HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?

1. TESTIS TITANS
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN

2. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
CELL
a cell is the basic unit of life. It's a tiny,
membrane-bound structure that contains all
the necessary machinery for life, including DNA

3. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
The nucleus, often referred to as the "control
center" of the cell, plays a crucial role in protein
synthesis. It's the home to your DNA, the
genetic material that contains the
instructions for making proteins.

4. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
CHROMOSOMES
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A
chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA
organized into genes. Each cell normally contains
23 pairs of chromosomes

5. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
DNA
molecule that carries the genetic instructions for
the development and functioning of all known living
organisms and many viruses. It is found in almost
every cell in a person's body and is made up of two long
strands that twist around each other to form a double
helix.
deoxyribonucleic acid

6. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
RNA
close cousin of DNA, but it plays a crucial role in the
vital process of translating genetic information into
proteins. Imagine DNA as the blueprint of life, stored
safely within the nucleus. RNA acts as the messenger
and interpreter, carrying the instructions from DNA to
the protein-building factories in the cytoplasm.
ribonucleic acid

7. TESTIS TITANS
THE STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO PROTEIN PRODUCTION
BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN

8. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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9. DNA DECODING
The process starts with enzymes reading the information
encoded in the DNA molecule. This complex biological
molecule contains all the instructions needed for the
development and functioning of an organism.

10. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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11. TRANSCRIPTION STAGE
DNA information is transcribed into a molecule called
messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Transcription is a
vital process where the DNA sequence of a gene is
copied to make an mRNA molecule.

12. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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13. JOURNEY OF MRNA
Once the transcription is complete, the mRNA molecule
carries this information from the nucleus, where the
DNA resides, to the cytoplasm of the cell. This is where
the next stage of protein synthesis will occur.

14. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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15. TRANSLATION PHASE
In the translation phase, the information within the
mRNA molecule is translated into a sequence of amino
acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This
process involves decoding the mRNA sequence into a
polypeptide chain which will eventually fold into a
functional protein.

16. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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17. RIBOSOME'S ROLE
The ribosome, a specialized cellular machine, interacts
with the mRNA molecule. It moves along the mRNA,
reading the sequence of mRNA nucleotides, which are
grouped into sets of three known as codons.

18. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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19. CODON
INTERPRETATION
Each codon, a group of three nucleotides, corresponds
to a specific amino acid or a stop signal. The ribosome
interprets each codon and adds the corresponding
amino acid to the growing protein chain.

20. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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21. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
The transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a crucial role in protein
synthesis. It carries the appropriate amino acid to the
ribosome where it is added to the growing protein
chain. This process continues, one amino acid at a time,
building the protein as dictated by the mRNA sequence.

22. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
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23. PROTEIN FINALIZATION
The assembly of the protein continues until the
ribosome encounters a “stop” codon. This signals the
end of the protein sequence and leads to the release of
the completed protein for it to carry out its function in
the cell.

24. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
th

25. THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
This entire process, from DNA to RNA to proteins,
represents a fundamental concept in molecular biology
known as the Central Dogma. It describes the flow of
genetic information within a biological system and is
essential for life as we know it.

26. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATIONS

27. polymerase is an
enzyme, a complex
molecule that acts as a
catalyst in biological
processes

28. two types of polymerase:
DNA POLYMERASE -
responsible for creating
copies of DNA molecules.
1.
RNA POLYMERASE - this
type of polymerase is
responsible for
transcribing DNA into RNA
2.
RNA POLYMERASE

29. three types of RNA:
1. mRNA (Messenger RNA)
Transcribes the DNA nucleotide bases to RNA
nucleotide bases
2. rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
binds the mRNA to ensure that codons are translated
correctly
3. tRNA (Transfer RNA)
translates the mRNA codons into the correct amino
acids

30. NUCLEOTIDE
Nucleotides link together in
long chains to form these
molecules, which store the
genetic information that
determines everything about
an organism, from its eye
color to how its body works.

31. Genetic
Codes
found in DNA or RNA
which is made up of
nucleotide bases
usually in three’s
(triplet) that code for
the amino acids
making up the
proteins.

32. CODON
TABLE

33. AMINO ACIDS

34. Important Codons
Start Codons: AUG (starts of the translation stage)
Stop Codons: UAG, UGA, UAA (stops the translation
stage)
note!!
C -> G
G -> C
A -> U
T -> A
When the ribosome reads the start
codon, AUG, it will present the codons
to the tRNA for translation stage to
begin.

35. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
recap

36. Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide
bonds. Proteins function as channels in membranes, structural
molecules, hormones and enzymes. DNA consists of two strands,
arranged in a double helix. These strands are made up of subunits
called nucleotides. RNA only has one strand, but like DNA, is made
up of nucleotides. The bases in RNA are adenine, uracil, guanine and
cytosine. The first type of RNA is the messenger RNA which
transcribes the DNA and will be read by the ribosomes for
translation. The ribosomal RNA with protein, makes up the
ribosomes, and the transfer RNA carries anticodon and amino acid
to translate the codons to polypeptide. here are two phases in
protein synthesis.

37. First is transcription, where the DNA code will be copied into mRNA.
Second is translation where the mRNA is "decoded" to build a
polypeptide that contains specific series of amino acids. The
polypeptide will be processed further to be a functional protein.
There are three stages of translation. First, initiation, where the
ribosome assembles around the mRNA to be read. Next is the
elongation, where the amino acid chain gets longer and lastly,
termination where the finished polypeptide chain is released. As a
conclusion, protein synthesis starts with transcription of DNA into the
messenger RNA or mRNA. This is followed by translation where the
mRNA codons will base pair with the transfer RNA or tRNA that
carries specific amino acids based on the mRNA codons. These
amino acids will be connected by peptide bonds to a protein.

38. BOHAYO, BUSTAMANTE, HERRERA, PLUMA, UGALI, VILLARIN
ASSESMENT
SKIP MO NA LANG KUNG DI MO BET SIS BYE

39. What do you call the sequence of three
bases in tRNA that corresponds to an amino
acids?
1.
a. anticodon
b. codon
c. code
d. amino acid

40. What do you call the sequence of three
bases in tRNA that corresponds to an
amino acids?
1.
a. anticodon
b. codon
c. code
d. amino acid

41. 2. Which of the following is carried by the
transfer RNA (tRNA)?
a. DNA
b. nucleus
c. amino acid
d. ribosome

42. 2. Which of the following is carried by the
transfer RNA (tRNA)?
a. DNA
b. nucleus
c. amino acid
d. ribosome

43. 3. Which of the following is directly
involved in translation phase of protein
synthesis?
a. cytoplasm
b. nucleus
c. mitochondria
d. ribosome

44. 3. Which of the following is directly
involved in translation phase of protein
synthesis?
a. cytoplasm
b. nucleus
c. mitochondria
d. ribosome

45. 4. Where does transcription take place?
a. Golgi bodies
b. nucleus
c. mitochondria
d. ribosome

46. 4. Where does transcription take place?
a. Golgi bodies
b. nucleus
c. mitochondria
d. ribosome

47. 5. What do you call the sequence of three
bases in mRNA that corresponds to an
amino acid?
a. amino acid
b. anticodon
c. code
d. codon

48. 5. What do you call the sequence of three
bases in mRNA that corresponds to an
amino acid?
a. amino acid
b. anticodon
c. code
d. codon

49. tinamad na em yrros

55. TESTIS TITANS
thank you poh
P.S .
PLEASE DO NOTE THAT THESE ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS
ARE ALL BASED ON THE MODULES AND OUR DISCUSSION WITH
SIR CABILLEDA. IF YOU EVER HAVE A QUESTIONS OR ANY
CONCERNS YOU WISH TO ASK, YOU MAY APPROACH ME
(CHARI) OR ANY OF MY CO-MEMBERS (ADRIAN, PAOLO, NEIL,
LUZMAE, AND REESSE). THANK YOU!

56. halata naman sa title nung url kung anong silbi niya, hehehe
dito us nagbase nung 1-9 stages kuno
module diz, di lang halata
website para pide niyo ma-check ung DNA -> mRNA -> amino acids niyo
PINDUTIN NIYO NA LANG TO MGA INDAY