environmental microbiology
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This document summarizes emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It lists the top causes of mortality from infectious diseases according to WHO, including respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. An emerging disease is defined as one that is newly appearing or increasing in incidence or range. Examples of recent emerging diseases mentioned include hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and SARS. Factors that can contribute to disease emergence include properties of the agent, host, and environment. Several current and historical emerging diseases are described in more detail such as dengue fever, leptospirosis, AIDS, tuberculosis, avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg virus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome
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Water borne microorganisms
Water-borne diseases are illnesses caused by ingesting water contaminated with human or animal waste containing pathogens. They are a major global public health issue, causing over 2 million deaths annually, especially among children in developing countries. Improving access to clean water and sanitation could reduce the global disease burden by an estimated 4%. Common water-borne diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasites transmitted via contaminated water sources.
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This document discusses microbiology in different environments. It summarizes microbiota found in soil, water, and air and describes methods for studying microflora in these environments. In soil, microflora includes bacteria, algae, fungi and other microbes. The number of microbes in soil depends on factors like moisture and nutrients. Water microflora includes species like Pseudomonas and Micrococcus. Water quality is assessed by measuring coliform levels. Air microflora and diseases transmitted through air are also discussed. Methods for studying microflora include plating soil samples, measuring bacterial counts in water, and using sedimentation or filtration for air samples.
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This document discusses waterborne diseases and epidemics caused by contaminated drinking water. It outlines various bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that can be transmitted through water and cause diseases like cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhea, and jaundice. Treatment of drinking water through chlorination and water filtration has reduced waterborne disease outbreaks in developed nations. However, in developing parts of the world where water treatment is not universal, waterborne illnesses remain a major public health issue. The document emphasizes the importance of access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation globally.
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This document discusses the sources and factors related to fish and shrimp disease in Bangladesh. It identifies several sources of infection for fish diseases, including direct contact with pathogens, contact with diseased organisms, soil contact, secondary infections, waterborne infections, direct entry of pathogens, migration, contamination, contact with pollution, and other sources. It also examines factors that can affect fish and shrimp diseases, such as environmental factors, hereditary factors, glandular dysfunction, mechanical injury, pathogenic organisms, atypical cell growth, and dietary deficiencies. The document recommends strategies for pathogen identification, avoidance of introduction, control of spread, and quarantine to address fish and shrimp diseases.
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The document discusses various microorganisms found in water and their roles. It describes that water is essential for life and acts as a medium for cellular reactions. It discusses different types of water bodies and habitats that contain diverse microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae, and helminths. Many of these microorganisms can cause water-borne diseases if the water is contaminated. Proper treatment is needed to ensure water is safe for drinking and other uses. Maintaining good hygiene is important for preventing water-washed and water-related illnesses.
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This document discusses various water-borne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms. It describes several bacterial diseases including salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria, which causes gastroenteritis; campylobacteriosis caused by Campylobacter bacteria; shigellosis caused by Shigella bacteria, which causes dysentery; and cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, which causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. It also discusses viral diseases including hepatitis A and rotavirus, parasitic diseases such as cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, and diseases transmitted by water like leptospirosis. Water contamination by human or animal waste is a major cause of these water-borne infectious
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The document discusses various microorganisms found in water and their roles. It describes that water is essential for life and acts as a medium for cellular reactions. It discusses different types of water bodies and habitats that contain diverse microbes like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, algae, and helminths. Many of these microorganisms can cause water-borne diseases if the water is contaminated. Proper treatment is needed to ensure water is safe for drinking and other uses. Maintaining good hygiene is important for preventing water-washed and water-related illnesses.
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The document discusses several waterborne diseases including cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, legionnaires' disease, and pneumonia. It notes that while rare, waterborne disease outbreaks can still occur in the US if harmful elements contaminate water system pumps and pipes. This could lead to humans contracting diseases from drinking or being exposed to contaminated water, with possible symptoms ranging from diarrhea and stomach pains to death. The largest recorded outbreak was caused by cryptosporidium in Milwaukee in 1993, affecting over 400,000 people.
Waterdiseases5678905
My first presentation for a class seminar during the year 2010 .
General Topic : Waterborne diseases .
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Water borne diseases are acquired by drinking contaminated water or contact with contaminated recreational water. They account for 4.1% of global disease burden and 1.8 million deaths annually. Diseases are classified as water-washed, water-scarce, water-based, and vector-borne. Guidelines for safe drinking water include treating water through coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove pathogens and chemicals. Public education on water sources, treatment, and health risks is also important to prevent water borne diseases.
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Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus transmitted through mosquito bites. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a rash. In some cases it can develop into life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. There is no vaccine, so prevention focuses on reducing mosquito habitats and exposure to bites.
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This slide contains all information you need on Microbiology of water and wastewater. Methods of water purification and water borne diseases have also been discussed in this slide
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This document discusses waterborne diseases and how they are caused by contaminated drinking water. It notes that water can become contaminated through human or animal waste containing pathogens, or through industrial and agricultural pollutants. Some common waterborne diseases are then described such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and diarrhea. Statistics are mentioned about the prevalence of these diseases. The document concludes by describing ways to prevent waterborne illnesses such as boiling, filtering, or treating water with chlorine before drinking it and practicing good hygiene.
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES, HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
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Cholera and typhoid are acute diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria - Vibrio cholerae causes cholera and Salmonella typhi causes typhoid. They are typically transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food. Cholera causes painless watery diarrhea and vomiting leading to dehydration. Typhoid causes a sustained fever and abdominal pain. Both require rehydration therapy and antibiotics can treat the infections. Proper sanitation and hygiene are important for preventing the spread of these waterborne diseases.
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- There are four categories of water-related infections: water-borne, water-washed, water-based, and water-related. Many diseases are caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses or fungi transmitted through contaminated water.
- Prevention and control methods include improving water quality,
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Water borne diseases due to consumption of contaminated water in India are the common and the main reason is unsafe drinking water supply, poor sanitation and hygiene. Let's take a look at Top 4 Water Borne Diseases in India caused by drinking contaminated water.
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Case Study 1 examines the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from mung bean rhizosphere that can promote plant growth and alleviate drought stress. Inoculation with the bacteria led to higher antioxidant activity, gene expression, water retention and biomass in plants under drought.
Case Study 2 looks at isolating bacteria from saline soil that produce ACC deaminase and help plants tolerate salt and heat stress. A Klebsiella sp. strain, SBP-8, was found to produce ACC deaminase and other beneficial compounds, and promote wheat growth under salt and heat conditions.
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The document provides information about oil spills, including what they are, their causes, effects, and cleanup methods. It defines an oil spill as the release of liquid petroleum into the environment, usually from human activity. Major oil spills discussed include the M/T Haven which spilled 42 million gallons in Italy in 1991, and the Nowruz Oil Field spill of 80 million gallons in the Persian Gulf in 1983 during the Iran-Iraq War. The effects of oil spills are described for local industries, human health, and marine ecosystems. Methods of cleaning up oil spills discussed include booms, burning, dispersants, and skimmers.
Useful microbes presentation
There are billions of microbes that have not been discovered yet. Many microbes are necessary for human survival or are beneficial. Microbes can be used for industrial purposes. In nature, microbes help plants grow through interactions in soil and some produce oxygen. Microbes are essential for decomposition which recycles nutrients. In food, microbes are used to make yogurt, cheese, bread, and alcohol through fermentation. Important microbes in medicine include penicillin-producing fungi and microbes used in vaccines. Probiotics are live microbes that benefit human health by interacting with pathogens, reinforcing barriers, competing for resources, and strengthening the immune system.
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Environmental microbiology
This document summarizes microbiology topics related to food and water. It discusses how gastrointestinal infections are usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. It describes various sources of food contamination including soil, water, food utensils, food handlers, and animals. Common foodborne pathogens are mentioned. Methods for controlling bacteria in food to prevent spoilage and disease transmission are outlined. Microbiology issues pertaining to water are also summarized, including waterborne diseases and methods for water sanitation.
Micro organisms
Microorganisms are microscopic organisms that include bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae, and some animals. They play important roles in environments and processes like decomposition, nutrient cycling, and carbon cycling. There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are prokaryotic microbes that have diverse shapes and live in many environments. Viruses can only replicate inside host cells and come in different shapes and sizes but are usually 100 times smaller than bacteria. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic organisms including some motile species. Microorganisms are also used in food production and have medical applications but some can cause diseases if
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This document provides an overview of a seminar on microbes that thrive in extreme environments. It begins with an introduction to microbes in general, then describes 5 main types of microbes. The bulk of the document focuses on 5 categories of microbes that thrive in extreme environments: thermophiles, which prefer high temperatures; psychrophiles, which prefer cold temperatures; halophiles, which thrive in high salt concentrations; acidophiles, which thrive in acidic conditions; and alkaliphiles, which thrive in alkaline conditions. Examples of microbes in each category are provided. The document concludes with references for further information.
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Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil health and fertility. They are involved in nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, fixing nitrogen, and carrying out other biochemical processes. The main types of microbes found in soil are bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Soil microbes affect soil structure, plant growth, and carry out important processes like nitrogen fixation, nutrient availability, and degradation of pollutants. However, human activities like agricultural practices, urbanization, and climate change threaten soil microbes by reducing organic matter, increasing salinity, and introducing pollutants. Proper management is needed to protect these vital soil microorganisms.
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Biodegradation is the breakdown of materials by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. It is distinct from but related to composting. Biodegradable materials like plant and animal matter can be broken down aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. Factors like moisture, oxygen, temperature affect the rate of biodegradation. Many plastics are now made to be biodegradable by incorporating materials like cornstarch. Bioremediation uses organisms like fungi and bacteria to remove pollutants from contaminated sites, either through natural biodegradation or by adding nutrients or microbes to stimulate the process. It has advantages over traditional chemical or physical treatment methods.
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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant TB strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimens. HIV co-infection increases the risk of active TB disease.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant TB strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimens. HIV co-infection increases the risk of active TB disease.
tuberculosis ram. nepal civil service hosp
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It can be spread through droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory disease. Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of the body in its extra pulmonary form. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples, culture tests and radiography. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation of active cases, and directly observed treatment.
Emerging Infections
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases as well as potential agents of bioterrorism that could be encountered in an emergency department setting. It discusses several specific diseases including SARS, West Nile virus, influenza, anthrax, smallpox, and plague. For each disease, it summarizes the causative agent, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The overall goal is to introduce emergency physicians to these threats and how to recognize and respond to cases of emerging infection or potential bioterrorism.
Emerging & Re-emerging BacteriaI Infection.pptx
Microbes have existed on Earth for billions of years and will likely continue to exist for billions more. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are caused by various factors such as increased antibiotic resistance, changes in human behavior and demographics, ecological changes, and globalization. Some examples of bacterial diseases that emerged in recent decades include Legionnaires' disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, and Lyme disease. Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei is an emerging disease in India, especially among those with diabetes or alcoholism.
Coronavirus by Dr Afuye O.O.
Coronavirus is the largest known RNA virus responsible for a range of respiratory illnesses in man. 7 Known coronaviruses have been identified with 4 causing mild infections and 3 severe diseases. The severe diseases are SARS, MERS and COVID-19
There is presently an ongoing epidemic of the disease in China which has gradually spread across the continent.
Exemplefy.pptx
The document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, examples, and strategies for prevention and control. Emerging diseases are caused by new pathogens while re-emerging diseases were previously controlled but have risen again. Factors contributing to emergence include human behavior, travel, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures. Examples provided include SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola, Zika, and Nipah virus. Prevention strategies involve controlling reservoirs, interrupting transmission, protecting susceptible populations, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research. Public health authorities and doctors play key roles in awareness,
Introduction to infectious diseases
The document discusses infectious diseases and key related concepts. It defines infectious disease as a disease caused by an infectious agent like a bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite that can be transmitted between hosts. It also defines and explains related terms like infection, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, and provides examples of major infectious diseases and their causes of death worldwide. The document also covers the history of infectious diseases and advances in the field like germ theory and the development of vaccines and antibiotics.
Epidemiology of some Diseases Caused by Gram +ve Bacteria
Epidemiology of some Diseases like Diphtheria, Tuberculosis, Leprosy,Tetanus & Food Poisioning in Brief
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that generally affects the lungs. There were an estimated 8.6 million new cases of tuberculosis globally in 2012, with the highest numbers occurring in Asia and Africa. The global incidence of tuberculosis has been slowly declining since 2002 due to control efforts. Tuberculosis can be either latent, where the immune system keeps the bacteria from spreading but it remains alive in the body, or active, where the bacteria multiply and cause illness.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria that generally affects the lungs. There were an estimated 8.6 million new cases of tuberculosis globally in 2012, with the highest numbers occurring in Asia and Africa. The global incidence of tuberculosis has been slowly declining since 2002 due to control efforts. Tuberculosis can be either latent, where the immune system keeps the bacteria from spreading but it remains alive in the body, or active, where the bacteria multiply and cause illness.
Viral emerging and re emerging diseases
this is ppt of viral emerging and re-emerging diseases....pls comment for any doubts, pls follow for more ppts regarding health, heatl care and medical field..thank you
Meningococcal meningitis
This document discusses Meningococcal Meningitis, caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It describes the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, symptoms of meningococcal disease including meningitis, bacteremia and other focal infections. Risk factors and populations are identified. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection and PCR testing of CSF, blood and other fluids. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or third generation cephalosporins. Prevention includes vaccination, especially with conjugate vaccines, isolation of cases and prophylaxis of close contacts. Complications can be severe and include death in 20-30% of cases without treatment.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. The disease is transmitted through the air when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing. Common symptoms include cough with sputum and blood at times, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest X-rays, sputum smear microscopy, and culture. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme aims to reduce mortality and transmission of TB in India through improved case detection and
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
HIV-TropicalMedicine.pptx
HIV/AIDS is a pandemic disease caused by the HIV virus that weakens the immune system and leads to AIDS. The document discusses the epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis and management of HIV/AIDS globally and in Kenya. It provides statistics on prevalence in various populations in Kenya and clinical staging systems used by WHO and CDC to classify and manage HIV infection. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus although there is currently no cure.
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It remains a significant public health problem globally, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected humans. Laboratory diagnosis can be made through blood cultures early in the infection or the Widal test which detects antibodies in the blood. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy but multidrug resistant strains have emerged, complicating treatment.
Similar to environmental microbiology (20)
Epidemiology of some Diseases Caused by Gram +ve Bacteria
Epidemiology of some Diseases Caused by Gram +ve Bacteria
More from Merlyn Denesia
Endocrine and lymphatic
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, including the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. It explains that the endocrine glands release hormones like thyroxine and insulin to regulate processes throughout the body, such as metabolism and calcium levels, and that the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help coordinate the endocrine and nervous systems. Feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by inhibiting or stimulating hormone release based on levels in the bloodstream.
Kingdom Animalia
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that lack cell walls. They digest food internally and have muscle and nerve cells. Most animals reproduce sexually and go through developmental stages like fertilization, gastrulation, and metamorphosis. The document describes several animal phyla including poriferans like sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish, molluscs like snails and clams, flatworms, and others. It covers characteristics like body structure, symmetry, tissues, and life cycles.
Reproductive system
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, including the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. It explains that the endocrine glands release hormones like thyroxine and insulin to regulate processes throughout the body, such as metabolism and calcium levels, and that the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help coordinate the endocrine and nervous systems. Feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by inhibiting or stimulating hormone release based on levels in the bloodstream.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones around the body, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes to be eliminated. It has three main components: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues, nutrients from the intestines to cells, and waste products to the kidneys. It also regulates temperature, transports hormones, and protects the body from pathogens. The heart has four chambers and valves that pump blood through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. An aneurysm is a bulge or weakening in an artery wall often caused by high blood pressure or other factors.
Kingdom Animalia
This document provides information about the characteristics of animals and describes several animal phyla. It begins by defining animals as eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest nutrients and digest food internally. It then discusses invertebrate phyla including sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, flatworms, annelids, roundworms, and arthropods, providing details on key characteristics and examples for each. It also addresses animal phylogeny and classification.
Ecosystem
The document discusses key abiotic factors that influence ecosystem structure and function, including temperature, moisture, light, pH, soil quality, salinity, water current, nutrient availability, and salt concentration. Specifically, it notes that: 1) Temperature constraints limit physiological activity and many organisms have adapted to withstand high temperatures like fires. 2) Salt concentrations affect water uptake and influence crop yields, with some plants tolerating high salt concentrations. 3) pH affects plant and animal distribution, with most plant roots damaged below pH 3 or above 9. 4) Light availability regulates plant and animal daily/seasonal rhythms and breeding cycles.
The reproductive system
There are several types of reproduction that can result in multiple births. Some types of multiple births include twins, triplets or more. The main types are fraternal twins which come from two separate eggs and identical twins which come from the same egg splitting in two.
Endocrine System
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones around the body, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes to be eliminated. It has three main components: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, waste, secretions, and helps regulate temperature and fluid balance. The heart has four chambers and valves that pump blood through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body. An aneurysm is a bulge or weakening in an artery wall.
science, technology and society
The document summarizes science and technology in pre-colonial Asian societies, including Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Vedic civilization in India, and China. It describes key developments in these early civilizations, such as irrigation systems, writing, mathematics, astronomy, architecture, tools, weapons, and religious beliefs. The Mesopotamians invented the wheel, plow, and cuneiform writing. The Indus Valley civilization had urban planning with drainage systems, and the Vedic people made contributions to mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, and physics. China advanced in mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and other fields.
science, technology and society
The document traces the development of science, technology, and systems of communication from ancient times to the modern world. It discusses how early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia developed writing systems like hieroglyphics, cuneiform, and papyrus that allowed the spread of ideas. Major inventions like the printing press and later the World Wide Web transformed society by enabling the mass production and dissemination of information.
Dehumanization on educational technology
This document discusses humanism, technology, and dehumanization. It defines humanism as valuing human agency, freedom, and evidence over dogma. Key figures like Maslow and Rogers who advocated for humanistic approaches are discussed. While technology can potentially humanize through interaction and reflection, it also risks dehumanizing by treating people as machines without individuality or empathy. The document argues technology should augment teaching and learning by supporting meaningful, creative, and collaborative problem-solving rather than replacing the teacher or treating students as passive learners.
History of educational technology
The history of educational technology can be traced back to ancient cultures that developed systems of knowledge and invented writing to record and transmit information. In ancient Greece, the term "techne" referred to the systematic application of knowledge to instruction. Major contributors in the 19th century included Edward Thorndike, who formulated the scientific theory of learning, and John Dewey, who introduced the scientific method to instruction. The 19th century also saw effective technological developments like textbooks, blackboards, and improved writing tools. Visual instruction became popularized through photography's invention. Instructional television and early computers were developed throughout the 20th century, leading to the internet revolution of the 1990s.
Solstice and equinox
Equinoxes occur twice yearly when the sun is directly above the equator and day and night are approximately equal in length. Solstices occur twice yearly when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky, resulting in the longest and shortest days of the year in the summer and winter respectively in each hemisphere. The document then provides details on the timing and effects of the summer and winter solstices and spring and autumn equinoxes in both hemispheres.
Our moon
The three main hypotheses for the origin of the moon are that it was either 1) a small planet captured by Earth's gravity, 2) formed alongside Earth from the same dust and gas cloud, or 3) ripped away from the Earth as a bulge when the young Earth spun faster. The moon has dark lava plains called maria, ancient highlands made of different rock, and many circular craters from impacts. It rotates in sync with its orbit around Earth, always keeping the same face toward our planet and exhibiting phases from new to full.
Motion of the earth
The Giant Impact Theory proposes that the Moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago from the debris of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This collision created a disk of molten rock and debris that eventually consolidated to form the Moon. Some earlier ideas on the Moon's formation included it forming alongside Earth or being captured after forming elsewhere in the solar system.
Lunar eclipses
The document discusses lunar eclipses. It defines different types of lunar eclipses including penumbral, partial, and total eclipses. The next visible total lunar eclipse will occur on January 31, 2018 and will be seen in Asia, Australia, the Pacific Ocean, and western North America. During a lunar eclipse, the moon appears red due to Rayleigh scattering, which scatters blue light from the sun more than red light when it passes through the earth's atmosphere. For an eclipse to occur, the moon must pass within 11.38 degrees of the ecliptic plane at either its ascending or descending node where it intersects the ecliptic.
Motion
This document contains definitions and examples related to motion concepts including speed, average speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines average speed as total distance traveled divided by total time. It provides an example of calculating average speed when speeds vary throughout a trip. It also defines velocity as a measure of both speed and direction of motion. Velocity is defined as distance divided by time. The document provides examples of calculating acceleration from changes in speed over time.
Intro to physics and measurements
This document provides an introduction to physical science. It begins by defining science and listing the main branches - biological science, physical science, and social science. Biological science deals with living things, social science deals with human behavior and societies. Physical science deals with non-living things, their properties, structures, and changes.
The main branches of physical science are then outlined as chemistry, physics, astronomy, geology, and meteorology. Chemistry studies matter and its properties and changes. Physics studies matter and energy. Astronomy studies the universe and celestial bodies. Geology studies Earth materials, structures, and processes. Meteorology studies the atmosphere and weather/climate.
The document then transitions to discussing measurement in physical science. Measurement
More from Merlyn Denesia (20)
Recently uploaded
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Recently uploaded (20)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
environmental microbiology
- 2. Emerging, re-emerging Diseases An emerging disease is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range -WHO
- 3. The annual cause-specific mortality estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) Respiratory infections: 4.3 million deaths Diarrheal diseases: 2.5 million deaths HIV/AIDS: 1.8 million deaths Tuberculosis: 1.3 million deaths Malaria: 0.8 million deaths Meningitis: 0.3 million deaths Pertussis: 0.2 million deaths Measles: 0.2 million deaths Hepatitis B: 0.1 million deaths Other infectious diseases: 1.2 million deaths
- 4. Examples of recent emerging diseases
- 5. Factors Contributing To Emergence • Agent • Host • Environment
- 6. Examples of Emerging Infectious Diseases • Hepatitis C- First identified in 1989 In mid 1990s estimated global prevalence 3% • Hepatitis B- Identified several decades earlier Upward trend in all countries Prevalence >90% in high-risk population
- 7. Examples of Emerging Infectious Diseases SARS: The First Emerging Infectious Disease Of The 21st Century (China, 2003)
- 8. SARS Cases 19 February to 5 July 2003 China (5326) Singapore (206) Hong Kong (1755) Viet Nam (63) Europe: 10 countries (38) Thailand (9) Brazil (3) Malaysia (5) South Africa ( Canada (243) USA (72) Colombia (1) Kuwait (1) South Africa (1) Korea Rep. (3) Macao (1) Philippines (14) Indonesia (2) Mongolia (9) India (3) Australia (5) New Zealand (1) Taiwan (698) Mongolia (9) Russian Fed. (1) Total: 8,439 cases, 812 deaths, 30 countries in 7-8 months Source: www.who.int.csr/sars
- 9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) • CJD is called a human form of mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE).
- 10. Dengue Fever
- 11. Leptospirosis
- 12. AIDS • AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
- 13. Tuberculosis • Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs.
- 14. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1)
- 15. Swine Flu Influenza A (H1N1)
- 17. Pneumonic Plague • in India (1994)
- 18. Bubonic Plague
- 20. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) • This strain of coronavirus that causes MERS was first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia.
- 21. Meningococcemia
- 22. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Ebola (5 species) • Sudan • Zaire • Ivory Coast • Reston Agent • Uganda First appearance in 1976 Sporadic outbreaks
- 24. Country Total Cases (Suspected, Probable, and Confirmed) Laboratory-Confirmed Cases Total Deaths Guinea 3175 2781 2101 Liberia 9265 3153 4057 Sierra Leone 11341 8308 3479 Total 23781 14242 9637 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa - Case Counts
- 25. Marburg • Varying pathogenicity (mortality ranging from 21-80%) • Responsible for 1967 outbreak in Europe • Outbreaks in 2000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo and 2005 in Angola
- 28. Thank You!!!