes Biosphere reserves, national parks, sacred sites, Sacred grooves etc. It is only in nature that plant diversity at the genetic, species and eco-system level can be conserved on long-term basis. It is cost-effective way of protecting the existing biological and genetic diversity as they are protected and preserved in its natural habitat.
The most commonly referred in situ conservation methods are highlighted below: • Biosphere Reserves: The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India, had identified 14 biosphere reserves based on survey data and 7 of them have already been made operational by now. Eg Nilgiris, Sunderbans. • National Parks: Out of a total of 91 National Parks in the country, 2 have been established in Himachal Pradesh that is, Pin Valley National Park and Great Himalayan Park. • Sacred groves: Sacred groves are small or large patches of vegetation protected on the basis of cultural and traditional practices on the religious background
• In addition to the above wildlife sanctuaries (448), there are World Heritage sites (5), Wetlands, Mangroves (15), Coral Reefs (4), natural monuments, ethno-biological reserves, etc. These will definitely serve in conserving biodiversity in their respective regions • In-situ conservation of medicinal plants in India can be accomplished through the active support and participation of people who dwell in or near and around the protected forest areas.
The other complementary methods of in- situ conservation are: • On-Farm Conservation: On-Farm Conservation involves the maintenance of traditional crop cultivars (land races) or farming systems by farmers within the traditional agricultural system. • Home Gardens: Home garden conservation is very similar to on-farm conservation, however scale is much smaller. Home gardens tend to contain a wide spectrum of species such as vegetables, fruits, medicinal and spice plants. • Zero energy input based concept of parafrost conservation in the Himalayan region which remains covered with snow.
Ex-Situ Conservation • Conservation of medicinal plants can be accomplished by the ex-situ i.e. outside natural habitat by cultivating and maintaining plants in botanic gardens, parks, other suitable sites, and through long term preservation of plant in gene banks (seed bank, pollen bank, DNA libraries, etc.) and in plant tissue culture labs and by cryopreservation).
Seed Gene Banks Gene Bank are for the Storage in the form of seed. The three national gene banks have been established in India for ex situ conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants. • National Bureau of Plants Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, under ICAR. • Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), • Tropical Botanical Gardens Research Institute, (TBGRI), Palode, Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala). The seeds are dried to attain 4-6 per cent moisture content and sealed in moisture proof aluminium foil packets. These stored seeds remain viable for 50 to 100 years and are stored preferably as per the gene bank standards recommended by FAO/IPGRI.
National active germplasm sites: The national active germplasm sites (NAGS) are the integral component of the network. There are presently 40 NAGS, which are based at ICAR institutes. These are integral part of national plant biodiversity conservation network. They have the responsibility of multiplication, evaluation, maintenance and the conservation of active collection and their distribution to users both at the national and international levels. These active/working collections are stored in modules maintained at +4°C and 35-40 per cent relative humidity (RH).
Cryopreservation (in liquid nitrogen at-165°C to-196°C): Cyropreservation or freeze preservation under liquid nitrogen. • Cryopreservation procedures: Three different procedures have been used for cryopreservation of plant cells: two-step freezing, vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration. • Two-step freezing: This procedure includes an incubation of cells in a mixture of cryoprotectants (total concentration of 1–2M), which causes moderate dehydration of the cells, followed by a slow freezing step (for example, 1°C/min down to app – 35°C).
• Vitrification: This procedure is based on severe dehydration at non-freezing temperatures by direct exposure to concentrated cryoprotectants (total concentration ranging from 5–8M), followed by rapid freezing. • Encapsulation-dehydration: Cells are encapsulated in alginate beads, cultured on medium with increased sucrose concentration, air-dried using silica gel or the airflow of a flow cabinet and directly transferred to liquid nitrogen
Botanical gardens • A botanical garden is an institution holding documented collection of living plants for the ' purpose of scientific research, conservation, display and education. • Tropical Botanical Gardens & Research Institute (TGBRI), located in a degraded forest region of Western Ghat Mountains in Kerala has an excellent example in ex- situ conservation of plant diversity in India.