Microbiology of water and wastewater
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Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in freshwater and saltwater environments. These microorganisms are found throughout aquatic systems, from rivers and lakes to oceans and even hot springs. They play important roles like breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and providing food for other aquatic life. Aquatic microorganisms also impact humans through activities like water purification in sewage treatment.
Microbiology of water
Water is the medium of life and covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It exists in various forms such as atmospheric water, surface water, ground water, fresh water, marine water, and estuarine water. The document discusses the types of microorganisms found in water such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and algae. It describes various waterborne diseases caused by these microorganisms and their symptoms. The aquatic environment influences the microbial population with factors like temperature, hydrostatic pressure, light, salinity, turbidity, and pH varying widely between streams, estuaries and oceans.
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The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
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The document summarizes key information about microorganisms found in various aquatic environments and their role in water purification. It discusses the microflora present in underground, surface, and polluted waters. Microorganisms exist in all areas of surface waters, including plankton suspended in water, periphyton attached to surfaces, and benthos in sediments. Various types of plankton, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses are described. The document also outlines indicators used to assess water quality and types of pathogens found in polluted waters.
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This presentation is made for S.Y.Bsc. Students.
The presentation includes Drinking water microbiology. The presentation includes information about coliform, indicator organisms as well as purification methods of drinking water.
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Aquatic microbiology
Aquatic microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in freshwater and saltwater environments. These microorganisms are found throughout aquatic systems, from rivers and lakes to oceans and even hot springs. They play important roles like breaking down organic matter, recycling nutrients, and providing food for other aquatic life. Aquatic microorganisms also impact humans through activities like water purification in sewage treatment.
Microbiology of water
Water is the medium of life and covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It exists in various forms such as atmospheric water, surface water, ground water, fresh water, marine water, and estuarine water. The document discusses the types of microorganisms found in water such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and algae. It describes various waterborne diseases caused by these microorganisms and their symptoms. The aquatic environment influences the microbial population with factors like temperature, hydrostatic pressure, light, salinity, turbidity, and pH varying widely between streams, estuaries and oceans.
Water microbiology
The document discusses aquatic microbiology and water microbiology. Aquatic microbiology is the study of microorganisms in aquatic environments like lakes, rivers, and oceans, while water microbiology relates specifically to microorganisms in drinking water. The scope of aquatic microbiology is wide and includes plankton, benthic organisms, microbial mats, and biofilms found across various aquatic habitats.
Distribution of microbes in aquatic environment
The document discusses the distribution of microbes in aquatic environments. It describes that plankton, which includes phytoplankton like algae and zooplankton like protozoa, are primary producers and consumers found in marine and fresh waters. It provides examples of phytoplankton like diatoms and dinoflagellates and zooplankton like krill and copepods. The document also mentions that benthic microorganisms live on the bottom substrates of bodies of water and that mixing of waters through upwelling accomplishes redistribution of microbial populations.
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The document summarizes key information about microorganisms found in various aquatic environments and their role in water purification. It discusses the microflora present in underground, surface, and polluted waters. Microorganisms exist in all areas of surface waters, including plankton suspended in water, periphyton attached to surfaces, and benthos in sediments. Various types of plankton, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses are described. The document also outlines indicators used to assess water quality and types of pathogens found in polluted waters.
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The presentation includes Drinking water microbiology. The presentation includes information about coliform, indicator organisms as well as purification methods of drinking water.
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AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY
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This document discusses the microbial flora found in aquatic environments. It begins by defining microbial flora and the different types of aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater, and wetland ecosystems. The main types of microorganisms found in aquatic environments are plankton and benthic microorganisms. Sources of microbes in aquatic systems include runoff from soil, agricultural activities, industrial discharge, and human or animal waste. Microbes have adapted traits like capsules, plasmids, and flagella to survive in different aquatic conditions such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels.
Environmental microbiology
This document summarizes microbiology topics related to food and water. It discusses how gastrointestinal infections are usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. It describes various sources of food contamination including soil, water, food utensils, food handlers, and animals. Common foodborne pathogens are mentioned. Methods for controlling bacteria in food to prevent spoilage and disease transmission are outlined. Microbiology issues pertaining to water are also summarized, including waterborne diseases and methods for water sanitation.
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This document provides an overview of the microbial loop in marine ecosystems. It discusses how bacteria consume dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton and protozoans. These bacteria are then consumed by protozoans like flagellates and ciliates, recycling nutrients and carbon back into the food web. Approximately 60% of energy in marine food chains is estimated to pass through this microbial loop. The loop links dissolved organic matter to microbes and micrograzers, and is crucial to ecosystem function by transferring carbon and nutrients between trophic levels.
Microbial intraction
The document discusses various types of interactions between microorganisms including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition, and synergism. Specific examples are provided for each type of interaction such as lichens exhibiting mutualism between fungi and cyanobacteria. Both beneficial and harmful relationships between microbes and other organisms like plants, animals, and humans are explored.
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Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Water zonation
Freshwater bodies can be divided into zones based on environmental factors like depth and sunlight penetration. The major zones are:
1) The littoral zone near the shoreline, which receives nutrients from runoff and supports plant and algae growth.
2) The limnetic zone in open water, divided into the euphotic zone near the surface with sunlight and oxygen, and the deeper profundal zone without sunlight below the thermocline.
3) The benthic zone along the bottom consists of sediments and decomposes organic matter from the other zones.
Marine environments also exhibit zonation. The water column is divided horizontally into neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into phot
Microbes in waste water treatment
Wastewater treatment uses microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoa to break down organic contaminants. There are three main approaches - fixed film systems where microbes grow on substrates, suspended growth systems where microbes are suspended in wastewater, and membrane bioreactors which improve on conventional activated sludge using a membrane to filter treated water. Common biological wastewater treatment methods include activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands. Advanced technologies are being developed that combine membrane separation with microbial processes to provide more effective wastewater treatment and reuse of resources.
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This document discusses the biodeterioration of textiles by microorganisms. It begins by introducing the three steps of biodegradation: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, and assimilation. It then explains each step in more detail. The document focuses on how natural fibers like cotton are more susceptible to microbial deterioration compared to synthetic fibers due to their porous structure retaining water and nutrients. It lists common microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that cause textile deterioration and describes methods to detect, prevent, and treat biodeterioration of textiles.
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This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
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This document discusses the microbiology of air, including aero-microbiology, transmission of airborne microorganisms, common bacterial and fungal species found in indoor and outdoor air, and airborne diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis, influenza, and histoplasmosis. It also covers physical stresses on microorganisms in the air and methods to control microorganisms, such as ultraviolet radiation, chemical agents, filtration, and laminar airflow systems.
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This document discusses microorganisms found in water bodies. It describes that water habitats macroorganisms like fish and microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Several pathogens that can be transported through water and infect humans are discussed, including bacteria like E. coli and Legionella, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The document also covers viruses, fungi, algae and other microbes found in water.
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The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Biodegradation of xenobiotics
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
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this will put a light on air microbiology, air microbes, airborne diseases and factors that influence the bioaerosols.
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This document discusses the microorganisms found in bottled natural mineral water. It notes that natural mineral water contains a low level of microorganisms from the source aquifer. While most bacteria in bottled water are non-pathogenic, some species like Pseudomonas, Legionella, Aeromonas, and Micobacterium can be opportunistic pathogens. The bottling process can allow bacteria levels to increase rapidly if proper sanitation is not maintained during packaging, storage, and distribution. Maintaining cold temperatures is important to prevent bacterial growth in bottled water.
Environmental water pollution
This document discusses various types of water pollution including groundwater pollution, chemical pollution, nutrients pollution, urbanization, thermal and oil pollution. It describes how nutrients pollution can lead to algal blooms which reduce oxygen in water harming aquatic life. Urbanization is cited as a source of industrial and sediment pollution. The effects of water pollution on humans and marine life are also examined. Specific health impacts from bacteria, pesticides, lead and fluoride are outlined. The document concludes by suggesting ways to prevent water pollution such as reducing plastic use, treating industrial chemicals, and investing in water purification systems.
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AQUATIC MICROBIOLOGY
Aquatic microbiology deals with the study of microbes in aquatic environments like freshwater and saltwater systems. It includes the study of microscopic plants, animals, bacteria, viruses and fungi and their interactions. Aquatic ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their physical and chemical environments in aquatic habitats. Key concepts include food webs, nutrient cycles, and the effects of both biotic and abiotic factors on the types of organisms present. Marine environments support diverse coastal and open ocean habitats that are home to complex communities of microbes, plankton, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates.
Microbial flora of the aquatic env
This document discusses the microbial flora found in aquatic environments. It begins by defining microbial flora and the different types of aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater, and wetland ecosystems. The main types of microorganisms found in aquatic environments are plankton and benthic microorganisms. Sources of microbes in aquatic systems include runoff from soil, agricultural activities, industrial discharge, and human or animal waste. Microbes have adapted traits like capsules, plasmids, and flagella to survive in different aquatic conditions such as temperature, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels.
Environmental microbiology
This document summarizes microbiology topics related to food and water. It discusses how gastrointestinal infections are usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. It describes various sources of food contamination including soil, water, food utensils, food handlers, and animals. Common foodborne pathogens are mentioned. Methods for controlling bacteria in food to prevent spoilage and disease transmission are outlined. Microbiology issues pertaining to water are also summarized, including waterborne diseases and methods for water sanitation.
Role of Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystem.
Introduction
Types of microorganisms
Role of Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystem.
Positive Role
Negative Role
Conclusion
Extremophiles
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
microbial loop
This document provides an overview of the microbial loop in marine ecosystems. It discusses how bacteria consume dissolved organic matter released by phytoplankton and protozoans. These bacteria are then consumed by protozoans like flagellates and ciliates, recycling nutrients and carbon back into the food web. Approximately 60% of energy in marine food chains is estimated to pass through this microbial loop. The loop links dissolved organic matter to microbes and micrograzers, and is crucial to ecosystem function by transferring carbon and nutrients between trophic levels.
Microbial intraction
The document discusses various types of interactions between microorganisms including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, competition, and synergism. Specific examples are provided for each type of interaction such as lichens exhibiting mutualism between fungi and cyanobacteria. Both beneficial and harmful relationships between microbes and other organisms like plants, animals, and humans are explored.
Water microbiology
Water Microbiology, Water Borne Diseases, Infection, Fresh Water, Waste Water microbiology, Fresh water microbiology - some details.
Bioremediation of soil and water
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Water zonation
Freshwater bodies can be divided into zones based on environmental factors like depth and sunlight penetration. The major zones are:
1) The littoral zone near the shoreline, which receives nutrients from runoff and supports plant and algae growth.
2) The limnetic zone in open water, divided into the euphotic zone near the surface with sunlight and oxygen, and the deeper profundal zone without sunlight below the thermocline.
3) The benthic zone along the bottom consists of sediments and decomposes organic matter from the other zones.
Marine environments also exhibit zonation. The water column is divided horizontally into neritic and oceanic zones, and vertically into phot
Microbes in waste water treatment
Wastewater treatment uses microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoa to break down organic contaminants. There are three main approaches - fixed film systems where microbes grow on substrates, suspended growth systems where microbes are suspended in wastewater, and membrane bioreactors which improve on conventional activated sludge using a membrane to filter treated water. Common biological wastewater treatment methods include activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, stabilization ponds and constructed wetlands. Advanced technologies are being developed that combine membrane separation with microbial processes to provide more effective wastewater treatment and reuse of resources.
Biodeterioration of textiles
This document discusses the biodeterioration of textiles by microorganisms. It begins by introducing the three steps of biodegradation: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, and assimilation. It then explains each step in more detail. The document focuses on how natural fibers like cotton are more susceptible to microbial deterioration compared to synthetic fibers due to their porous structure retaining water and nutrients. It lists common microorganisms like fungi and bacteria that cause textile deterioration and describes methods to detect, prevent, and treat biodeterioration of textiles.
Microbiology of domestic and sewage water
This document discusses the microbiology of domestic and sewage water. It begins by explaining that domestic water sources are often contaminated with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste. It then discusses various water purification methods like sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination used in municipal water treatment plants. It also discusses biological contaminants in water and describes Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria as indicators of water quality. The document provides details on standard testing methods and concludes by discussing wastewater treatment methods like primary and secondary treatment to remove pathogens before water is safely discharged or reused.
Air microbiology
This document discusses the microbiology of air, including aero-microbiology, transmission of airborne microorganisms, common bacterial and fungal species found in indoor and outdoor air, and airborne diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis, influenza, and histoplasmosis. It also covers physical stresses on microorganisms in the air and methods to control microorganisms, such as ultraviolet radiation, chemical agents, filtration, and laminar airflow systems.
Microbiology of Waters
This document discusses microorganisms found in water bodies. It describes that water habitats macroorganisms like fish and microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Several pathogens that can be transported through water and infect humans are discussed, including bacteria like E. coli and Legionella, parasites like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. The document also covers viruses, fungi, algae and other microbes found in water.
Sources of microorganisms in air
The document discusses sources of microorganisms in air. It states that the main sources are soil, water, plant and animal surfaces, and human beings. Microbes from these sources enter the air through environmental factors like wind and water, or human activities like digging and talking. Once airborne, microbes can exist as droplets, droplet nuclei, or infectious dust, with droplet nuclei able to remain suspended the longest. The largest source is human beings through sneezing, coughing, and other activities that expel microbes from our respiratory tracts in bioaerosols.
Biodegradation of xenobiotics
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)
Introduction
Halophiles are organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations.
They are a type of extremophile organisms. The name comes from the Greek word for "salt-loving".
While most halophiles are classified into the Archaea domain, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryota, such as the alga Dunaliella salina or fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga
Aeromicrobiology
this will put a light on air microbiology, air microbes, airborne diseases and factors that influence the bioaerosols.
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Halophiles (Introduction, Adaptations, Applications)
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Bottled water microbiology1
This document discusses the microorganisms found in bottled natural mineral water. It notes that natural mineral water contains a low level of microorganisms from the source aquifer. While most bacteria in bottled water are non-pathogenic, some species like Pseudomonas, Legionella, Aeromonas, and Micobacterium can be opportunistic pathogens. The bottling process can allow bacteria levels to increase rapidly if proper sanitation is not maintained during packaging, storage, and distribution. Maintaining cold temperatures is important to prevent bacterial growth in bottled water.
Environmental water pollution
This document discusses various types of water pollution including groundwater pollution, chemical pollution, nutrients pollution, urbanization, thermal and oil pollution. It describes how nutrients pollution can lead to algal blooms which reduce oxygen in water harming aquatic life. Urbanization is cited as a source of industrial and sediment pollution. The effects of water pollution on humans and marine life are also examined. Specific health impacts from bacteria, pesticides, lead and fluoride are outlined. The document concludes by suggesting ways to prevent water pollution such as reducing plastic use, treating industrial chemicals, and investing in water purification systems.
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Our endangered waters andee
There are several ways that water quality can become polluted and endangered. Water quality is impacted by the amount of oxygen present, as well as the presence of disease-causing organisms, nutrients, toxic chemicals, sediments, and changes in temperature. Two common ways to monitor water quality are by measuring biological oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen content, which determine if water can sufficiently support life. Many pollutants like pathogens, heavy metals, synthetic chemicals, and excess nutrients from eutrophication threaten water quality and aquatic ecosystems.
Microbial contamination of foods
This document discusses the microbial contamination of foods from various sources. It explains that all foods naturally contain microorganisms and can become contaminated during harvesting, handling, cooking, storage, and processing. The main sources of microbial contamination are from plants and fruits, animals and their products, sewage, soil, water, air, and during handling and processing of foods. Pathogens like Salmonella can contaminate foods and spread illness. Proper handling, cleaning, and food safety practices are needed to minimize microbial contamination from these sources.
Water bone diseses
Waterborne diseases pose major public health challenges that are exacerbated by climate change. Flooding, drought, and rising temperatures can all spread infectious agents and contaminate water sources. Various pathogens spread through water can cause diseases like typhoid, cholera, and cryptosporidiosis. Effective controls include improving water treatment, sanitation infrastructure, hygiene practices, and surveillance systems to limit transmission and outbreaks of water-related infections.
WaterMetagenomicsPptAmanNanavatySlides.pdf
A concise presentation on the emerging topic on Metagenomic Analysis of Water Bodies. This presentation will help students and scientists to understand the various techniques used in metagenomic studies of rivers as well as oceans. Brief Introduction to various bioinformatic techniques like Lipidomics, LCMS, HPLC and Next Gen Sequencing, with a focus toward ocean and river samples.
Imad%20khan%20research%20and%20methodology%20presentation.pptx
Water pollution comes from many sources and takes various forms. The main types of water pollution include nutrients pollution from wastewater and fertilizers which can encourage harmful algae growth; surface water pollution from hazardous substances dissolving in natural water sources; oxygen depleting pollution which can cause aerobic organisms to die off; ground water pollution from chemicals being washed into underground water sources; and microbiological, industrial, and chemical water pollution which can introduce toxic substances and microorganisms that harm human and aquatic life.
Water pollution
Water pollution is caused by human activities that introduce chemical, physical, or biological changes into water sources. Point sources like factories and sewage treatment plants directly discharge pollutants, while nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff cannot be traced to a single origin. Water pollution poses health risks like toxic accumulation in seafood, reproductive issues, and waterborne diseases. Solutions include conserving water, proper disposal of household waste, and using environmentally-friendly products.
Examination of water
This document discusses bacteriology of water. It begins by introducing that drinking water should be visually acceptable, clear, and free of pathogens and chemical toxins. Many diseases are waterborne, spread through fecal contamination of water sources. The document then discusses the different types of bacteria found in water based on the source of contamination - natural water bacteria, soil bacteria washed in from rains, and sewage bacteria from fecal contamination. It also discusses factors affecting bacterial levels in water and various indicator organisms used to test for fecal contamination. Methods for collecting, transporting, and testing water samples are also summarized.
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Pure Flow Safeguarding Health through Water Purification.pptx
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Health talk on prevention from water borne diseases 2
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More from Maliha Firdous
Latest developments and applications in glass science and technology
Glass, latest advancements of glass, latest technologies of glass, smart glass, bioactive glass, gorilla glass, nano channel glass material, self cleaning glass, glass polymer, glass ceramics, insulated glazing of glass, future work, applications
Central dogma of molecular biology
This ppt covers:
Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes
Cytokine
In this document complete information of cytokine has been included.
A power point presentation on cytokine has also been uploaded.
Disease states associated with fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses diseases associated with fat-soluble vitamins. It covers night blindness and xerophthalmia associated with vitamin A deficiency, which can damage the eyes. Rickets, caused by vitamin D deficiency, results in weak and soft bones. Osteoporosis is discussed as being linked to vitamin D levels as well. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. The document also covers vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns.
Cytokines
From this ppt you can gather information about cytokine, How they are produced, how they work, what are their types , properties and functions, How they act and what their therapeutic uses are. references are also given in case you want more information about cytokines.
Overview of vitamin d
In this pdf you will easily find all the information of vitamin d including forms, metabolism, importance, symptoms and diseases.
Vitamin d
In this ppt I've discussed what vitamin d is and its forms as well as structural difference between two amin forms of vitamin d. Function and dietary requirement is also included in this ppt along with metabolism
Ester
Esters can undergo several chemical reactions including hydrolysis, ammonolysis, reduction, and reactions with Grignard reagents. One reaction is trans esterification where an ester is reacted with an alcohol to form a new ester and alcohol byproduct.
Vitamin d
Vitamin D
forms of vitamin D
difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3
Metabolism of vitamin D
Dietary requirement of vitamin D
Functions of vitamin D
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
Acid and Base
This document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids and bases according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. It explains the properties of acids and bases, including neutralization reactions between acids and bases that produce salts and water. Examples of strong vs. weak acids and bases are given. The document also discusses hard and soft acids and bases according to the hard and soft acid and base theory. Common uses of bases like sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide are listed.
Alexa
This ppt is about amazon alexa .
In it you can easily learn about alexa, its capabilities, abou Amazon echo and echo dot.how much alexa is used and what it can do.
social media
Social media refers to websites and applications that allow users to share content and communicate. Facebook has the most users worldwide, with over 1.5 billion. Social media is widely used, with over half of the global population being active on mobile social platforms. It is used for various purposes like staying connected with others, sharing ideas and reviews, and raising awareness for causes. While it has benefits like education and connectivity, it also has some negative effects like addiction, privacy issues, and cyberbullying.
Lithium-ion battery
This ppt contains all you need to know about lithium-ion battery, it's structure, applications, advantages, disadvantages and how it actually works.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Monosaccharides are the simplest and include trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses. Oligosaccharides contain a few monosaccharide units and include disaccharides like sucrose. Polysaccharides are long chains and include homopolysaccharides like starch and glycogen for storage, and structural heteropolysaccharides like cellulose and chitin. Carbohydrates provide energy, structural support, storage, sweetness, and are a source of B-vitamins. They can be dextrorotatory, levorotatory, or exist as anomers that differ at carbon 1
Gilgit Baltistan
This document provides an overview of Gilgit Baltistan, a northern region of Pakistan. It discusses Gilgit Baltistan's geography, including its many mountain peaks over 7,000 meters high. It also describes Gilgit Baltistan's culture, including traditional musical instruments, dances featuring long robes and swords, and foods like breads and curries. Additionally, it notes the region's historical places, languages including Shina and Wakhi, and religious and cultural festivals.
Waste water treatment and Disposal
Waste water treatment removes contaminants from household and industrial wastewater through a multi-step municipal treatment process including primary, secondary, and advanced treatments before final disposal. Inadequate treatment increases health risks and endangers ecosystems by spreading disease, killing aquatic life, and accumulating toxins, while proper treatment reduces risks, generates electricity, and supports agriculture. Common disposal methods include natural processes like dilution and land treatment, or artificial ones like surface water discharge or reuse.
Black Hole
Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. They can form when large stars collapse at the end of their life cycles, compressing their mass into a tiny space. Black holes warp spacetime so severely that they can pull objects inward and may potentially serve as portals to other universes or allow for time travel according to some theories. Scientists study black holes by observing the effects of their strong gravitational forces, such as emitting x-rays and warping of light.
Soil microbiology
Soil microbiology is the study of microorganisms that exist in soil, including bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Nitrobacter, fungi such as Pythium and Verticillium, algae, actinomycetes, nematodes, protozoa, and amoebas. Soil microbes play important roles like breaking down organic matter, fixing nitrogen, recycling nutrients, promoting plant growth, and controlling pests and diseases, though some can also cause plant diseases, compete with crops, and deplete oxygen from soil.
Safety in laboratory
This 3-sentence document discusses safety topics by Maliha Firdous including protection, avoiding accidents, and fire radiation. The document suggests being cautious of potential dangers and taking necessary precautions. Overall, it seems to promote safety awareness.
Food preservation
Food preservation uses physical or chemical agents to prevent microbial spoilage of food by employing either the inhibition principle or killing principle. The inhibition principle reduces pH, uses preservatives, or low temperatures to inhibit microbial growth, while the killing principle uses heat treatment, irradiation, gases, or pasteurization to kill microorganisms. Food preservation has advantages like preventing spoilage, increasing safe storage periods, and making out of season foods available.
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Recently uploaded
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Recently uploaded (20)
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Microbiology of water and wastewater
- 1. MICROBIOLOGY OF WATER AND WASTEWATER BY: MALIHA FIRDOUS
- 3. WATER MICROBIOLOGY WATER MICROBIOLOGY IS CONCERNED WITH THE MICROORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN WATER OR CAN BE TRANSPORTED FROM ONE HABITAT TO ANOTHER BY WATER.
- 4. MICROBES PRESENT IN WATER: Water contains a variety of microbes: VIRUSES : e.g. ROTAVIRUS BACTERIA: e.g. E.COLI PROTOAZOA: e.g. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
- 5. WATER AS A SOURCE OF INFECTION
- 6. WATER AS A SOUCE OF INFECTION WATER IS A MAJOR SOURCE OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS. IF NOT PURIFIED IT CAN BE A MAJOR SOURCE OF INFECTION SPECIALLY IF IT IS CONTAMINATED WITH SEWAGE, DOMESTIC OR INDUSTRIAL WASTE WITH CHEMICALS AND PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISMS.
- 7. WATER BORNE DISEASES SOME OF THE WATER BORNE DISEASES ARE:
- 9. What is water purification ? Water purification is the process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and inorganic materials and biological contaminants are removed from water.
- 10. Methods of water purification BOILING FILTRING DISTILLING CHLORINATION
- 12. Wastewater or sewage Wastewater or waste water is any water that has been affected by human use. Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration".
- 13. Types of wastewater Wastewater comes in three main types namely; Black water Gray water Yellow water.
- 14. The Microorganisms Found in Sewage Pathogenic Bacteria Salmonella E. coli Shigella Virus polio hepatitis bacteriophage
- 15. WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODS
- 16. WASTE WATER TREATMENT Waste water or Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater, containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater.
- 17. METHODS OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS Municipal treatment process Primary Secondary Advanced Final Solid processing Single dwelling unit Septic tank
- 18. WASTEWATER DISPOSAL METHODS By Dilution Land treatment