The document presents an overview of the translation process of the central dogma of molecular biology, detailing the three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. It explains the roles of various components including mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, and translation factors, as well as definitions of key terminologies related to codons. The presentation concludes with references to video resources for further understanding of the translation mechanism.

1. Presentation made by -
HETAKUMARI PILUDARIA
BSc (HONS) BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. CONTENTS
• Defination
• Steps
• Diagram
• Terminologies
• Reference

3. • Translation is the third process of
central dogma
• information is transfered from RNA to
Protein

4. THE BASIC STEPS
Three basic steps of translation
1.Initiation
2.Elongation
3.Termination

5. REQUIREMENTS
• mRNA - Template
• Ribosome
• all 20 amino acids - substrate
• their specific tRNA

6. INITIATION

7. FORMATION OF 43s COMPLES
• 40s Subunit
• IF2 (a GTPase)
• tRNA (f-Met tRNA)
• eIF3 and eIF5 - blocks site E
• mRNA not involved yet
• fMet and factors along with 4s Subunit
forms 43s comples

8. ATTACHING WITH mRNA
• eIF4F complex attaches to mRNA
• mRNA forms loop like structure
• mRNA gets attached with the complex

9. SCANNING FOR START CODON
• Start codon - AUG
• Scanning along 5' to 3'
• tRNA attaches properly to start codon
• eIF2hhdrolyses GTP

10. ASSEMBLY OF LARGER SUBUNIT
• Carrier of 60s subunit is eIF5B(GTPase)
• All other factors get released
• along with GTP hydrolyzations
• forms 80s RNA

11. ELONGATION

12. • eEF1A attaches to aminoacyl tRNA
• brings it to site A
• GTP hydrolyzation
• eEF1B,eEF1G and eEF1D- GTP
hydrolyzation
• Process repeats

13. • Peptidyl transferase reaction
• Peptidyl chain is transfered from site P
to site A

14. TRANSLOCATION
• Ribosome moves 1 codon alon 5' to 3'
• Use of ER(Endoplasmic Reticulum)
• Post translational modifications in Golgi
Apparatus

15. TERMINATION

16. HYDROLYSIS OF POLYPEPTIDE
CHAIN
• RF3 brings eRF1
• eRF1 hydrolyses GTP to GDP
• Polypeptide chain breaks
• RF1 at site A

17. • Translocation of Ribosome
• all factors gets released
• followed by recycling of all the units

20. • Reading frame - the grouping of three successive
bases in a sequence of DNA that constitutes the
codons for the amino acids encoded by the DNA.
• Sense Codon- A set of three nucleotides in a
protein coding sequence that specifies individual
amino acids or a termination signal.
• Nonsence codon- A codon for which no normal
tRNA molecule exists. The presence of a nonsense
codon causes termination of translation. There are
three nonsense codons
TERMINOLOGIES

21. • Universal codon -
The set of DNA and RNA sequences that
determine the amino acid sequences used in
the synthesis of an organism's proteins. It is
the biochemical basis of heredity and nearly
universal in all organisms.
• Degenerate Codon - The genetic code is
degenerate because there are many instances
in which different codons specify the same
amino acid. A genetic code in which some
amino acids may each be encoded by more
than one codon.

22. REFERENCES
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-
PSTQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=gvYJaPxkSZg

23. THANK
YOU