Essential and non-essential elements/types of essential elements-Bulk and trace elements/ Some important essential elements/their uses / role in biological processes.
Prepared for my college-Kanya Maha Vidyalaya,Jalandhar.
Much evidence suggest that there are three distinct phases of copper in copper-containing enzymes, i. e., blue Cu (II), nonblue Cu (II), and diamagnetic Cu (II) -Cn (II) pair. The relation between the chemical state and biological function of the copper is discussed (Adilakshmi et al., 2002). Likewise, X-ray crystallographic analyses of the iron-encompassing electron carrier proteins, iron-sulfur proteins, reveal that there are three principal types of Fe-S clusters, namely, 1 Fe, 2 Fe-2S, and 4 Fe-4 S per center. Some of these clusters are typically involved in various enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, nitrogenase systems, hydrogenase, mitochondrial electron transport systems and so forth. In oxygenases too, iron and copper are the much key cofactors; most of dioxy genases as well as some of monooxy genases contain either iron or copper(Mei et al.,1997).Cooper is an important and essential nutrient to be added to the diet(Sreeremya,2018).
Much evidence suggest that there are three distinct phases of copper in copper-containing enzymes, i. e., blue Cu (II), nonblue Cu (II), and diamagnetic Cu (II) -Cn (II) pair. The relation between the chemical state and biological function of the copper is discussed (Adilakshmi et al., 2002). Likewise, X-ray crystallographic analyses of the iron-encompassing electron carrier proteins, iron-sulfur proteins, reveal that there are three principal types of Fe-S clusters, namely, 1 Fe, 2 Fe-2S, and 4 Fe-4 S per center. Some of these clusters are typically involved in various enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, nitrogenase systems, hydrogenase, mitochondrial electron transport systems and so forth. In oxygenases too, iron and copper are the much key cofactors; most of dioxy genases as well as some of monooxy genases contain either iron or copper(Mei et al.,1997).Cooper is an important and essential nutrient to be added to the diet(Sreeremya,2018).
Iron biochemical role, rda and deficiency bic 105JasmineJuliet
Macromineral iron - Introduction, Biochemical role, Recommended dietary Allowance of iron, dietary sources of iron, Deficiency diseases of iron - Hemochromatosis, hemociderosis.
Calcium biochemical role, rda and deficiencyJasmineJuliet
Mineral introduction, General functions, Classification, Macroelement of calcium , Ca- introduction, Biochemical role of calcium, recommended dietary allowance of calcium, dietary sources of calcium, Deficiency disease of calcium.
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Role of Essential Metals in our Biological ProcessRamyaR162
Metals in our body enable the healthy function of the brain and organs. Metals are elements that are required for several purposes, such as the formation of blood, bones, teeth and other tissues; osmoregulation of body fluids, and the control of physicochemical processes.
This ppt about the role of different classes of cytochromes in in-organic chemistry. Furthermore, it tells about the detoxification of cells by Cytochrome P450 and also a simplified form of electron transport chain and also explains the term apoptosis.
Metabolism of zinc and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Zinc and its clinical significance for MBBS,BDS,B.Tech,B.Pharma and Biotechnology students for self-study.
Iron biochemical role, rda and deficiency bic 105JasmineJuliet
Macromineral iron - Introduction, Biochemical role, Recommended dietary Allowance of iron, dietary sources of iron, Deficiency diseases of iron - Hemochromatosis, hemociderosis.
Calcium biochemical role, rda and deficiencyJasmineJuliet
Mineral introduction, General functions, Classification, Macroelement of calcium , Ca- introduction, Biochemical role of calcium, recommended dietary allowance of calcium, dietary sources of calcium, Deficiency disease of calcium.
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are required for the body as one of the nutrients.
The inorganic elements (minerals) constitute only small potion of body weight.
Human body needs number of minerals for its functioning.
Non-heme oxygen carrier proteins, Hemocyanin, Copper containing metalloprotein, Active site of deoxyhemocyanin and oxyhemocyanin, Oxidative addition of dioxygen, peroxide bridging, antiferromagnetic, Hemerythrin, Active site structure of deoxyhemerythrin and oxyhemerythrin, Comparison between hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin
Role of Essential Metals in our Biological ProcessRamyaR162
Metals in our body enable the healthy function of the brain and organs. Metals are elements that are required for several purposes, such as the formation of blood, bones, teeth and other tissues; osmoregulation of body fluids, and the control of physicochemical processes.
This ppt about the role of different classes of cytochromes in in-organic chemistry. Furthermore, it tells about the detoxification of cells by Cytochrome P450 and also a simplified form of electron transport chain and also explains the term apoptosis.
Metabolism of zinc and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Zinc and its clinical significance for MBBS,BDS,B.Tech,B.Pharma and Biotechnology students for self-study.
Chemistry is the science dealing with materials, their composition, and the changes, which they undergo. Chemistry fits into our lives. It offers new chemical frontiers and tells us what benefits may flow from them.
Life substances are substances, which contain the life or food, which vivifies and sustains. But those who fail to receive these life-giving substances will, sooner or later, realize their necessity - Carlos Kozel
Introduction to Minerals and essential nutrients DHANANJAY PATIL
A Comprehensive Introduction to Minerals and essential nutrients- Biochemical functions, source, RDA, disease states. This will give readers a overall insight to this topic.
The minerals form only a small portion of the total body weight. They form only 7% of the composition of human body.
Many of these minerals are widely distributed in foods so that a well-balanced diet will supply them in sufficient quantities.
The mineral elements present in the animal body may be classified into 2 groups:
1.Principal elements(macro nutrients)
2.Trace elements(micro nutrients)
Zinc as an Essential Nutritional Component of Human Body: A Systemic ReviewBRNSS Publication Hub
Second to iron, zinc, which is widely distributed in the human body, is the most abundant element in human body. The human body has about 2–3 g of zinc, with the highest concentrations in the liver, pancreas, kidneys, bones, and muscles. Other tissues with a higher concentration of zinc include parts of the eye, prostate gland, spermatozoa, skin, hair, fingernail, and toenails. Searches were conducted by two independent researchers in international (PubMed, Web of science, Scopus, and Google scholar) and national (SID and Magiran) databases for related studies from the inception of the databases to September 2017 (without time limitation) in English and Persian languages. To ensure literature saturation, the reference lists of included studies or relevant reviews identified through the search were scanned. Absorption and excretion of zinc are carried out through hemostatic mechanisms that are not quite well known yet. The absorption mechanism consists of two paths. Albumin is the most important zinc plasma carrier. The amount transported in blood, in addition to zinc, depends on the availability of albumin. Zinc is a single intracellular ion with structural, catalytic, and regulatory roles. Zinc plays important structural roles as part of a multiprotein structure.
this matter useful for B.V.Sc student . Minerals ,their deficiency and their roles also available in this matter it is also useful for Animal nutritionist .
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
1. Inorganic elements in the
chemistry of life.
PRESENTED BY: HARAMANPREET KAUR
B.SC. NON-MEDICAL S-4
207303
2. Essential and Non-Essential Elements
Living bodies have about 40 elements depending upon the requirements and
their role in biological process. They are classified as : Essential and Non-
Essential Elements.
Essential element has a specific role for maintaining normal living state of tissue
or body. Absence of deficiency of such elements will lead to serious damage to
the normal functioning of the living system
Non-Essential element are those elements found in the living organism other
than essential elements.
Essential elements play very important role in biological processes.
3. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS..
Essential Elements are the elements which are required for maintenance of life of
plants and animals.
An element may be considered essential when its deficiency produces an
impairment of functions and when its restoration relives the impaired function.
They play positive role in biological systems.
Depending upon the quantity present in the body, they are further divided into :
A) BULK ELEMENTS
B) TRACE ELEMENTS
4. BULK ELEMENTS
MACRO or BULK ELEMENTS are present more than 1 mg in our ďiet and they
constitue 60-80% of all inorganic minerals in the body. They are:
H
C O
N
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Fe
P
Cl
5. TRACE ELEMENTS
MICRO or TRACE ELEMENTS are needed by the body in very small amounts in
micro or nanograms.
Cu Co
Zn
Mn F
Mo I
6. Non-Essential elements
The elements found in the living organisms other than essential elements are
considered as non-essential elements.
Its deficiency doesn’t effect the functioning of organisms.
Br Si Ni Pb V
Sn
Al
Ar
B Ti
7. Calcium and Magnesium
Present as carbonates and phosphates in the skeletal structure of the mammals as about
99% of Ca2+ and 70% of Mg2+.
Used in cell walls, bones and some cells as structural component.
Calcium and magnesium are minerals that are both important for bone density and have
opposite effects on nerve, muscle and clotting activity.
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body with 50 per cent in bone, 25
per cent in muscle and 24 per cent in other tissue and organs.
Magnesium is needed for more than 300 biochemical reactions in chloroplast.
Calcium plays a significant role in the metabolism of nitrogen in plants. Absence of this
mineral in the plants affects the size and number of chloroplasts.
Magnesium is the powerhouse behind photosynthesis in plants.
Mg2+ ions form complex with ATP. It has been observed that all transphosphorylation
reactions involving ATP proceeds smoothly in the presence of Mg2+.
i
8. Sodium and Potassium
Sodium and potassium are essential for life processes. We need at
least 1 g of sodium ion per day in our diet.
In inorganic, sodium and potassium are similar. However in
biology, it is the difference between sodium and potassium.
Cell pump out sodium ions of the cytoplasm whereas the cells
pump the potassium inside. This ion transport is called sodium
pump.
The difference in concentrations of ions inside and outside the
cells produce an electrical potential which is important for the
functioning of nerve and muscle cells.
The transport of ions require energy and this energy provided by
hydrolysis of ATP(Adenosine triphosphate).
9. Iron-An Essential trace element.
Iron is essential in small amounts for both plants and animals life.
Most important transition element and found in greatest abundance in biological
systems in the form of porphyrin complexes or hemes such as hemoglobin and
myoglobin.
A human body weighing about 70 kg contains about 4.3 g of iron.
70% in hemoglobin , 3% in myoglobin & 23% as ferritin in spleen,liver and bone marrow.
Pathway of iron(III) from the foodstuf to hemoglobin and to ferritin:
(i) The Fe2+ of the bound dietary material is reduced to Fe2+ in the gastrointestinal tract.
(ii) After absorption into the cells , Fe2+ is incorporated into ferritin as Fe3+.
(iii) The Fe2+ is also converted to Fe3+ plasma bounded by transferrin.
(iv) Plasma Fe3+ is in the equilibrium with iron in the liver,spleen and bone marrow.
10. Zinc-An essential trace element
Zinc is essential to all orgamisms and plays an important biological role in the enzyme systems of animals and
plants.
Human contain about 2 g of zinc and is one of the most important and crucial elements in our diet.
Zn2+ ion is a soft-acceptor compared to other divalent ions like Mg2+, Ca2+ or Mn2+ and act as stronger
lewis acid towards many biomolecules.
The complexes of Zn2+ are much liable which facilitates the role of zinc in enzymes. Since Zn2+ ion is
completely resistant to redkx changes at biological potentials, its role can’t be effected by changing redox
potentials in the organism.
The most important zinc containing enzyme is the carbonic anhydrase. It is present in red blood cells and
involved in the respiration. It speeds up the absorption of CO2 by red blood cells in muscles and also imvolves
release of CO2 in the lungs.
The water molecule coordinated to a zinc in enzyme that has pH near 7. The role of zinc is to reduce the
basicity f hydroxide ion.
Another important enzyme containing zinc ion is carboxy peptidase. It is present in the pancreatic juice and is
primarily involved in the digestion of protein by animals and protein metabolism in plants and animals.
11. Some other important essential elements.
Copper: Human being need around 8 mg of copper daily. The copper is bound to proteins in the body either as
metalloproteins or as enzymes. The illnesscaused by the excess of copper is called WILSON’S DISEASE. Haemocyanin is a copper
containing protein which is important as an oxygen carrier in some invertebrate animals.
Selenium: In humans and other mammals, sercous diseases arise from either excessive or insufficient dietary selenium. The
accepteddaily requirement of selenium for adult humans is 70 micrograms.Many type of food provide selenium,particulary sea
food,meats,grains and the onion family.
Nickel:It is present in enzymes systems in the form of porphyrin type complexes. It is highly toxic to most plants and
moderately toxic to animals.
Cadmium: It is toxic element present in food stuffs. Kidney is the most susceptible to cadmium. Cadmium ingested
200 ppm cause severe damage. Cigarette smokers absorbs significant levels of cadmium from tobacco.
Mercury: It is hazardous because of high vapour pressure. The mercury vapour is absorbed in the
lungs,dissolves in the blood and is then carried to the brain. This cause irreversible damage to the central nervous
system. Inorganic compound of mercury are less toxic as they have less solubility in water.
12. Chromium and
Molybdenum
Trace elements of chromium and
molydenum are necessary in the diet of
mammals. Chromium and insulin are both
involved in maintaining the correct level of
glucose in the blood. A deficiency of Cr(III)
or an ability or an inability to use the Cr3+
ion results in the removal of glucose from
the blood fast and lead to diabetes.
Molybdates ion has a high aqueous
solubility at near-neutral pH values making
it easily transportable by biological fluids. It
has a wide range of oxidation state (+4,
+5, +6) whose redox potentials overlap
with those of biological systems.
Phosphorus and
Iodine
Phosphorous constitutes an important part
of a energy rich molecule known as ATP
(adensonine tri phosphate).It is also
important component of bone as apatite
(calcium hydroxide phosphate.
Iodine present in the human body is
located at one place i.e. the thyroid gland.
It is used in the synthesis of harmones
thyroxine and triiodide thyronine.
The harmones are essential for growth for
regulation of neuromuscular functioning
and for the maintenance of male and
female reproductive functions. Our
common cause of goitre is lack of iodine in
the diet.
Chloride
The chloride has a vital role in the
ion balance in our bodies. It is a
major anion found inside and
outside the cell
It is essential as NaCl electrolyte for
higher mammals and plants.
Chloride ion is essential in digestive
juices. Deficiency of chloride ion in
infants leads to imapired growth.