Different between mhc class 1 and mhc class
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Diagrammatically differences Occurrences Structures Functions Encoded chromosomes Antigen-presenting Domains Responsive Cells
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Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses two main pathways - the endogenous/MHC class I pathway which processes intracellular antigens and presents them on MHC class I for recognition by CD8+ T cells, and the exogenous/MHC class II pathway which processes extracellular antigens in antigen presenting cells and presents them on MHC class II for recognition by CD4+ T cells. Key aspects of each pathway are outlined, including antigen processing, peptide binding to MHC molecules, and cell surface presentation to T cells.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are divided into three classes: class I molecules are found on almost all nucleated cells and present intracellular peptides; class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular peptides; class III molecules are secreted proteins with immune functions like complement components. MHC molecules present peptide fragments to T cells to trigger immune responses and also determine compatibility for organ transplants.
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...Pradeep Singh Narwat
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, including their history, structure, organization and inheritance, and functions in antigen presentation and immune responses. MHC molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that are encoded by genes in the MHC locus and present antigen peptides to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses against intracellular and extracellular pathogens.5. MHC.ppt
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present peptide antigens to T cells and are highly polymorphic. MHC molecules are classified into three main classes - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, Class II present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells, and Class III genes encode complement proteins. MHC molecules have a peptide-binding groove that binds short peptides for presentation to T cells. MHC polymorphism generates a diverse repertoire of molecules that can present a wide variety of peptides and mount immune responses against pathogens.
MHC.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of genes located on chromosome 6 that encode MHC molecules displayed on cell surfaces. MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self antigens. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while Class II molecules present extracellular peptides internalized by antigen presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune system through antigen presentation and recognition.
MHC.pptx
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of surface proteins located on nucleated cells that plays an important role in distinguishing self from non-self and antigen presentation. There are two types of MHC molecules: class I MHC molecules present antigens to cytotoxic T cells on all nucleated cells, while class II MHC molecules present antigens to helper T cells and are found only on antigen-presenting cells. Both MHC classes consist of a transmembrane alpha chain and beta chain that form a peptide-binding groove to load and present antigen peptides. MHC molecules allow the immune system to recognize foreign substances so the body's immune response can be triggered.
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Recommended
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses two main pathways - the endogenous/MHC class I pathway which processes intracellular antigens and presents them on MHC class I for recognition by CD8+ T cells, and the exogenous/MHC class II pathway which processes extracellular antigens in antigen presenting cells and presents them on MHC class II for recognition by CD4+ T cells. Key aspects of each pathway are outlined, including antigen processing, peptide binding to MHC molecules, and cell surface presentation to T cells.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are divided into three classes: class I molecules are found on almost all nucleated cells and present intracellular peptides; class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular peptides; class III molecules are secreted proteins with immune functions like complement components. MHC molecules present peptide fragments to T cells to trigger immune responses and also determine compatibility for organ transplants.
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...Pradeep Singh Narwat
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, including their history, structure, organization and inheritance, and functions in antigen presentation and immune responses. MHC molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that are encoded by genes in the MHC locus and present antigen peptides to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses against intracellular and extracellular pathogens.5. MHC.ppt
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present peptide antigens to T cells and are highly polymorphic. MHC molecules are classified into three main classes - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, Class II present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells, and Class III genes encode complement proteins. MHC molecules have a peptide-binding groove that binds short peptides for presentation to T cells. MHC polymorphism generates a diverse repertoire of molecules that can present a wide variety of peptides and mount immune responses against pathogens.
MHC.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of genes located on chromosome 6 that encode MHC molecules displayed on cell surfaces. MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self antigens. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while Class II molecules present extracellular peptides internalized by antigen presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune system through antigen presentation and recognition.
MHC.pptx
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of surface proteins located on nucleated cells that plays an important role in distinguishing self from non-self and antigen presentation. There are two types of MHC molecules: class I MHC molecules present antigens to cytotoxic T cells on all nucleated cells, while class II MHC molecules present antigens to helper T cells and are found only on antigen-presenting cells. Both MHC classes consist of a transmembrane alpha chain and beta chain that form a peptide-binding groove to load and present antigen peptides. MHC molecules allow the immune system to recognize foreign substances so the body's immune response can be triggered.
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Presentation Pathways.pptx
MHC class I and II molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that present antigen peptide fragments to T cells. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens processed via the cytosolic pathway to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens endocytosed and processed via the endocytic pathway to CD4+ helper T cells. The cytosolic pathway involves proteolytic degradation of antigens in the cytosol and transport of peptides to the ER for assembly with class I MHC. The endocytic pathway involves internalization of exogenous antigens, processing in endosomes, transport of class II MHC to endosomes, and assembly of antigen peptides with class II MHC.
Major histocompatability complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes found in all mammals that encodes cell surface proteins essential for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC is involved in antigen presentation, immune cell interactions, and determining compatibility for transplantation. In humans, MHC genes are located on chromosome 6 and are divided into three main classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in inflammation. Differences in MHC proteins determine an individual's ability to mount immune responses to pathogens.
MHC--M.Sc--III sem--07.07.20.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) refers to a set of genes that code for MHC proteins found on the surfaces of cells. These proteins help the immune system recognize foreign substances by presenting antigen fragments to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC molecules: class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells on nearly all nucleated cells; class II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells and are found on antigen-presenting cells; class III molecules encode for other immune system proteins. MHC molecules have a groove that binds peptides for presentation to T cells, allowing the immune system to detect infected or damaged cells.
Immunology MHC.pptx
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that function as specialized antigen-presenting molecules. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - class I and class II. Class I molecules present intracellularly derived antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules present extracellular antigens engulfed by antigen-presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. Both classes of MHC molecules form stable complexes with peptide ligands within a binding groove and display them on the cell surface for recognition by T-cell receptors.
HLA structure
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):
- Is located on chromosome 6 and contains genes such as HLA that play a role in distinguishing self from non-self.
- Genes are organized into three classes: class I present antigens to T cells, class II present antigens to T helper cells, and class III genes produce immune system proteins.
- MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and inherited as sets (haplotypes) from each parent, allowing presentation of a wide variety of antigens.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens are a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to identify foreign molecules. MHC antigens bind to pathogen antigens and display them on the cell surface for identification by T-cells. MHC is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes these antigens. There are three classes of MHC - Class I presents antigens to CD8 T-cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents antigens to CD4 T-cells on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, and Class III plays a role in immune function through complement and cytokines. MHC antigens act as antigen presenting structures and play important roles in immune responses, transplantation tissue matching, and autoimmune diseases.
L6.0 Immune recognition molecule (MHC,T cell receptor, T cell epitopes, T cel...
The document discusses immune recognition molecules, focusing on major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptors, T-cell epitopes, T-cell markers, B-cell epitopes, and Toll-like receptors. It describes how MHC molecules present antigen peptides to T cells to initiate immune responses. MHC class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules bind peptides through their peptide-binding cleft in a polymorphic and promiscuous manner. Very few peptide-MHC complexes are needed to activate antigen-specific T cells.
HLA and cytokines.ppt
1) The HLA (MHC) genes encode cell surface proteins that present antigens to the immune system and are important for determining compatibility in transplantation. They are codominantly expressed and polymorphic with multiple alleles in populations.
2) MHC genes can be divided into classes I, II, and III. Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells and are expressed on most cells. Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells and are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells.
3) Antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells activate T cells by presenting antigen through MHC molecules along with co-stimulatory signals. This activation induces T cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production.
17.histocompatability complex
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that plays a key role in the immune system by helping distinguish self from non-self. MHC genes are organized into three classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in immune functions. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and vary considerably between individuals, helping the immune system recognize a wide variety of pathogens.
Antigen processing and MHC
1. The MHC molecules present peptide antigens to T cells. Class I MHC present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while class II MHC present extracellular peptides taken up by endocytosis to CD4+ T cells.
2. Antigens are processed through different pathways depending on if they are intracellular or extracellular. Intracellular antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported into the ER by TAP to bind class I MHC. Extracellular antigens are endocytosed and degraded in lysosomes to bind class II MHC.
3. The peptide-MHC complexes are then transported to the cell surface for recognition by T cell receptors.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates. Peptides from intracellular pathogens are carried to the cell surface by MHC class I and MHC class II and presented to CD4 T cells. Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present MHC class II antigens to CD4 T cells, while all nucleated cells present MHC class I antigens.
Antigen Processing & Presentation
Antigen-presenting cells display antigen peptides on their surface bound to MHC class II molecules. When a T helper cell recognizes this complex, it becomes activated through costimulatory signals from the antigen-presenting cell. MHC molecules bind intracellularly degraded antigen peptides and present them to T cells. Exogenous antigens enter cells through endocytosis or phagocytosis and are degraded and presented via MHC class II. Endogenous antigens are degraded and presented via MHC class I in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Major histocompatibility complex CH.U
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes that encode glycoproteins found on the surface of mammalian cells. MHC proteins present antigens and help the immune system distinguish self from nonself. There are two major classes of MHC molecules: class I molecules present antigens to cytotoxic T cells on all nucleated cells, while class II molecules present antigens to helper T cells on antigen-presenting cells that have engulfed foreign antigens. Together, MHC molecules play a key role in cell-cell interaction and initiating adaptive immune responses.
Eng. major histocompatibility complex
The MHC complex is a cluster of genes present in all mammals that plays an important role in self/non-self discrimination. MHC genes code for cell surface antigens that present antigens to T cells and are highly polymorphic between individuals. There are four classes of MHC molecules: Class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells on all nucleated cells; Class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells on antigen presenting cells; Class III proteins have immune functions; Class IV is no longer used. The MHC complex is crucial for immune recognition and response.
MHC and Antigen presentation
An undergraduate lecture on role of MHC in antigen presentation including an overview of antigen presentation pathways as well as MHC Class I and II proteins
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells express class II MHC molecules and provide co-stimulatory signals to activate T helper cells. These cells internalize antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis, degrade them into peptides, and present the peptides bound to class II MHC on their surface. The document also describes the major histocompatibility complex and the roles of class I and class II MHC molecules in antigen presentation to T cells. It outlines the exogenous and endogenous antigen processing pathways, how exogenous antigens are presented by class II MHC and endogenous antigens by class I MHC.
MHC MOLECULE
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
MHC MOLECULES
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
IGNTU-eContent-392458762550-B.Sc-Biotechnology-4-Dr.PrashantKumarSingh-IMMUNO...
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes located on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes proteins involved in the immune system's recognition of self and non-self. The MHC includes class I, II, and III genes. Class I genes produce molecules that present intracellular peptides to cytotoxic T cells, while class II genes produce molecules that present extracellular peptides to helper T cells. Antigens are processed through either the cytosolic or endocytic pathway and bound to MHC molecules to be presented at the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
Antibody (immunoglobulin)
This document provides information about antibodies (immunoglobulins). It discusses the structure of antibodies, which consist of heavy and light protein chains. There are five main types of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that have different functions. The document outlines the roles of each antibody type. It also describes the primary and secondary antibody responses when the body is exposed to an antigen, including the lag phase, log phase, and plateau phase of antibody production over time. Antibodies function by marking antigens for destruction and activating the immune system through processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
interaction of T cells and cytokines of T cell
This document provides an overview of helper T cells and their role in the immune system. It discusses the different types of helper T cells (TH1, TH2, TH17), the cytokines they produce, and how these cytokines act on other immune cells. The document also outlines the functions of helper T cells, such as activating macrophages, controlling disease, interacting with other immune cells, producing memory T cells, and their role in conditions like COVID-19, HIV, and cancer.
More Related Content
Similar to Different between mhc class 1 and mhc class
Antigen Presentation Pathways.pptx
MHC class I and II molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that present antigen peptide fragments to T cells. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens processed via the cytosolic pathway to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens endocytosed and processed via the endocytic pathway to CD4+ helper T cells. The cytosolic pathway involves proteolytic degradation of antigens in the cytosol and transport of peptides to the ER for assembly with class I MHC. The endocytic pathway involves internalization of exogenous antigens, processing in endosomes, transport of class II MHC to endosomes, and assembly of antigen peptides with class II MHC.
Major histocompatability complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes found in all mammals that encodes cell surface proteins essential for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC is involved in antigen presentation, immune cell interactions, and determining compatibility for transplantation. In humans, MHC genes are located on chromosome 6 and are divided into three main classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in inflammation. Differences in MHC proteins determine an individual's ability to mount immune responses to pathogens.
MHC--M.Sc--III sem--07.07.20.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) refers to a set of genes that code for MHC proteins found on the surfaces of cells. These proteins help the immune system recognize foreign substances by presenting antigen fragments to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC molecules: class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells on nearly all nucleated cells; class II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells and are found on antigen-presenting cells; class III molecules encode for other immune system proteins. MHC molecules have a groove that binds peptides for presentation to T cells, allowing the immune system to detect infected or damaged cells.
Immunology MHC.pptx
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that function as specialized antigen-presenting molecules. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - class I and class II. Class I molecules present intracellularly derived antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules present extracellular antigens engulfed by antigen-presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. Both classes of MHC molecules form stable complexes with peptide ligands within a binding groove and display them on the cell surface for recognition by T-cell receptors.
HLA structure
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):
- Is located on chromosome 6 and contains genes such as HLA that play a role in distinguishing self from non-self.
- Genes are organized into three classes: class I present antigens to T cells, class II present antigens to T helper cells, and class III genes produce immune system proteins.
- MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and inherited as sets (haplotypes) from each parent, allowing presentation of a wide variety of antigens.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens are a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to identify foreign molecules. MHC antigens bind to pathogen antigens and display them on the cell surface for identification by T-cells. MHC is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes these antigens. There are three classes of MHC - Class I presents antigens to CD8 T-cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents antigens to CD4 T-cells on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, and Class III plays a role in immune function through complement and cytokines. MHC antigens act as antigen presenting structures and play important roles in immune responses, transplantation tissue matching, and autoimmune diseases.
L6.0 Immune recognition molecule (MHC,T cell receptor, T cell epitopes, T cel...
The document discusses immune recognition molecules, focusing on major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptors, T-cell epitopes, T-cell markers, B-cell epitopes, and Toll-like receptors. It describes how MHC molecules present antigen peptides to T cells to initiate immune responses. MHC class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules bind peptides through their peptide-binding cleft in a polymorphic and promiscuous manner. Very few peptide-MHC complexes are needed to activate antigen-specific T cells.
HLA and cytokines.ppt
1) The HLA (MHC) genes encode cell surface proteins that present antigens to the immune system and are important for determining compatibility in transplantation. They are codominantly expressed and polymorphic with multiple alleles in populations.
2) MHC genes can be divided into classes I, II, and III. Class I genes present antigens to cytotoxic T cells and are expressed on most cells. Class II genes present antigens to helper T cells and are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells.
3) Antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells activate T cells by presenting antigen through MHC molecules along with co-stimulatory signals. This activation induces T cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production.
17.histocompatability complex
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that plays a key role in the immune system by helping distinguish self from non-self. MHC genes are organized into three classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in immune functions. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and vary considerably between individuals, helping the immune system recognize a wide variety of pathogens.
Antigen processing and MHC
1. The MHC molecules present peptide antigens to T cells. Class I MHC present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while class II MHC present extracellular peptides taken up by endocytosis to CD4+ T cells.
2. Antigens are processed through different pathways depending on if they are intracellular or extracellular. Intracellular antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported into the ER by TAP to bind class I MHC. Extracellular antigens are endocytosed and degraded in lysosomes to bind class II MHC.
3. The peptide-MHC complexes are then transported to the cell surface for recognition by T cell receptors.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates. Peptides from intracellular pathogens are carried to the cell surface by MHC class I and MHC class II and presented to CD4 T cells. Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present MHC class II antigens to CD4 T cells, while all nucleated cells present MHC class I antigens.
Antigen Processing & Presentation
Antigen-presenting cells display antigen peptides on their surface bound to MHC class II molecules. When a T helper cell recognizes this complex, it becomes activated through costimulatory signals from the antigen-presenting cell. MHC molecules bind intracellularly degraded antigen peptides and present them to T cells. Exogenous antigens enter cells through endocytosis or phagocytosis and are degraded and presented via MHC class II. Endogenous antigens are degraded and presented via MHC class I in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Major histocompatibility complex CH.U
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes that encode glycoproteins found on the surface of mammalian cells. MHC proteins present antigens and help the immune system distinguish self from nonself. There are two major classes of MHC molecules: class I molecules present antigens to cytotoxic T cells on all nucleated cells, while class II molecules present antigens to helper T cells on antigen-presenting cells that have engulfed foreign antigens. Together, MHC molecules play a key role in cell-cell interaction and initiating adaptive immune responses.
Eng. major histocompatibility complex
The MHC complex is a cluster of genes present in all mammals that plays an important role in self/non-self discrimination. MHC genes code for cell surface antigens that present antigens to T cells and are highly polymorphic between individuals. There are four classes of MHC molecules: Class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells on all nucleated cells; Class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells on antigen presenting cells; Class III proteins have immune functions; Class IV is no longer used. The MHC complex is crucial for immune recognition and response.
MHC and Antigen presentation
An undergraduate lecture on role of MHC in antigen presentation including an overview of antigen presentation pathways as well as MHC Class I and II proteins
Antigen processing and presentation
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation. It discusses that antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells express class II MHC molecules and provide co-stimulatory signals to activate T helper cells. These cells internalize antigens through phagocytosis or endocytosis, degrade them into peptides, and present the peptides bound to class II MHC on their surface. The document also describes the major histocompatibility complex and the roles of class I and class II MHC molecules in antigen presentation to T cells. It outlines the exogenous and endogenous antigen processing pathways, how exogenous antigens are presented by class II MHC and endogenous antigens by class I MHC.
MHC MOLECULE
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
MHC MOLECULES
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
IGNTU-eContent-392458762550-B.Sc-Biotechnology-4-Dr.PrashantKumarSingh-IMMUNO...
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes located on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes proteins involved in the immune system's recognition of self and non-self. The MHC includes class I, II, and III genes. Class I genes produce molecules that present intracellular peptides to cytotoxic T cells, while class II genes produce molecules that present extracellular peptides to helper T cells. Antigens are processed through either the cytosolic or endocytic pathway and bound to MHC molecules to be presented at the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
Similar to Different between mhc class 1 and mhc class (20)
L6.0 Immune recognition molecule (MHC,T cell receptor, T cell epitopes, T cel...
L6.0 Immune recognition molecule (MHC,T cell receptor, T cell epitopes, T cel...
IGNTU-eContent-392458762550-B.Sc-Biotechnology-4-Dr.PrashantKumarSingh-IMMUNO...
IGNTU-eContent-392458762550-B.Sc-Biotechnology-4-Dr.PrashantKumarSingh-IMMUNO...
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This document provides information about bacterial biofilms. It discusses what biofilms are, examples of biofilms, how they form, their properties, composition, impacts and problems they can cause. It also covers antibiotic resistance in biofilms and strategies to control biofilms, including using quorum sensing inhibitors, improving drug delivery systems, and preventing biofilm formation and colonization.
The bacterial endospore
Certain gram-positive bacteria can form highly resistant endospores. Endospores develop within vegetative bacterial cells and are produced by genera such as Bacillus and Clostridium. Endospores are extraordinarily resistant to environmental stresses like heat, radiation, chemicals, and desiccation. This resistance makes endospores important in food, industrial, and medical microbiology as they must be sterilized using autoclaves. Endospores have a complex structure consisting of an exosporium, spore coat, cortex, core wall, and core, which contains inactive cell structures. The core contains dipicolinic acid and calcium ions that contribute to heat resistance through stabilization of DNA and dehydration of the pro
Celeoic disease
Coeliac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder triggered by ingesting gluten, which damages the small intestine and interferes with nutrient absorption. It commonly causes symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, fatigue and weight loss. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. It is caused by an immune reaction to gluten and related proteins found in wheat, barley and rye. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect antibodies and biopsy of the small intestine to check for damage. Left untreated, it can lead to complications like malnutrition and increased cancer risk.
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
. Cilia and flagella are the most prominent organelles associated with motility.
2. both are whip like and beat to move the microorganism
they differ from one another in two ways.
cilia and flagella are very similar in ultrastructure.
3. First, cilia are typically only 5 to 20 m in length, whereas flagella are 100 to 200 m long.
4. Second, their patterns of movement are usually distinctive.
5. Flagella move in an undulating fashion and generate planar or helical waves originating at either the base or the tip.
6. If the wave moves from base to tip, the cell is pushed along; a beat traveling from the tip toward the base pulls the cell through the water.
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
. Cilia and flagella are the most prominent organelles associated with motility.
2. both are whip like and beat to move the microorganism
they differ from one another in two ways.
cilia and flagella are very similar in ultrastructure.
3. First, cilia are typically only 5 to 20 m in length, whereas flagella are 100 to 200 m long.
4. Second, their patterns of movement are usually distinctive.
5. Flagella move in an undulating fashion and generate planar or helical waves originating at either the base or the tip.
6. If the wave moves from base to tip, the cell is pushed along; a beat traveling from the tip toward the base pulls the cell through the water.
Types of restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes are enzymes found in bacteria that cleave DNA at specific recognition sites. They provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. There are three main types of restriction enzymes: Type I recognize asymmetric sequences and make random cuts in DNA far from the recognition site. Type II recognize palindromic sequences and cut within or near the site. Type III recognize two separate sequences and cut DNA some distance after the site. Restriction enzymes are named based on the bacteria they were isolated from.
Vectors in Recombenant DNA technology
Vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into host cells. There are two main types of vectors - expression vectors, which are used to produce proteins, and cloning vectors, which are used to replicate and clone DNA fragments. Common cloning vectors include plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors like lambda, and bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are commonly used to clone DNA fragments up to 12kb in size. Cosmids and phage vectors like lambda can carry larger fragments up to 45kb and 20kb respectively. Bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes can carry even larger fragments up to 100kb and 1mb respectively but are more difficult to work with. All vectors require key
Corona virus (sa rs co v 2 (n
Introduction to corona virus
Discovery
History
Epidemiology
Main causes
Structures
Types
Life cycle or pathogenesis
Incubation period
Sign and symptoms
Diagnosis
Transmission
Treatment
Prevention
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
Requirements for translation in prokaryotes
Requirements
Introduction to translation of mRNA
Genetic code (codon and anticodon)
Transfer RNA
Ribosome
Eukaryotic translation
Requirements
Introduction to translation of mRNA
Genetic code (codon and anticodon)
Transfer RNA
Ribosome
Post translational modification of protien
The document discusses post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins. It defines PTM as the chemical modification of proteins after translation, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, glycocylation, and other types of modifications. These modifications are important as they increase protein diversity and regulate functions like activity, localization, and interactions. The document also describes techniques for detecting PTM, including mass spectrometry and blotting.
History of the patient
This document provides guidance on taking a patient's medical history. It outlines important steps like introducing yourself, speaking in the patient's language, asking open-ended questions, and actively listening. Key details to record include the patient's name, age, sex, job, address, present complaints, and a systems review. The history should also cover past treatments, allergies, family history, and personal/social factors like relationships, economic status, and alcohol use to understand the patient's full medical context.
Recombinant dna technology
in this topic we will discuss the following contents
Introduction.
Cloning.
Discovery.
Molecules need in rDNA technology.
Enzymes.
Vectors.
Procedure or steps involves in rDNA technology.
Application of rDNA technology.
Advantages and disadvantages.
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, have circular DNA or plasmids instead of chromosomes, are generally unicellular, and are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, multiple linear chromosomes, can be uni- or multicellular, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. The document provides examples of organisms for each cell type and describes differences in cell structures.
Difference between innate and adaptive immunity
The document compares innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, responding to any pathogen. It involves physical barriers, phagocytes, and the complement system. Adaptive immunity provides acquired, antigen-specific protection through lymphocytes and memory cells. It responds more slowly but is more effective. Adaptive immunity is developed after exposure while innate immunity is present from birth.
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difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
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- 1. Different between MHC class 1 and MHC class 2 Presented by M Kamil Khan Microbiologist
- 2. Content • Diagrammatically differences • Occurrences • Structures • Functions • Encoded chromosomes • Antigen-presenting Domains • Responsive Cells
- 4. 2. Occurrences • MHC Class I – They are found on all nucleated cell types in the body. • MHC Class II – They are found on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
- 5. 3. Structures • MHC Class I – They consist of 3 alpha domains and 1 beta domain. • MHC Class II – They consist of 2 alpha and beta domains.
- 6. 4. Function • MHC Class I – Their main role is to clear endogenous antigens that comes from the cytoplasm • MHC Class II – Their main role is to clear exogenous antigens that comes outside the foreign organisms
- 7. 5. Encoded Chromosomes • MHC Class I – Alpha domains are found on the locus of chromosome 6. On the other hand, beta chains are found on chromosome 15. • MHC Class II – They are found on chromosome 6.
- 8. 6. Antigen-presenting Domains • MHC Class I – Both alpha 1 and 2 domains have something to do with the presentation of antigens in the molecules of MHC class I. • MHC Class II – Both alpha 1 and beta 2 domains have something to do with the presentation of antigen in MHC Class II molecules.
- 9. 7. Responsive Cells • MHC Class I – Present antigens to cytotoxic T cells by binding on CD8 receptor on cytotoxic T cell • MHC Class II – Present antigens to helper T cells by binding on CD4 receptor on helper T cell
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