1. The document discusses principles and strategies for conservation of natural resources and biological diversity. It outlines international efforts like CITES, WHC, CMS, and IWC that India is a signatory to help protect endangered species and habitats. 2. Key Indian initiatives discussed include projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant, establishing wildlife crime control bureaus, and policies/acts like the Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, and Biological Diversity Act. 3. The strategies aim to curb illegal wildlife trade, conduct conservation research, and protect national parks, sanctuaries, and biodiversity through collaborative international agreements and domestic legal and programmatic efforts.

1. CONSERVATION

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Principles of conservation
• Strategies for conservation in situ conservation:
1. International efforts
2. Indian initiatives

3. Introduction
• Conservation in its broadest sense means to stop
the unplanned development that breaks
ecological as well as human laws by careless use
of natural resources.
• Conservation is the most efficient and most
beneficial utilization of natural resources and is
one of the most significant applications of ecology.

4. • Conservation is mainly concerned with the
management of the natural resources of the earth,
taking into consideration their proper
use,preservation and protection from destructive
influence and misuse etc..
• Conservation of plants is important to maintain the
existence of life on the earth. Various method have
been adopted to conserve our forest wealth.

5. Principles of conservation
1. Conservation biologists seek to maintain their
aspects of life on earth: biological diversity, ecological
integrity and health.
2. Biological diversity is a measure of diversity of all
levels of organisations.
3. Ecological integrity is a measure of the
composition, structure, and function of biological
system.

6. 4. The conservation of nature is important for
natures intrinsic values, its instrumental values.
5. Instrumental values are based on the usefulness
of nature to humans.
6. Psychological values are those that contribute to
the psychological well - being of human's.
7. An understanding of conservation is based on key
concepts in taxonomy, genetics, geography and
evolution.

7. 8. Nature has faced and continues to face
numerous threats from humans, including direct
harvesting habitat destruction and introduction of
non - native species.
9. Conservation requires a combination of new
different strategies.

8. Strategies for conservation in situ
conservation:
1. International efforts:
 The main international agreements and
conventions that some or all of ECA 's 28 countries
are party to are as follows:
 CITES :-
The convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
• CITES was signed in March 1973.
• The government of India signed the convention in
july 1976.

9. • The enforcement of the provisions of CITES is
carried out by the regional Deputy Directors ,
wildlife crime control Bureau, who have also been
designated as the Assistant CITES management
Authority for india.

10.  WHC :-
• World Heritage Convention.
• India is a member of WHC. responsible for listing
of world heritage sites, which include both
culture & natural sites.
• Currently, six natural world heritage sites have
been recognized by UNESCO in india.
• Viz :- Nanda Devi National park
Kaziranga National park
Manas National park
Keoladeo National park
Sundarbans National park

11. • Apart from these, the velley of flowers National park
has also been included in the list of WHC sites as an
extension of Nanda Devi National park.
• In the 38th sessions of the WHC meeting held at
Doha, Qatar from 16 june - 26 june 2014 also include
the six new natural heritage sites; viz :
1. Bhitarkanika Conservation area
2. Desert National park
3. Kangchenelzonga National park
4. Namdhapha National park
5. Neora velley National park
6. wild Ass sanctuary- little Rann of kachchh

12. CMS :-
• Convention of the Conservation of Migratory Species
of Wild Animal.
• The convention came into force in 1979.
• India is a signatory to the convention since 1983.
• During the COP, thet Ministry of Environment and
Forests, WWF - india, wetlands international and
BNHS jointly organized a side event on Black - nacked
crane urging the range states for regional cooperation
for conservation of this unique species found in the
Himalayan high altitude wetlands.

13. IWC :-
• International Whaling Commission.
• IWC was set up under the international commission for
the Regulation of Whaling which was signed in
Washington on 2nd December 1946.
• the purpose of the convention is to provide for
conservation of whale stocks.
• India has been a member of the IWC since 1981 and
has played a pro- active and prominent role in bringing
about a moratorium on commercial whaling and
supporting the commission in its efforts towards
whole conservation.

14. TRAFFIC:-
• The wildlife Trade Monitoring network.
• TRAFFIC is a non- governmental organisations
working globally on trade in wild animals and plants
in the context of biodiversity conservation and
sustainable development.
• The programme was founded in 1976, with
headquarters now located in Cambridge. U.K.
• TRAFFIC mission is to ensure that trade in wild
plants and animals is not a threat to the
conservation of nature.

15. 2. Indian Initiatives
• The central government has also initiated the scheme,
National plan for conservation of Aquatic Eco- system
that lends assistance to the states for the sound
management of all wetlands.
• In order to curb the illegal trade of wildlife and that of
endangered species, wildlife crime control Bureau has
been established.
• Special oraganizatios like wildlife institute of india ,
BNHS , and Salim Ali centre for ornithology and
Natural History are formed to conduct research on
Conservation of wildlife.

16. Wildlife Conservation projects & programme by
Indian Government.
• Project Tiger
• Project Elephant
• Crocodile Conservation project
• UNDP Sea Turtle project
• National parks
• Wildlife sanctuaries
• Biosphere reserves
• The NGOs
• GEER foundation
• Botanical gardens

17. Policies related to Environment & Biodiversity
• National Forest policy
• National conservation strategy and policy
statement on environment and devlopment
• National policy and macro- level action strategy
on biodiversity
• National biodiversity action plan (2009)
• National Agriculture policy
• National environmental policy (2006)
• National water policy

18. Important Environment & Biodiversity Acts
passed by Indian Government.
• Fisheries Act 1897
• Indian Forests Act 1927
• Mining and Mineral development Regulations Act
1957
• prevention of cruently to Animals 1960
• Wildlife protection Act 1972
• Forest conservation Act 1980
• Environmental protection Act 1986
• Biological Diversity Act 2002

19. • Water ( prevention and control of pollution)
Act 1974
• Air ( prevention and control pollution) Act 1981
• Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest
Dwellers ( Recognition of Rights) Act 2006

20. References
• Environmental Science
By: Dr. Jayant Gangrediwar
• www.google.com