The document outlines biodiversity conservation strategies, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity for human existence and the threats it faces from human activities. It discusses various methods for studying populations, international agreements like CITES and CMS, and national laws in India aimed at conservation efforts. The conclusion highlights the necessity for both in situ and ex situ conservation methods to protect biodiversity effectively.

1. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES
Presented by:
Megha Varshini Gowda B. R

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Methods of studying population
• The IUCN categories of conservation status
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• International Agreements- CITES, CMS, IWC
• National laws- India, ESA
• Establishing new populations
• In situ and ex situ conservation strategies
• Conclusion
• References

3. Introduction
• Biodiversity- the sum total of life forms at all
levels of organization in a biological system or sum
total of species richness.
• Biodiversity is both essential for our existence and
intrinsically valuable in its own right because
biodiversity provides the fundamental building
blocks for many goods and a healthy environment.
• Due to the increased population and increased
greediness of human beings, biodiversity is under
threat. Major reasons for the loss of biodiversity
are habitat loss, over population, over exploitation
and climate change.
• Conservation- Management of human use of
biodiversity so that it may yield the greatest
sustainable benefit to the present generation while
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and
aspiration of future generations. Diversity of life = biodiversity

4. Is this your
10 years challenge?
Live and let live…

5. Methods of studying populations
• Census: count of the number of individuals
present in a population.
• Survey: it involves using a repeatable sampling
method to estimate the number of individuals
or the density of a species in an ecosystem.
• Demographic study: it provides data on the
numbers, ages, sexes, conditions, and locations
of individual within a population.
Hawaiian monk seal
Marsh fritillary butterfly
These data indicate whether a population is stable,
increasing or declining and are the basis for statistical models
used to predict the future of a species.
• Population viability analysis: it uses mathematical and
statistical methods to predict the probability that a
population or species will go extinct within a certain time
period. PVA also helpful in modeling the effects of habitat
degradation and management efforts.

6. Extinct (EX)
Extinct in wild (EW)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near threatened (NT)
Least Concern (LC)
Adequate data:
Inadequate data:
Evaluated:
Species:
Not evaluated (NE)
Data Deficient (DD)
ThreatenedExtinctLowerrisk
The IUCN categories of conservation status.
Conservation categories

7. Red List criteria A-E Quantification of criteria for Red List category ‘‘critically endangered’’
A. Observable reduction in
numbers of individuals
The population has declines by 80 % or more over the last 10 years or 3
generations, either based on direct observation or inferred from factors such as
levels of exploitation, threats from introduced species and disease, or habitat
destruction and/or degradation
B. Total geographical area
occupied by the species
The species has restricted range (<100 km2 at a single location) and there is
observed or predicted habitat loss, fragmentation, ecological imbalance, or
heavy commercial exploitation.
C. Predicted decline in number
of individuals
The total population size is less than 250 mature, breeding individuals and is
expected to decline by 25 % or more within 3 years or 1 generation
D. Number of mature
individuals currently alive
The population size is less than 50 mature individuals
E. Probability the species will
go extinct within a certain
number of years or generations
Extinction probability is greater than 50% within 10 years or generations
Table.1: IUCN Red List Criteria for the Assignment of Conservation Categories

8. Fishes
Amphibians
Mammals
Reptails
Plants
Birds
34%
25%
32%
20%
14%
12%
Piechart showing percentage of evaluated organism on earth threatened to extinction.

9. Convention on Biological Diversity
• 1992- Rio conference.
• Aims:
1. To conserve biodiversity
2. Use it sustainably
3. Ensure fair distribution of its benefits

10. Strategic Goal A:
Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across
government and society.
Strategic Goal B:
Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.

11. Strategic Goal C:
To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity.
Strategic Goal D:
Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services
Strategic Goal E:
Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity
building

12. International Agreements
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
• Established in 1973 in association with UNEP
• Treaty has been ratified by 175 countries.
• CITES has developed extensive lists of species for which trade is prohibited,
controlled or monitored.
• Global ban on the ivory trade, implemented after poaching caused severe declines
in African elephant populations.
• Limited commercial trade in ivory has been permitted in a few African countries
with healthy and expanding elephant populations.
Ivory of elephant Sea horses Tiger poaching

13. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
• Bonn convention signed by 116 countries, primarily focusing on bird species. India - 1983
• International efforts to conserve bird species that migrate across international borders and by emphasizing
regional approaches to research, management and hunting regulations.
• Includes protection of bats and their habitats and cetaceans in the costal zones and seas around Europe.
Mobula eregoodootenkeeAppendix I and II of CMS

14. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)
International whaling commission (IWC)
• ICRW which was signed in Washington DC on 2nd December 1946.
• The IWC is the global body charged with the conservation of whales and the management of whaling.
• The IWC currently has 89 member governments from countries all over the world. India joined in 9-3-1981.
• Purpose- proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling
industry.
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins, MadagascarNecklace made of dolphin teeth, Solomon Islands

15. India has taken the following steps towards biodiversity conservation:
• Indian Forest Act, 1927
• Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
• Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
• India passed the Biological Diversity Act in the year 2002. The act mainly addresses to genetic resources and
associated knowledge by foreign individuals, institutions or companies, to ensure equitable sharing of benefits
arising out of the use of these resources and knowledge to the country and the local communities. A National
Biodiversity Authority was set up at Chennai on 1st October, 2003 as per the provision of the Biological
Diversity Act, 2002.
• Biodiversity Action Plan was approved in November 2008 to enhance natural resource base and its sustainable
utilization.
• India has recently ratified the Nagoya Protocol. The Nagoya Protocol would contribute to fair and equitable
sharing of benefits accruing from utilization of genetic resources and would act as incentive to biodiversity-rich
countries and their local communities to conserve and sustainable use their biodiversity.
• India hosted the 11th Conference of Parties (CoP-11) to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This is also
the first such conference since the launch of the United Nations Decade of Biodiversity in 2011. At the CoP-11,
India has launched the Hyderabad Pledge and announced that our Government will earmark a sum of US$ 50
million to strengthen the institutional mechanism for biodiversity conservation in India. India will use these
funds to enhance the technical and human capabilities of our national and state-level mechanism to attain the
CBD objectives.

16. Endangered Species Act
• ESA was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1973.
• To provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species
depend may be considered to provide a program for the conservation of such species.
• Prohibits activities that harm federal lands of EN species and also prevents exploitation of listed species
• Endangered species are those likely to become extinct as a result of human activities and/or natural
causes in all or a significant portion of their range.
• Threatened species are those likely to become endangered in the near future.
• Since 1973 more than 1300 U.S. species have been added to the list. About 20 species have been delisted.
Bald EagleBrown Pelican

17. Pampas deer Whooping Crane
Establishing new populations
• Establishing a new population of EN species can benefit the species itself, other species and
the ecosystem.
• It must identify and attempt to eliminate the factors that led to the original populations
decline. E.g: Peregrine falcon.
1. Restocking program: releasing individuals into existing population
2. Reintroduction program: releasing individuals into an ecologically suitable site within
their historical range where species no longer occurs.
3. Introduction program: moving individuals to areas outside their historical range but
suitable for the species.
Peregrine falcon

18. In Situ Conservation Strategies

19. National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
• A National Park is an area of land set aside to conserve the scenery (or environment) and natural
objects and the wildlife therein.
• A wildlife sanctuary is dedicated to protect wildlife, but it considers the conservation of species
only and also the boundary of it is not limited by state legislation.
Bandipur national park Wayanad wildlife sanctuary

20. Biosphere Reserve
• Biosphere reserves have been described as undisturbed natural areas for scientific study as well
as areas in which conditions of disturbance are under control.
• They have been set aside for ecological research and habitat preservation.
• Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally
recognized within the framework of UNESCO‟s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program launched
in 1971.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Gulf of Mannar

21. Ex Situ Conservation Strategies

22. ZOOS
Sri Chamarajendra Zoological
Garden, Mysore.
Asahiyama Zoo, Japan.
• Along with affiliated universities, government wildlife departments, and conservation organizations,
presently maintain over 5000,000 terrestrial vertebrate individuals, representing almost 8000
species and sub species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.
• Cross fostering, artificial incubation, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, genome resource
bank(GRB)- freezing purified DNA, eggs, sperm, embryos and other
tissues of species.
Bongo calf-eland at Cincinnati Zoo
Center for Conservation and Research
Of Endangered Wildlife.

23. Aquarium
Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta
• Approximately 600,000 individual fish are maintained in aquariums throughout the world.
• Play role in conservation of Whales, dolphins and other marine mammals.
Planet earth aquarium Mysore

24. Royal botanical garden, Kew National botanical garden, Calcutta
Botanical gardens
• 1775 botanical gardens in world.
• Royal botanical garden- 25,000 species of plants under cultivation, about 10% of worlds total
2700 - threatened species.

25. Seed bank
• Seeds of approximately 10% of the world’s species are stored in seed banks.
• More than 60 major seed banks exists in the world.
• Botanical gardens and research institutes have developed collection of seeds.
Millennium seed bank, Kew

26. ENDANGERED SPECIES
Field survey
Conservation strategies
EX SITU CONSERVATION IN SITU CONSERVATION
Storage of sperm, eggs,
tissue, seeds etc.
Zoos, aquariums,
botanical gardens
Establishing breeding
programs
Protection, management,
monitoring
Viable wild populations
Develop new products
Use and sell new products
Revenues fund
conservation efforts
Collections from the wild
Reestablish populations
in the wild
Funds to maintain
Breeding programs
Funds to protect
and manage species
in the wild

27. Conclusion
• The need of the hour - Conservation of Biodiversity.
• Various treaties such as CITES, CMS have helped to conserve biodiversity at
international level.
• At national level enforcement of several laws have aided the process of conservation.
• In situ and ex situ conservation strategies enabled the conservation of biodiversity at
their habitat and also away from their habitat.
• Don’t forget - Live and Let Live

28. How is it possible
that the most
intellectual creature
to ever walk the
planet earth is
destroying it’s only
home?
educe
euse
ecycle
R

29. References
• Primack, R.B (2012). A primer of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, M. A: Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Publishers.
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262451500_Biodiversity_scenario_in_India
• https://www.cbd.int/
• https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichitargets-EN.pdf
• www.iucn.org
• www.cites.org
• www.iucnredlist.org