The document discusses various types of antacids, their formulations, mechanisms of action, and precautions. It describes that antacids work by neutralizing stomach acid but their effects only last 20-40 minutes when taken without food. Several antacid brands and their active ingredients are outlined, including Gelusil, Gelusil MPS, and Digene. Potential side effects of antacids like acid rebound, milk-alkali syndrome, and interactions with other drugs are also noted. Manufacturing processes for ingredients like sodium bicarbonate, aluminum hydroxide gel, and potassium citrate are summarized as well.

3. ENTERO CHROMAFFIN LIKE CELL

4. PARIETAL CELL

13.  .

17.  They do not interfere systemic acid base balance nor do
they elevate urinary PH these are two types.

35. ANTACID
By

36. ANTACID TO BE TAKEN WITH MEAL
 It is important to note that when antacids are taken
on an empty stomach they provide acid reduction
for 20 to 40 minutes only because the antacid is
rapidly emptied into the duodenum. When taken
after a meal, (approximately 1 hour afterwards)
antacids reduce acid for at least three hours since
food from the meal slows emptying of the antacid
(and food) from the stomach.

37. PRECAUTION
 Antacids (for example, calcium carbonate) when
consumed in high doses and for long periods of
time may cause acid rebound. Acid rebound is a
condition in which the stomach produces even
more acid after the consumption of foods and
drinks.
 High-dose calcium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate when taken together can cause a
condition called milk-alkali syndrome. Its
symptoms include headache, nausea, irritability,
and weakness, hypercalcemia (high blood
calcium levels), and reduced function of the
kidneys.

38. PRECAUTION
 Extensive use of aluminum-containing antacids
may cause hypophosphatemia (low phosphate
levels in the blood), which in severe cases could
lead to muscle weakness, anorexia, and
osteomalacia
 Antacids containing aluminum hydroxide should be
used with caution in patients who have recently
suffered massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

39. PRECAUTION
 For patients with conditions such as high blood
pressure, chronic heart failure, renal failure and those
who have sodium or salt-restricted diets, it is important to
pay attention to the sodium level in sodium-based antacid
preparations such as sodium bicarbonate
 Antacids should not be given to children under six years
of age.

40. SIDE EFFECT
 Antacids may cause dose-dependent rebound hyperacidity
and milk-alkali syndrome.
 Antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide may cause
constipation, aluminum-intoxication, osteomalacia, and
hypophosphatemia.
 Antacids that contain magnesium have a laxative effect that
may cause diarrhea, and in patients with renal failure they
may cause increased magnesium levels in the blood, because
of the reduced ability of the kidneys to eliminate magnesium
from the body in the urine.
 Antacids that contain magnesium trisilicate and magnesium
hydroxide when taken with some other medications (such as
tetracycline) will bind to the drugs, and reduce their absorption
and effects.

41. MILK ALKALI SYNDROME
 High-dose calcium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate when taken together can cause a
condition called milk-alkali syndrome. Its symptoms
include headache, nausea, irritability, and
weakness, hypercalcemia (high blood calcium
levels), and reduced function of the kidneys.

42. GELUSIL -ANTACID & ANTI-GAS TABLETS
 Active ingredients (in each tablet):
 Aluminum hydroxide dried gel 200mg
 Magnesium hydroxide 200 mg
 Simethicone 25 mg Anti-gas.

43. GELUSIL
 USES
 Relieves:
 Heartburn
 Sour stomach
 Acid indigestion
 Bloating, pressure, and discomfort commonly
referred to as gas

44. GELUSIL
 Do not take more than 12 tablets in a 24-hour
period, or use the maximum dosage for more than
2 weeks, except under the advice and supervision
of a physician.
 Chew 2 to 4 tablets. Repeat hourly if symptoms
return, or as directed by a physician.
 Children under 12 years of age: ask a doctor

45. GELUSIL
 Each tablet contains: magnesium 95 mg
 Store at 59° to 77°F (15° to 25°C)
 Tamper Evident: Do not use if blister or printed
Gelusil® foil seal is broken
 See end panel for lot number and expiration date

46. GELUSIL MPS
 Active ingredients (in each tablet):
 Aluminum hydroxide dried gel 250 mg
 Magnesium hydroxide 250 mg
 Dimethicone 25 mg-Anti-gas.
 Magnesium trisilicate- 50 mg
 MPS- Methyl Poly Siloxane

47. DIGENE GEL
 Magnesium hydroxide-185 mg
 Activated poly dimethyl siloxane-50mg
 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose – 100 mg
 Dried aluminum hydroxide gel- 830 mg

48. DIGENE TABLET
 Dried aluminium hydroxide gel 300 mg
 Magnesium Aluminium silicate hydrate- 50 mg
 Magnesium hydroxide- 25 mg
 Activated poly dimethyl siloxane- 25 mg

49. OTHER FORMULATION
 Aciguard- magnesium hydroxide and activated poly
dimethyl siloxane
 Aludrox gel- Aluminium hydroxide gel
 Dimol- Activated dimethicone.
 Galson S- Magaldrate and simethicone
 Galson SD- Magaldrate and simethicone
domperidone

50. POLYCID GEL
 Oxetacaine – 10 mg
 Aluminium Hydroxide – 291mg
 Magnesium hydroxide- 98 mg
 5ml

51. ENO
 eno was invented in the 1850s by James Crossley
Eno (1827-1915).Each 5g of Eno powder contains:
 Sodium bicarbonate 2.32g
 Citric acid 2.18 g
 Anhydrous sodium carbonate 0.50 g
 Total sodiumcontent, 0.85g

53. ACID REBOUND
 Acid rebound is when a large amount of stomach
acid rises into the esophagus several hours after
taking an antacid. Acid rebound occurs most often
with antacids that contain calcium carbonate.2
 Gelusil® doesn't contain calcium carbonate and
hasn't been shown to be associated with acid
rebound.3

54.  Gas forms when you swallow too much air or when
your body doesn't digest certain foods properly.
Everyone gets it and most people pass it 13 to 21
times a day.1 In normal people, about 50% of the
gas passed from the rectum comes from swallowed
air.2
 Gas is a source of abdominal bloating and
discomfort, too. Many people who have heartburn
experience gas as well.

56. NaHCO3

57.  Ammonia soda process or solvay process
 Introduced by Brunner and Mond
 Strong brine [ Brine solution – high concentration
of Nacl ]
 solution passed through carbonating water
 saturated with Ammonia
 It is again saturated with carbon di oxide under
pressure

58.  During the process ammonia react with carbon di oxide
to produce Ammonium bi carbonate .
 This undergoes double decomposition with NaCl, leads
to the formation of sodium bi carbonate as precipitate
which is less soluble in brine solution.
 The above prepared sodium bi carbonate is separated by
simple filtration and dried at room temperature.
 It does not comply with Indian Pharmacopoeia.
 Hence it is heated to get anhydrous sodium carbonate
and evolves CO2.

60.  This sodium carbonate is dissolved in pure water and
CO2 is passed through the pure solution up to saturation
to yield pure Sodium bi carbonate.

61.  The second method of preparing it by bubbling carbon di
oxide in to the sodium hydroxide.
 The solution is concentrated and dried.

62.  Substance dissolved in water add methyl orange
and titrate it against 0.5 N HCl . The end point is
yellow to orange colour.
 Methyl orange – yellow in alkaline and orange in
acid medium.

63. Systemic Alkalizer
Antacid
For preparing buffer
In treatment of burns , insects
bites etc.
It is one of the constituent of oral
rehydration salt

65.  It is an aqueous suspension of hydrated aluminum oxide
together with various amount of aluminum carbonate and
bi carbonate.
 A hot solution of potash alum is slowly added to a hot
solution of sodium carbonate with constant stirring during
this reaction CO2 is evolved.
 After the complete evolution of CO2 the precipitate of
aluminum hydroxide is prepared by filtration.

66. PREPARATION OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL

67.  Alum solution to be added to sodium bi carbonate
solution not vice versa otherwise precipitate will
occur.
 Aluminum hydroxide is washed with hot water not
with boiling water because later cause the
decomposition of aluminum hydroxide.

68.  Dissolve the required amount of sample in water
 add100 ml of 0.1 M HCl
 stir well
 maintain the temperature at 37 C
 measure the PH at time interval of 10, 15, and 20
minute.
 The PH of the solution is not more than 1.8, 2.3 and
3 respectively.

69. To this add 0.5 ml of 0.5 M HCl
Stir well at 37 C
Titrate with 0.1M NaOH to
reach the PH 3.5.
Not more than 50 ml of NaOH
is needed to neutralize the
solution.

70.  Substance dissolved in HCl by warming in water
bath to this excess amount of EDTA is added. The
solution is then neutralised with NaOH using methyl
red as indicator.[ The color change from red to
yellow.] To this solution hexamine is added as buffer
and xylenol orange as an indicator. Titrate it against
lead nitrate.

72. PREPARATION OF POTASSIUM CITRATE

73.  Mixing of hot solution of citric acid and potassium bi
carbonate then the solution is filtered off and then
evaporated to dryness. A fine powder is obtained by
trituration in a warm water.
 Cooling saline taste
 Hygroscopic
 Mechanism of action
 The body tissue easily oxidises the potassium citrate and
liberate CO2 and water and equivalent amount of
potassium bi carbonate which function as an alkalinizing
agent.

74. Osmotic diuretic
Diaphoretic action
Systemic alkalinizing agent
Slight laxative action
Anticoagulant