The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in data gathering, research, field projects, lobbying and education. It is best known for compiling and publishing the Red List which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide. IUCN's mission is to influence societies to conserve nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN
United for Life and Livelihoods
Red List of Threatened Species
Red Data Book
global extinction risk status
Extinct (EX)
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
ENDANGERED (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN
United for Life and Livelihoods
Red List of Threatened Species
Red Data Book
global extinction risk status
Extinct (EX)
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
ENDANGERED (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
IUCN: Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCNVarsha Rani Jha
This PPT is for Students of Post Graduation Second semester. This Video contains Information about Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCN. How IUCN made , What are the Agreement that IUCN Signed for Conservation of Biodiversity. The Conferenses organized in IUCN, About members of IUCN.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
IUCN: Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCNVarsha Rani Jha
This PPT is for Students of Post Graduation Second semester. This Video contains Information about Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCN. How IUCN made , What are the Agreement that IUCN Signed for Conservation of Biodiversity. The Conferenses organized in IUCN, About members of IUCN.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
The discussion of the following slides are mainly focused on the introduction of threatened and endangered fish species.
The biodiversity committees are also been discussed.
A list of endangered and threatened species of fish is also given.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
VCE Environmental Science Unit 3: Biodiversity and conservation management.Peter Phillips M.Ed.
Learning intentions:
To understand how biodiversity is identified and managed in Australia.
Success Criteria:
Be able to apply categories of conservation status and describe how degree of threat is determined.
Know the three biodiversity categories and how they relate to each other.
Be able to explain how remnant vegetation, corridors and conservation reserves can be used to support biodiversity.
Describe Global, Australian and Victorian legislation and conventions and a current biodiversity issue which refers to each.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. • The International Union For Conservation Of Nature And Natural
Resources (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of
nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
• It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, lobbying
and education.
• Best known for compiling and publishing Red list : accesses the conservation
status of species worldwide.
• IUCN's mission is to "influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the
world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is
equitable and ecologically sustainable”.
3. 1947
1948
1961
2012
1964
1949
1956
Took part in setting up
World wild life fund
(now WWF)
IUPN (international Union for
protection of nature) formed
IUPN and UNESCO jointly
organized conference on
protection of nature
Changed the name to
International Union for
conservation of nature and
natural resources
International conference on
protection of nature in
Brunnen
Red data book on the
conservation status of
species was first published
IUCN publishes the list of
world’s 100 most
threatened species
5. • IUCN will reach these three objectives through work with the global
IUCN member network and its partners.
6. India a mega diverse country accounts for 7-8% of all recorded species.
Over 45,968 species of plants and 91,364 species of animals.
4 of 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots: The Himalayas, the
Western Ghats, the North-East, and the Nicobar Islands in India.
India became a State Member of IUCN in 1969, through the Ministry of
Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
The IUCN India Country Office was established in 2007 in New Delhi.
7. The IUCN Red list of threatened species is also known as the IUCN
Red list or Red data list.
IUCN Red list was founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive
inventory of the global conservation status of biological species.
The IUCN is the world's main authority on the conservation status of
species.
A series of regional red lists are produced by countries or organizations,
which assess the risk of extinction
The IUCN Red list is set upon precise criteria to evaluate
the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies.
8. According to IUCN (1996), the formally stated goals of the Red List are
(1) To provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a
global level.
(2) To draw attention toward the importance of threatened biodiversity.
(3) To provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.
Category Total no. of Species in world
Extinct 868
Extinct in the wild 78
Critically endangered 5176
Endangered 7705
Vulnerable 11654
Near threatened 4406
Least concern 36952
Total 82065
10. • Species are classified by the IUCN Red list into nine groups, set through
criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic
distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.
11. A species is Extinct when the last existing member dies.
The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of
the last individual of the species.
Total 868 species Extinct in the world.
12. "Extinct in the Wild" (EW) Species listed under this status by IUCN are not
known to have any living specimens in the wild, and are maintained only
in zoos or other artificial environments.
When possible, modern zoological institutions try to maintain a viable
population for species preservation and possible future reintroduction to the
wild, through use of carefully planned breeding programs.
Total 78 species Extinct in the wild in world.
13. • A Critically endangered (cr) species is one which has been categorized by
the IUCN as facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
• Total 5176 species critically endangered in the world.
• As of September 2016, the IUCN lists 455 Critically endangered fish species
• The important criteria are :
• (a) an observed estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 80 % over
at least 10 year or 3 generation.
(b) population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals.
14. • A taxon is endangered when it is not critically endangered but it is facing a
very high risk of extinction in the wild in a near future.
• 7705 species are endangered worldwide.
The important criteria are :
(a) an observed, estimated , inferred or suspected reduction of at least 50 %
over at least 10 years or 3 generation.
(b) population estimated to number less than 2,500 mature individuals .
15. • A taxon is vulnerable when it is not critically endangered or
endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the
medium term future .
• Total 11654 species are Vulnerable world wide.
• The important criteria are :
(a) an observed ,estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least
20 % over at least 10 year or 3 generation.
(b) population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individual.
16. • Taxa which are not presently endangered or vulnerable but can become
Rare because of small population usually located in restricted scattered
over a more extensive range .
17. • Taxa included in the lower risk category can be separated in to three sub
categories :
• 1) Conservation dependent ( lr-cd ) : Taxa which would qualify for
threatened categories within five year it is known as conservation
dependent.
• 2) Near threatened (lr-nt) : Taxa which do not qualify for conservation
dependent, but which are close to qualifying for vulnerable.
• 3) Least concern (lr-lc ) : Taxa which do not qualify for conservation
dependent or near threatened.
18. • Known ,but appropriate data on abundance and /or distribution is lacking.
• Listing a taxon is data deficient (dd) when there is inadequate information to
make a direct or indirect assessment of its of extinction based on its
distribution and / or population status .
• Not evaluated (NE) : A taxon is not evaluated (ne), when it has not yet been
assessed against the criteria .
19. • IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management
categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system
developed by the international union for conservation of nature
(IUCN).
• The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the
conservation of the world's natural environment and biodiversity.
the IUCN has developed the protected area management categories
system to define, record, and classify the wide variety of specific aims
and concerns when categorizing protected areas and their objectives.
20. • A strict nature reserve (IUCN category IA) is an area which is
protected from all but light human use in order to preserve the
geological and geo morphological features of the region and its
biodiversity.
• These areas are often home to dense native ecosystems that are
restricted from all human disturbance outside of scientific study,
environmental monitoring and education.
21. • A Wilderness area (IUCN category IB) is similar to a strict nature
reserve, but generally larger and protected in a slightly less stringent
manner.
• These are areas which may buffer against the effects of climate change
and protect threatened species and ecological communities.
22. • National parks are managed in a way that may contribute to local
economies through promoting educational and recreational tourism on
a scale that will not reduce the effectiveness of conservation efforts.
• National parks are areas reserved for wild life where they can freely
use the habitats and natural resources.
• No grazing of any livestock shall also be permitted inside a national
park.
• Commercial exploitation of natural resources is strictly prohibited.
23. • A Natural monument is a natural or natural/cultural feature of outstanding or
unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or
cultural significance.
• “Areas are set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a
landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a
living feature such as an ancient grove.
• They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value .
24. • Habitat or species management area (IUCN category IV) is similar to a natural
monument or feature, but focuses on more specific areas of conservation, like
an identifiable species or habitat that requires continuous protection rather
than that of a natural feature.
• These protected areas will be sufficiently controlled to ensure the
maintenance, conservation, and restoration of particular species and habitats –
possibly through traditional means – and public education of such areas is
widely encouraged as part of the management objectives.
25. • IUCN category v protected landscape and protected seascape — area covers
entire bodies of land or ocean with a more explicit management plan in the
interest of nature conservation, but is more likely to include a range of for-
profit activities.
• Category v—protected landscapes and seascapes allow a higher level of
interaction with surrounding communities who are able to contribute to the
areas management and engage with the natural and cultural heritage it
embodies through a sustainable outlook.
26. • Though human involvement is a large factor in the management of
these protected areas, developments are not intended to allow for wide
scale industrial production.
• The IUCN recommends that a proportion of the land mass remains in
its natural condition – a decision to be made on a national level,
usually with specificity to each protected area.