Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
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. Cilia and flagella are the most prominent organelles associated with motility. 2. both are whip like and beat to move the microorganism they differ from one another in two ways. cilia and flagella are very similar in ultrastructure. 3. First, cilia are typically only 5 to 20 m in length, whereas flagella are 100 to 200 m long. 4. Second, their patterns of movement are usually distinctive. 5. Flagella move in an undulating fashion and generate planar or helical waves originating at either the base or the tip. 6. If the wave moves from base to tip, the cell is pushed along; a beat traveling from the tip toward the base pulls the cell through the water.
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- Flagella are thin appendages that propel bacteria through rotation. Their structure includes a filament, basal body and hook. Arrangements can be monotrichous, lophotrichous or peritrichous.
- Motility allows bacteria to find favorable environments and colonize host cells. Methods to detect motility include wet mount microscopy, staining techniques like Leifson's method, and using semi-solid media.
Locomotion of cell
this presentation is about the physiology of cell locomotion. its especially for the people studying medicine and physiology.
THE CYTOSKELETON
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structure and organization to the cell, determining shape and positioning organelles. The three main types of filaments are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest filaments and form structures like filopodia, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin dimers and originate from the centrosome. They are involved in processes like cell division, organelle transport, and motility. Cilia and flagella project from the cell surface and use microtubule motors for movement.
Bacterial cytology flagella, fimbriae and pilli
Bacteria use various appendages for motility and attachment. Flagella allow for swimming motility and come in various arrangements on bacteria. They are long and helical and rotate to propel bacteria. Fimbriae and pili are thinner than flagella and aid in surface attachment, biofilm formation, and DNA transfer between bacteria via conjugation. Certain pathogens use fimbriae to attach to host cells and cause disease.
Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the three main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are involved in cell division and structure other organelles. Microfilaments called actin filaments function in cell division, shape, and motility. Intermediate filaments provide strength and stability to cells and tissues. The cytoskeleton allows cells to maintain their shape and rearrange their internal structure during growth, division, and environmental changes.
Animal Movement.pptx
This slide contains the data regarding various mechanisms of movements adopted by invertebrates and vertebrate organisms. It also contains the types of muscles involved in movement of these animals. The data has been retrieved from Hickman's Integrated Principles of Zoology.
HUMAN Cell _RDP
The document summarizes key components of the cell cytoplasm and organelles. The cytoplasm consists of the cytosol and organelles. The cytosol is the fluid portion that surrounds organelles. Organelles have specialized structures and functions, including the cytoskeleton, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, mitochondria, and nucleus. Each organelle plays an important role in cellular functions like protein synthesis, transport, waste removal, and energy production.
water vascular system by shivani bhomle
The water vascular system in echinoderms functions as a hydraulic system for locomotion. It consists of a madreporite that intakes water, a stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, lateral canals, polian vesicles, tiedemann's bodies, and tube feet. Contraction of muscles in the ampullae propels water into the tube feet, elongating them and allowing the echinoderm to attach to surfaces and move via the suction of the tube feet.
Paramecium structure
1. Paramecium is a unicellular protozoan that lives in freshwater environments. It has an elongated slipper-like shape and moves using hair-like projections called cilia.
2. Its cell membrane is covered by a flexible pellicle layer. It has a macronucleus for metabolic functions and a micronucleus for reproduction.
3. Paramecium uses cilia to move and catch food, which enters through an oral groove and is digested in food vacuoles. It regulates osmosis through contractile vacuoles connected to radial canals.
CYTOSKELETON STRUCTURE.ppt
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules that stretches throughout a cell. It is composed of three main components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, supports internal structures, and enables cell movement through the action of motor proteins along its fibers. It performs critical functions including intracellular transport, cell division, signaling, and the establishment of cell polarity.
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This document provides information about antibodies (immunoglobulins). It discusses the structure of antibodies, which consist of heavy and light protein chains. There are five main types of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that have different functions. The document outlines the roles of each antibody type. It also describes the primary and secondary antibody responses when the body is exposed to an antigen, including the lag phase, log phase, and plateau phase of antibody production over time. Antibodies function by marking antigens for destruction and activating the immune system through processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
interaction of T cells and cytokines of T cell
This document provides an overview of helper T cells and their role in the immune system. It discusses the different types of helper T cells (TH1, TH2, TH17), the cytokines they produce, and how these cytokines act on other immune cells. The document also outlines the functions of helper T cells, such as activating macrophages, controlling disease, interacting with other immune cells, producing memory T cells, and their role in conditions like COVID-19, HIV, and cancer.
Cells of immune system
The document summarizes the major cells and tissues of the immune system. It discusses 10 different immune cells: eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophiles, natural killer cells, platelets, and lymphocytes. For each cell type, it provides a brief description of their role, including phagocytosis of pathogens, antigen presentation, allergic responses, and adaptive immune functions. The document also mentions hematopoiesis, the process where stem cells in the bone marrow differentiate into the various blood cell types.
The complement system
Vital component of defense system having integral role not only in the innate immunity but also adaptive immunity.
Provides good defense against harmful infectious agents by process like direct cell lysis or augmenting inflammation and phagocytosis.
Complement system is composed of more than 30 serum proteins present normally as inactive zymogen form (nine central component C1-C9).
Zymogen proteins are activated in a cascade manner.
Complement proteins interact with each other and perform range of functions from direct cell lysis, enhancement of phagocytosis, inflammation and activation of B & T lymphocytes.
Microbial biofilm
This document provides information about bacterial biofilms. It discusses what biofilms are, examples of biofilms, how they form, their properties, composition, impacts and problems they can cause. It also covers antibiotic resistance in biofilms and strategies to control biofilms, including using quorum sensing inhibitors, improving drug delivery systems, and preventing biofilm formation and colonization.
The bacterial endospore
Certain gram-positive bacteria can form highly resistant endospores. Endospores develop within vegetative bacterial cells and are produced by genera such as Bacillus and Clostridium. Endospores are extraordinarily resistant to environmental stresses like heat, radiation, chemicals, and desiccation. This resistance makes endospores important in food, industrial, and medical microbiology as they must be sterilized using autoclaves. Endospores have a complex structure consisting of an exosporium, spore coat, cortex, core wall, and core, which contains inactive cell structures. The core contains dipicolinic acid and calcium ions that contribute to heat resistance through stabilization of DNA and dehydration of the pro
Celeoic disease
Coeliac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder triggered by ingesting gluten, which damages the small intestine and interferes with nutrient absorption. It commonly causes symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, fatigue and weight loss. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet. It is caused by an immune reaction to gluten and related proteins found in wheat, barley and rye. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect antibodies and biopsy of the small intestine to check for damage. Left untreated, it can lead to complications like malnutrition and increased cancer risk.
Types of restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes are enzymes found in bacteria that cleave DNA at specific recognition sites. They provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. There are three main types of restriction enzymes: Type I recognize asymmetric sequences and make random cuts in DNA far from the recognition site. Type II recognize palindromic sequences and cut within or near the site. Type III recognize two separate sequences and cut DNA some distance after the site. Restriction enzymes are named based on the bacteria they were isolated from.
Vectors in Recombenant DNA technology
Vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into host cells. There are two main types of vectors - expression vectors, which are used to produce proteins, and cloning vectors, which are used to replicate and clone DNA fragments. Common cloning vectors include plasmids, cosmids, phage vectors like lambda, and bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes. Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are commonly used to clone DNA fragments up to 12kb in size. Cosmids and phage vectors like lambda can carry larger fragments up to 45kb and 20kb respectively. Bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes can carry even larger fragments up to 100kb and 1mb respectively but are more difficult to work with. All vectors require key
Corona virus (sa rs co v 2 (n
Introduction to corona virus
Discovery
History
Epidemiology
Main causes
Structures
Types
Life cycle or pathogenesis
Incubation period
Sign and symptoms
Diagnosis
Transmission
Treatment
Prevention
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
Requirements for translation in prokaryotes
Requirements
Introduction to translation of mRNA
Genetic code (codon and anticodon)
Transfer RNA
Ribosome
Eukaryotic translation
Requirements
Introduction to translation of mRNA
Genetic code (codon and anticodon)
Transfer RNA
Ribosome
Post translational modification of protien
The document discusses post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins. It defines PTM as the chemical modification of proteins after translation, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, glycocylation, and other types of modifications. These modifications are important as they increase protein diversity and regulate functions like activity, localization, and interactions. The document also describes techniques for detecting PTM, including mass spectrometry and blotting.
History of the patient
This document provides guidance on taking a patient's medical history. It outlines important steps like introducing yourself, speaking in the patient's language, asking open-ended questions, and actively listening. Key details to record include the patient's name, age, sex, job, address, present complaints, and a systems review. The history should also cover past treatments, allergies, family history, and personal/social factors like relationships, economic status, and alcohol use to understand the patient's full medical context.
Recombinant dna technology
in this topic we will discuss the following contents
Introduction.
Cloning.
Discovery.
Molecules need in rDNA technology.
Enzymes.
Vectors.
Procedure or steps involves in rDNA technology.
Application of rDNA technology.
Advantages and disadvantages.
Different between mhc class 1 and mhc class
Diagrammatically differences
Occurrences
Structures
Functions
Encoded chromosomes
Antigen-presenting Domains
Responsive Cells
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
This document summarizes the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, have circular DNA or plasmids instead of chromosomes, are generally unicellular, and are smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, multiple linear chromosomes, can be uni- or multicellular, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. The document provides examples of organisms for each cell type and describes differences in cell structures.
Difference between innate and adaptive immunity
The document compares innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate protection and is nonspecific, responding to any pathogen. It involves physical barriers, phagocytes, and the complement system. Adaptive immunity provides acquired, antigen-specific protection through lymphocytes and memory cells. It responds more slowly but is more effective. Adaptive immunity is developed after exposure while innate immunity is present from birth.
Difference between acute and chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation is the early response of the body to short-term adverse stimuli and is not specific, involving dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, histiocytes, resistant macrophages, and mast cells in response to physical or chemical damage or pathogen invasion. Chronic inflammation is the prolonged inflammatory response lasting months or years, is specific involving acquired immunity, and responds to prolonged irritation by microorganisms through fibrosis and angiogenesis involving macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes.
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Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
- 1. Eukaryotic flagella and cilia 1. Cilia and flagella are the most prominent organelles associated with motility. 2. both are whip like and beat to move the microorganism they differ from one another in two ways. cilia and flagella are very similar in ultrastructure. 3. First, cilia are typically only 5 to 20 m in length, whereas flagella are 100 to 200 m long. 4. Second, their patterns of movement are usually distinctive. 5. Flagella move in an undulating fashion and generate planar or helical waves originating at either the base or the tip. 6. If the wave moves from base to tip, the cell is pushed along; a beat traveling from the tip toward the base pulls the cell through the water.
- 3. • Sometimes the flagellum will have lateral hairs called flimmer filaments (thicker, stiffer hairs are called mastigonemes). • These filaments change flagellar action so that a wave moving down the filament toward the tip pulls the cell along instead of pushing it. • Such a flagellum often is called a tinsel flagellum, whereas the naked flagellum is referred to as a whiplash flagellum.
- 5. • Cilia, on the other hand, normally have a beat with two distinctive phases. • The cilium strokes through the surrounding fluid like an oar, thereby propelling the organism along in the water. • This coordination allows the organism to move smoothly through the water.
- 7. • They are membrane-bound cylinders about 0.2 m in diameter. Located in the matrix of the organelle is a complex, the axoneme, consisting of nine pairs of microtubule doublets arranged in a circle around two central tubules This is called the 9 - 2 pattern of microtubules. • Each doublet also has pairs of arms projecting from subtubule A (the complete microtubule) toward a neighboring doublet. • A radial spoke extends from subtubule A toward the internal pair of microtubules with their central sheath.
- 9. • These microtubules are similar to those found in the cytoplasm. • Each is constructed of two types of tubulin subunits, - and -tubulins, that resemble the contractile protein actin in their composition. • A basal body lies in the cytoplasm at the base of each cilium or flagellum. • It is a short cylinder with nine microtubule triplets around its periphery (a 9 0 pattern) and is separated from the rest of the organelle by a basal plate. • The basal body directs the construction of these organelles. Cilia and flagella appear to grow through the addition of preformed microtubule subunits at their tips.
- 11. • Cilia and flagella bend because adjacent microtubule doublets slide along one another while maintaining their individual lengths. • The doublet arms about 15 nm long, are made of the protein dynein. ATP powers the movement of cilia and flagella, and isolated dynein hydrolyzes ATP. • It appears that dynein arms interact with the B subtubules of adjacent doublets to cause the sliding. The radial spokes also participate in this sliding motion. • Cilia and flagella beat at a rate of about 10 to 40 strokes or waves per second and propel microorganisms rapidly.
- 13. • The record holder is the flagellate Monas stigmatica, which swims at a rate of 260 m/second (approximately 40 cell lengths per second); the common euglenoid flagellate, Euglena gracilis, travels at around 170 m or 3 cell lengths per second. • The ciliate protozoan Paramecium caudatum swims at about 2,700 m/second (12 lengths per second). • Such speeds are equivalent to or much faster than those seen in higher animals, but not as fast as those in prokaryotes.
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