Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is bleeding from inside the nose. The nasal cavity has a rich blood supply from branches of the internal and external carotid arteries. The most common site of epistaxis is Little's area, located on the anterior nasal septum. Other vascular areas prone to bleeding include the retrocolumellar vein and Woodruff's area on the inferior turbinate. Anterior epistaxis is more common and usually mild, while posterior epistaxis is rarer but more severe. The leading cause of epistaxis is local trauma from nose picking, but it can also arise from systemic issues like hypertension or medications like aspirin. Proper management depends on identifying the source and
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Bleeding from inside the nose is called epistaxis
Fairly common and is seen in all age groups.
“Epistaxis refers to nose bleed or hemorrhage from the nose”.
It‘s mostly commonly originates in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
A hemorrhage from the nose, referred to as epistaxis, is caused by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Most commonly, the site is the anterior septum, where three major blood vessels enter the nasal cavity:
(1) the anterior ethmoidal artery on the forward part of the roof (Kesselbach’s plexus)
(2) the sphenopalatine artery in the posterosuperior region, and
(3) the internal maxillary branches (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).
Epistaxis is the medical term for "nasal bleeding".
This ppt is more of use for medical students ....a compilation of all the required knowledge about epistaxis.
"Treatment & remedies for epistaxis finds promising treatment with homeopathy.Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Define epistaxis.
Bleeding from inside the
nose, either anterior nasal or
posterior nasal.
Epi : from above
Staxis : drop by drop drip of fluid.
3. Epistaxis is a sign, NOT a disease
It should never be treated as a
harmless event.
4. Anatomical considerations
Nasal cavity: mucosa and turbinates
are very vascular
Receives blood supply from branches
of both internal and external carotid
arteries.
Network of arteries : Kiesselbach’s
plexus, woodruff’s plexus
9. Little’s area
Situated over the anteroinferior part of
nasal septum, just above the vestibule
Caudal part of the nasal septum which
has a rich submucosal arterial
network(Kiesselbach’s plexus) by septal
branches of
- anterior ethmoidal
- sphenopalatine
- superior labial
- greater palatine
10. Prone for
drying (effect
of inspired air )
and
microtrauma
by nose
picking
Commonest
site for
epistaxis in
children
11. Question 2
The following is true regarding little’s area of
the nose, except:
A) Situated over the anteroinferior part of the
lateral wall of the nose
B) Has a rich submucosal vascular plexus
named Kiesselbach’s plexus
C) Bleeding from Retrocolumellar vein is one
of the differential diagnoses of little’s area
epistaxis
D) The kiesselbach’s plexus is formed by the
septal branches of anterior
ethmoidal, sphenopalatine, greater
palatine, and superior labial arteries
12. Answer :
A.
Little’s area is situated over the
anteroinferior part of the nasal septum
13. Retrocolumella vein
This vein runs vertically downwards
behind the columella.
It crosses the floor of nose & joins venous
plexus on the lateral wall of nose.
Common site of venous bleeding in young
people
14. Question 3
Which statement is true about
Retrocolumellar vein?
A. This vein runs vertically downwards below
the columella.
B. It crosses the floor of nose & joins venous
plexus on the nasal septum.
C. It crosses the floor of nose & joins venous
plexus on the lateral wall of nose.
D. It crosses the roof of nose & joins venous
plexus on the lateral wall of nose.
E. Common site of venous bleeding in old
people.
16. Woodruff’s Area
Vascular area situated over the
posterior end of inferior turbinate
Sphenopalatine artery anastomoses
with posterior pharyngeal artery
Posterior epistaxis occur
17. Question 4
Which statement is true about Woodruff’s
area?
A. Site for anterior epistaxis
B. Greaterpalatine artery anastomoses with
posterior pharyngeal artery here
C. Vascular area situated under posterior
end of inferior turbinate
D. Vascular area situated above posterior
end of inferior turbinate
E. Vascular area situated under posterior
end of middle turbinate
Answer : C
18. Sites of epistaxis
Little’s Area (90%)
Above the level of middle turbinate
Below the level of middle turbinate
Posterior part of nasal cavity
Diffuse. ie : septum & lateral wall
Nasopharynx
19. Question 5
Which is the commonest site of
epixtaxis?
A. Above the level of middle turbinate
B. Below the level of middle turbinate
C. Posterior part of nasal cavity
D. Little's area
20. Answer
D, 90% of the epistaxis site is from
little’s area.
21. Epistaxis
Anterior epistaxis Posterior
epistaxis
Blood flows out from the Blood flows back into
front of nose with the the throat. Patient may
patient is in sitting swallow it and have
position. “coffee-coloured”
vomitus.
** may misdiagnosed as
haematemesis
22. Differences between anterior and
posterior epistaxis
Anterior epistaxis Posterior epistaxis
Incidence more Less
site Little’s area or anterior Posterosuperior part of
part of lateral wall nasal cavity; difficult to
localise the bleeding
point
age Children and young adult >40 years
cause Trauma Spontaneous; often due
to hypertension or
arteriosclerosis
Bleeding Mild bleeding, can be Severe bleeding;
controlled by local requires hospitalisation
pressure or anterior nasal and postnasal pack
pack
23. Question 6
Which of these statements are true?
A. Anterior epistaxis is usually caused by
hypertension
B. Posterior epistaxis is more common
C. Anterior epistaxis does not usually
occurs in children and young adults
D. Anterior epistaxis bleeding is usually
mild
24. Answer
D, posterior epistaxis is more
severe, usually requires
hospitalisation and postnasal
pack;while anterior epistaxis is usually
mild bleeding.
33. What is the commonest cause of
epistaxis?
A. Idiopathic
B. Deviated nasal septum
C. Fracture to the base of skull
D. Hypertension
E. Finger nail trauma