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Essential trace elements- Inorganic Chemistry
This document provides an overview of essential trace elements, including their classification, functions, dietary sources, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and treatment. It discusses the trace elements iron, zinc, copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium, tin, boron, lithium, and xenon. For each element, it summarizes their role in the body, recommended intake amounts, and conditions related to deficiency or excess. The document aims to inform about these important micronutrients and their significance for human health.
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Essential trace elements- Inorganic Chemistry
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- 2. Overview • Introduction • Classification •Individual trace elements • conclusion 2
- 3. Introduction • Naturally occurring,homogeneous, inorganic substance required in humans in amounts less than 100 mg/day • Minerals for 5% of our diet 3
- 4. Classificatio n 4 • Essential traceelements Iron, zinc, copper Co, Cr, fluoride, iodide, Mn, Mo, & Se • Probably essential trace elements Ni, tin, vanadium, Si, Bo • Non essential trace elements Al, Au, Ba, Br, lead, silver, mercury, rubidium, strontium, titanium, ziroconium,
- 5. Essential trace elements 5 • Traceelements Iron, zinc and copper • Ultra trace elements Manganese, selenium, cobalt, chromium, fluoride, iodine, and molybdenum
- 6. Iro n 6 • Most essentialtrace element • Body content – 4-6g Hb – 68% ferritin – 13 % haemosiderin – 12% myoglobin – 3% iron enzymes – 0.2%
- 7. • Iron dependentenzymes: Cytochrome oxidase, xanthine oxidase and peroxidase • Body requirement Daily requirement – 0.5 - 2 mg/day 3 - 5mg/day (pregnancy) Daily excretion – 0.9mg/day 1.3mg/day (during menses) 7
- 8. • Dietary source: Leafygreens, whole grains, beans , pulses, liver, spleen, mollusks •Iron is absorbed in ferrous form, which is measurable in blood as free iron 8
- 9. Transferri n • Transport protein •Binds to two iron molecules • Transports iron to various organs and tissues • S.Iron + total iron bound transferrin – total iron in circulation • Determination of transferrin gives TIBC • Transferrin can be measured by RIA, ELISA & chemiluminescence 9
- 10. Ferriti n 10 • Protein having24 subunits binds to 4000 iron molecules • Measurements used to assess iron stores in the body • ↑ferritin levels may be seen in hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic carcinoma also in leukemia, NHL •RIA, ELISA chemiluminescence
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- 12. • Deficiency state: asymptomatic weakness,headache, irritability, and varying degrees of fatigue and exercise intolerance. Treatment: 3-6mg of elemental iron/kg/day 12
- 13. • Oral preparationsof iron: Ferrous sulphate Ferrous fumerate Ferrous gluconate Ferrous succinate Iron calcium complex Ferric ammonium citrate Adverse effects: epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, gastritis, metallic taste, constipation or diarrhea Liquid prep- staining of teeth 13
- 14. • Parenteral preparations: Irondextran Iron sorbitol citric acid complex • Adverse effects: Pain at injection site, pigmentation Fever, headache, palpitations, anaphylaxis 14
- 15. Acute iron poisoning • 60mg/kgelemental iron • Vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, shock, dehydration, cyanosis, acidosis, coma • Treatment: • Gastric lavage with sodium bicarbonate solution • Desferrioxamine 15 mg/kg per hour IV, ↑ to max 35 mg/kg per hour •Correction of acidosis and shock (if fails dialysis) 15
- 16. Zinc 16 • Second mostabundant trace element • Cofactor – DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase Regulate- growth, immune system, collagen synthesis, wound healing, bone metabolism, reproduction, taste, smell & vision
- 17. • Reduce thetime period of diarrhea • High dose of zinc prevents dysmenorrhea • Zinc required in producing testosterone • For common cold • In treatment of warts 17
- 18. • Body content2.5g 60% in muscle, 30% in bone, 10% in body tissues and organs • Daily requirement: 3-14mg • Diet rich in zinc: red meat, fish, sea food, pumpkin, cashews, beans, dark chocolate 18
- 19. • Zinc deficiency: Leukemia,cirrhosis, hepatitis, sickle cell anemia, Malnutrition Symptoms: In children- growth retardation & skeletal abnormalities In adults- ↓smell & taste, ↓appetite, skin lesions, and hair loss 19
- 20. Zinc deficiency isalso associated with • Acrodermatitis enteropathica • Anorexia • Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma • Cognitive and motor impairement • Diarrhea and pneumonia Treatment: • Zinc supplements 45 – 100mg/day 20
- 21. Copper 21 • 3rd mostimportant trace element • Diet rich in copper: red meat, shell fish, water pumped through copper pipes • Body content of copper is 80-120mg
- 22. • 40-60% absorbedin duodenum • Transported through metallozymes eg ascorbic acid • 90% bound to ceruplasmin, 9% to albumin and 1% is free • Body content of Cu is 80-120mg 22
- 23. Body functions: • Erythropoiesis •Nerve conduction and immune function • Fertility and to maintain pregnancy •Act as a catalyst for copper containing enzymes Eg: tyrosinase, ascorbic acid 23
- 24. • Toxic –5mg/kg • Adequate – 34mcg/kg • Deficient - <8.5mcg/kg • RDA – 09 - 1.3mg/day 24
- 25. Deficiency symptoms: • Fragilehair • Depigmented skin • Myeloneuropathy • Edema • Hepatosplenomegaly • Osteoporosis • Anemia, neutropenia 25
- 26. Menkes disease 26 • Congenital X-linkedgenetic disorder • Mutation in ATP7A gene • Inactivating mutation in this gene causes Cu deficiency
- 27. Wilsons disease 27 • Autosomal recessivedisorder • Mutation in ATP7b gene • Causes excessive accumulation of Cu Clinical features: • Diarrhea, vomiting • Cardiac & renal failure • Hepatic necrosis • encephalopathy
- 28. Treatment: • life longtreatment • Avoidance of high Cu diet • In early stages Zn may be effective as it competes with Cu for absorption • Penicillamine 28
- 29. Chromiu m 29 • In 1957,extracted from pork kidney and they named it as “glucose tolerance factor” as it corrected hyperglycaemia. • Regulates plasma lipoprotein concentration and reduces cholesterol and triglycerides. • Found in – grains, cereals, fruits, processed meat
- 30. RDA : 20– 35 mcg/ day • In improving lean body mass Deficiency: • Limited to hospitalized patients on TPN Toxicity : • Lung Ca, Bronchogenic Ca in stainless steel workers • Dermatitis, skin ulcers 30
- 31. Fluorid e • Very importantin preventing dental caries • Promotes remineralization of decalcified enamel •Available as tooth paste, solutions and gels Excess cause flurosis •Rx- tooth bleeching, microabrasion, replacement 31
- 32. Iodin e • Thyroid hormonesynthesis and also have broad spectrum germicidal action • Iodine induced hyperthyroidism: -In individuals of nodular goiter in endemic area -thyrotoxicosis due to underlying areas of autonomy (Jod Basedow phenomenon) 32
- 33. Iodine induced hypothyroidism: •people at risk are- autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves hyperthyroidism previously treated with radioactive iodine • Unusually sensitive to inhibitory effect due to sustained activity on Na/I symporter ( Wolff Chaikoff effect ). 33
- 34. Iodine deficiency prophylaxis: •Iodised salt • Iodised oil • Iodised water • Iodine tablets or drops • Biofortification of vegetables with iodine • Also available as ointment, solution, mouth gargles 34
- 35. Manganes e 35 • Shown tobe essential for normal growth and development • Role in human health unclear • Dietary sources: meat, fish, poultry, dry fruits and nuts
- 36. • Biological role:manganese superoxide dismutase arginase, glutamate synthase & pyruvate carboxylase • Deficiency : Experimental animals - ↓growth, ↓fertility, ataxia, skeletal deformities, abnormal fat and CHO metabolism 36
- 37. • Toxicity: Neurotoxic- extrapyramidalparts affected Headache Hepatic dysfunction • RDA – 2-11mg/day 37
- 38. Molybdenu m 38 • Act asa catalyst for enzymes and helps facilitate breakdown of certain amino acids • Molybdenum in human tooth enamel may have a role in lowering the risk of tooth decay. • Deficiency – esophageal carcinoma • RDA: 45mcg/day pregnancy and lactation 50mcg/day
- 39. Seleniu m 39 • Least abundanttrace element • Recommended intake for adults 50-200 μg/day Functions in human body: Selenium in Glutathione peroxidase (GTH-Px)- important role immune system function, also plays a crucial role in the control of oxygen metabolism.
- 40. Functions in humanbody: 40 • protects body from oxidative damage. •Low GTH-Px in platelets leads to bleeding disorders & edema due to damage to capillary membranes • Protects phagocytes from destruction • GTH-Px protects eye lens tissues and neurons from damage
- 41. • Low Seleniumleads to Keshan’s disease, which is a type of cardiac myopathy discovered in china where soil Selenium was absent. Selenium deficiency occurs due to: •Hemolytic anemia •Clansman's thrombasthenia (platelet disorder) •Gastrointestinal cancer •Malnutrition 41
- 42. • Vanadium • Controlof sodium pump, inhibition of ATPase • Tin • Interaction with riboflavin metabolism • Silicon • Structural role in connective tissue, in metabolism of osteogenic cells • Nickel • Component of enzyme urease 42
- 43. Boro n 43 • Boron isa vital trace mineral that is required for the normal growth and health of the body. • apples, oranges, red grapes, kiwis, dates, as well as certain vegetables, avocado, soybeans and nuts are rich sources of boron
- 44. Health benefits: • Preventsarthritis • Used for body building • Estrogen Production: Boron can improve the production of estrogen in menopausal women • Embryonic development: Boron appears to be essential for reproduction and the development of the fetus • Proper cell membrane functions • Lowers plasma lipid levels 44
- 45. Lithiu m 45 • Discovered in1817 as mood stabilizing agent MOA: • Inositol depletion theory • Inhibition of NMDA receptor mediated signalling • Inhibition of GSK3 • BDNF upregulation
- 46. Adverse effects: • Nephrogenicdiabetes insipidus • Thyroid function abnormalities • mental confusion • hyperreflexia • gross tremor • dysarthria • Seizures • cardiac arrhythmias, • hypotension, and • albuminuria. 46
- 47. Uses • BPD • Mania •Depression • Cancer induced leukopenia & agranulocytosis Preparation: • Lithium carbonate 150/300/600mg • Lithium citrate syrup 8mEq/5ml 47
- 48. Xenon 48 • A traceelement in earths atmosphere • Xenon is a medical gas capable of establishing neuroprotection, inducing anesthesia and nuclear medicine as a contrast agent • Acts through NMDA receptor
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