Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN
United for Life and Livelihoods
Red List of Threatened Species
Red Data Book
global extinction risk status
Extinct (EX)
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
ENDANGERED (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
As our environment is degrading day by day it's an important tool for the study of environmental health. Ecological indicators provide us information about the sudden change in the environment. So that we can take appropriate steps for its protection.
IUCN is a globally important organisation for the conservation of nature and its resources. It is well known for Red data book. the species of organisms around the globe is grouped into several categories according to their need for conservation.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
IUCN
United for Life and Livelihoods
Red List of Threatened Species
Red Data Book
global extinction risk status
Extinct (EX)
EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)
ENDANGERED (EN)
VULNERABLE (VU)
NEAR THREATENED (NT)
LEAST CONCERN (LC)
DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
As our environment is degrading day by day it's an important tool for the study of environmental health. Ecological indicators provide us information about the sudden change in the environment. So that we can take appropriate steps for its protection.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
This presentation is a depiction of ecological biodiversity in India. It includes basic understanding the meaning of biodiversity, discussing about the 4 hotspots in India, also discussing the habitat if each hotspots. A map is represented as well to know the locations of the hotspots, and the threatens are also discussed along with the solutions. Overall this is an outstanding nature based project with attractive visuals to stick the eyes of viewer to the presentation.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Climax:
The terminal stabilized system or community is known as Climax.
Climax Community:
When the final terminal community becomes stabilized for a longer period and can maintain itself in equilibrium with the climate of the area, it is known as a climax community.
The first time the term Climax was used by Clements in 1936. This type of community remains the same throughout time if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the result of the succession process does not always mean only big trees. They could be:
Cacti in deserts or
Grasses in fields
stability of climax
The climax community may change if there are changes in climate or long-term evolutionary changes in one or more species. Climax communities are said to be in a state of equilibrium because organisms have already adapted to their environment and succession is no longer taking place. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is stable.
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
VCE Environmental Science Unit 3: Biodiversity and conservation management.Peter Phillips M.Ed.
Learning intentions:
To understand how biodiversity is identified and managed in Australia.
Success Criteria:
Be able to apply categories of conservation status and describe how degree of threat is determined.
Know the three biodiversity categories and how they relate to each other.
Be able to explain how remnant vegetation, corridors and conservation reserves can be used to support biodiversity.
Describe Global, Australian and Victorian legislation and conventions and a current biodiversity issue which refers to each.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
This presentation is a depiction of ecological biodiversity in India. It includes basic understanding the meaning of biodiversity, discussing about the 4 hotspots in India, also discussing the habitat if each hotspots. A map is represented as well to know the locations of the hotspots, and the threatens are also discussed along with the solutions. Overall this is an outstanding nature based project with attractive visuals to stick the eyes of viewer to the presentation.
Importance
Intrinsic Value
Extinctions
What is Biodiversity?
Genetic Biodiversity
Species Biodiversity
Ecosystem Biodiversity
Ecosystem Function
Marine Biodiversity
Caribbean Diversity
Extinctions
Threats to Biodiversity
Protection & MPA’s
Climax:
The terminal stabilized system or community is known as Climax.
Climax Community:
When the final terminal community becomes stabilized for a longer period and can maintain itself in equilibrium with the climate of the area, it is known as a climax community.
The first time the term Climax was used by Clements in 1936. This type of community remains the same throughout time if it is not disturbed.
A stable group of plants and animals which is the result of the succession process does not always mean only big trees. They could be:
Cacti in deserts or
Grasses in fields
stability of climax
The climax community may change if there are changes in climate or long-term evolutionary changes in one or more species. Climax communities are said to be in a state of equilibrium because organisms have already adapted to their environment and succession is no longer taking place. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is stable.
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
VCE Environmental Science Unit 3: Biodiversity and conservation management.Peter Phillips M.Ed.
Learning intentions:
To understand how biodiversity is identified and managed in Australia.
Success Criteria:
Be able to apply categories of conservation status and describe how degree of threat is determined.
Know the three biodiversity categories and how they relate to each other.
Be able to explain how remnant vegetation, corridors and conservation reserves can be used to support biodiversity.
Describe Global, Australian and Victorian legislation and conventions and a current biodiversity issue which refers to each.
IUCN: Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCNVarsha Rani Jha
This PPT is for Students of Post Graduation Second semester. This Video contains Information about Assessment and Inventory based on the recommendation of IUCN. How IUCN made , What are the Agreement that IUCN Signed for Conservation of Biodiversity. The Conferenses organized in IUCN, About members of IUCN.
Lec 8.pptx National Parks of Pakistan, Laws in a National Park,MUHAMMADZUBAIR422986
developments for the protection of biological diversity
The role of economics
a decade for biodiversity
action needed this decade
strategic goals
the convention on biological diversity
strategic plan for biodiversity
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Methods of studying population
• The IUCN categories of conservation status
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• International Agreements- CITES, CMS, IWC
• National laws- India, ESA
• Establishing new populations
• In situ and ex situ conservation strategies
• Conclusion
• References
3. Introduction
• Biodiversity- the sum total of life forms at all
levels of organization in a biological system or sum
total of species richness.
• Biodiversity is both essential for our existence and
intrinsically valuable in its own right because
biodiversity provides the fundamental building
blocks for many goods and a healthy environment.
• Due to the increased population and increased
greediness of human beings, biodiversity is under
threat. Major reasons for the loss of biodiversity
are habitat loss, over population, over exploitation
and climate change.
• Conservation- Management of human use of
biodiversity so that it may yield the greatest
sustainable benefit to the present generation while
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and
aspiration of future generations. Diversity of life = biodiversity
5. Methods of studying populations
• Census: count of the number of individuals
present in a population.
• Survey: it involves using a repeatable sampling
method to estimate the number of individuals
or the density of a species in an ecosystem.
• Demographic study: it provides data on the
numbers, ages, sexes, conditions, and locations
of individual within a population.
Hawaiian monk seal
Marsh fritillary butterfly
These data indicate whether a population is stable,
increasing or declining and are the basis for statistical models
used to predict the future of a species.
• Population viability analysis: it uses mathematical and
statistical methods to predict the probability that a
population or species will go extinct within a certain time
period. PVA also helpful in modeling the effects of habitat
degradation and management efforts.
6. Extinct (EX)
Extinct in wild (EW)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near threatened (NT)
Least Concern (LC)
Adequate data:
Inadequate data:
Evaluated:
Species:
Not evaluated (NE)
Data Deficient (DD)
ThreatenedExtinctLowerrisk
The IUCN categories of conservation status.
Conservation categories
7. Red List criteria A-E Quantification of criteria for Red List category ‘‘critically endangered’’
A. Observable reduction in
numbers of individuals
The population has declines by 80 % or more over the last 10 years or 3
generations, either based on direct observation or inferred from factors such as
levels of exploitation, threats from introduced species and disease, or habitat
destruction and/or degradation
B. Total geographical area
occupied by the species
The species has restricted range (<100 km2 at a single location) and there is
observed or predicted habitat loss, fragmentation, ecological imbalance, or
heavy commercial exploitation.
C. Predicted decline in number
of individuals
The total population size is less than 250 mature, breeding individuals and is
expected to decline by 25 % or more within 3 years or 1 generation
D. Number of mature
individuals currently alive
The population size is less than 50 mature individuals
E. Probability the species will
go extinct within a certain
number of years or generations
Extinction probability is greater than 50% within 10 years or generations
Table.1: IUCN Red List Criteria for the Assignment of Conservation Categories
9. Convention on Biological Diversity
• 1992- Rio conference.
• Aims:
1. To conserve biodiversity
2. Use it sustainably
3. Ensure fair distribution of its benefits
10. Strategic Goal A:
Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across
government and society.
Strategic Goal B:
Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.
11. Strategic Goal C:
To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity.
Strategic Goal D:
Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
Strategic Goal E:
Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity
building
12. International Agreements
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
• Established in 1973 in association with UNEP
• Treaty has been ratified by 175 countries.
• CITES has developed extensive lists of species for which trade is prohibited,
controlled or monitored.
• Global ban on the ivory trade, implemented after poaching caused severe declines
in African elephant populations.
• Limited commercial trade in ivory has been permitted in a few African countries
with healthy and expanding elephant populations.
Ivory of elephant Sea horses Tiger poaching
13. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
• Bonn convention signed by 116 countries, primarily focusing on bird species. India - 1983
• International efforts to conserve bird species that migrate across international borders and by emphasizing
regional approaches to research, management and hunting regulations.
• Includes protection of bats and their habitats and cetaceans in the costal zones and seas around Europe.
Mobula eregoodootenkeeAppendix I and II of CMS
14. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)
International whaling commission (IWC)
• ICRW which was signed in Washington DC on 2nd December 1946.
• The IWC is the global body charged with the conservation of whales and the management of whaling.
• The IWC currently has 89 member governments from countries all over the world. India joined in 9-3-1981.
• Purpose- proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling
industry.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, MadagascarNecklace made of dolphin teeth, Solomon Islands
15. India has taken the following steps towards biodiversity conservation:
• Indian Forest Act, 1927
• Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
• Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
• India passed the Biological Diversity Act in the year 2002. The act mainly addresses to genetic resources and
associated knowledge by foreign individuals, institutions or companies, to ensure equitable sharing of benefits
arising out of the use of these resources and knowledge to the country and the local communities. A National
Biodiversity Authority was set up at Chennai on 1st October, 2003 as per the provision of the Biological
Diversity Act, 2002.
• Biodiversity Action Plan was approved in November 2008 to enhance natural resource base and its sustainable
utilization.
• India has recently ratified the Nagoya Protocol. The Nagoya Protocol would contribute to fair and equitable
sharing of benefits accruing from utilization of genetic resources and would act as incentive to biodiversity-rich
countries and their local communities to conserve and sustainable use their biodiversity.
• India hosted the 11th Conference of Parties (CoP-11) to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This is also
the first such conference since the launch of the United Nations Decade of Biodiversity in 2011. At the CoP-11,
India has launched the Hyderabad Pledge and announced that our Government will earmark a sum of US$ 50
million to strengthen the institutional mechanism for biodiversity conservation in India. India will use these
funds to enhance the technical and human capabilities of our national and state-level mechanism to attain the
CBD objectives.
16. Endangered Species Act
• ESA was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1973.
• To provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species
depend may be considered to provide a program for the conservation of such species.
• Prohibits activities that harm federal lands of EN species and also prevents exploitation of listed species
• Endangered species are those likely to become extinct as a result of human activities and/or natural
causes in all or a significant portion of their range.
• Threatened species are those likely to become endangered in the near future.
• Since 1973 more than 1300 U.S. species have been added to the list. About 20 species have been delisted.
Bald EagleBrown Pelican
17. Pampas deer Whooping Crane
Establishing new populations
• Establishing a new population of EN species can benefit the species itself, other species and
the ecosystem.
• It must identify and attempt to eliminate the factors that led to the original populations
decline. E.g: Peregrine falcon.
1. Restocking program: releasing individuals into existing population
2. Reintroduction program: releasing individuals into an ecologically suitable site within
their historical range where species no longer occurs.
3. Introduction program: moving individuals to areas outside their historical range but
suitable for the species.
Peregrine falcon
19. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
• A National Park is an area of land set aside to conserve the scenery (or environment) and natural
objects and the wildlife therein.
• A wildlife sanctuary is dedicated to protect wildlife, but it considers the conservation of species
only and also the boundary of it is not limited by state legislation.
Bandipur national park Wayanad wildlife sanctuary
20. Biosphere Reserve
• Biosphere reserves have been described as undisturbed natural areas for scientific study as well
as areas in which conditions of disturbance are under control.
• They have been set aside for ecological research and habitat preservation.
• Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally
recognized within the framework of UNESCO‟s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program launched
in 1971.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Gulf of Mannar
22. ZOOS
Sri Chamarajendra Zoological
Garden, Mysore.
Asahiyama Zoo, Japan.
• Along with affiliated universities, government wildlife departments, and conservation organizations,
presently maintain over 5000,000 terrestrial vertebrate individuals, representing almost 8000
species and sub species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.
• Cross fostering, artificial incubation, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, genome resource
bank(GRB)- freezing purified DNA, eggs, sperm, embryos and other
tissues of species.
Bongo calf-eland at Cincinnati Zoo
Center for Conservation and Research
Of Endangered Wildlife.
23. Aquarium
Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta
• Approximately 600,000 individual fish are maintained in aquariums throughout the world.
• Play role in conservation of Whales, dolphins and other marine mammals.
Planet earth aquarium Mysore
24. Royal botanical garden, Kew National botanical garden, Calcutta
Botanical gardens
• 1775 botanical gardens in world.
• Royal botanical garden- 25,000 species of plants under cultivation, about 10% of worlds total
2700 - threatened species.
25. Seed bank
• Seeds of approximately 10% of the world’s species are stored in seed banks.
• More than 60 major seed banks exists in the world.
• Botanical gardens and research institutes have developed collection of seeds.
Millennium seed bank, Kew
26. ENDANGERED SPECIES
Field survey
Conservation strategies
EX SITU CONSERVATION IN SITU CONSERVATION
Storage of sperm, eggs,
tissue, seeds etc.
Zoos, aquariums,
botanical gardens
Establishing breeding
programs
Protection, management,
monitoring
Viable wild populations
Develop new products
Use and sell new products
Revenues fund
conservation efforts
Collections from the wild
Reestablish populations
in the wild
Funds to maintain
Breeding programs
Funds to protect
and manage species
in the wild
27. Conclusion
• The need of the hour - Conservation of Biodiversity.
• Various treaties such as CITES, CMS have helped to conserve biodiversity at
international level.
• At national level enforcement of several laws have aided the process of conservation.
• In situ and ex situ conservation strategies enabled the conservation of biodiversity at
their habitat and also away from their habitat.
• Don’t forget - Live and Let Live
28. How is it possible
that the most
intellectual creature
to ever walk the
planet earth is
destroying it’s only
home?
educe
euse
ecycle
R
29. References
• Primack, R.B (2012). A primer of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, M. A: Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Publishers.
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262451500_Biodiversity_scenario_in_India
• https://www.cbd.int/
• https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichitargets-EN.pdf
• www.iucn.org
• www.cites.org
• www.iucnredlist.org
