Basic facts of tuberculosis and malaria [compatibility mode]Emmanuel Olashore
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a microorganism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While Malaria is a disease caused by little germs in the body called “Plasmodium”
tuberculosis lecture | pulmonary Tuberculosis
my self ritesh padghan
tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent type of tuberculosis .
BRIEF DISCUSSION INCLUDE
:-LEARNING ABOUT
Introduction
Definition
Causative organism
Risk factor
Transmission
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
In this lecture the pathophysiology and phathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed
HOPE YOU LIKE
#tuberculosis #respiratorysystem #chronicdiorder #TBkid #endTB #lunghealth # COVID19 #COMMUNIOTY #INFLUNZA #worldtbday # disease
Basic facts of tuberculosis and malaria [compatibility mode]Emmanuel Olashore
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a microorganism called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While Malaria is a disease caused by little germs in the body called “Plasmodium”
tuberculosis lecture | pulmonary Tuberculosis
my self ritesh padghan
tuberculosis is infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis in active and latent type of tuberculosis .
BRIEF DISCUSSION INCLUDE
:-LEARNING ABOUT
Introduction
Definition
Causative organism
Risk factor
Transmission
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
In this lecture the pathophysiology and phathogenesis of tuberculosis has been discussed
HOPE YOU LIKE
#tuberculosis #respiratorysystem #chronicdiorder #TBkid #endTB #lunghealth # COVID19 #COMMUNIOTY #INFLUNZA #worldtbday # disease
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
Tuberculosis, MTB or TB, which was formerly known as “Consumption”, “Phthisis
pulmonalis”, is an infectious bacterial disease that is caused by mycobacteria
mainly by “Mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Lungs are the main site of infection in
the tuberculosis, but other systems of the body are also infected. Tuberculosis
spread through air droplets from a person who has active disease through
respiratory system.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
Tuberculosis, MTB or TB, which was formerly known as “Consumption”, “Phthisis
pulmonalis”, is an infectious bacterial disease that is caused by mycobacteria
mainly by “Mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Lungs are the main site of infection in
the tuberculosis, but other systems of the body are also infected. Tuberculosis
spread through air droplets from a person who has active disease through
respiratory system.
A field and statistical study on the spread of Tuberculosis in various distri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Prevalence of Tuberculosis Among Internal Displaced Persons In Alsalam Ca...suppubs1pubs1
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the largest prevalence of this disease is in Asia (59%) and Africa (26%).
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Tuberculosis (TB) :
is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.[1] Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs,
but can also affect other parts of the body.
DEFINITION OF TUBERCULOSIS
3. Global Epidemiology
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 8.6 million cases (8.3–9.0
million) were estimated to have occurred in 2012, approximately 2.9 of whom were in
women. Most cases are estimated to be in Asia and Africa (58% and 27%
respectively), with the highest incidence in India (range 2.0–2.4 million) and China
(0.9 −1.1 million), together accounting for 38% of the total number of cases.1
The global TB incidence rate slowly declined from 1997 to 2001, with an increase in
2001 (due to the rising number of cases among HIV-infected patients in Africa)
(Figure 1). Subsequently, a 1.3% per year average reduction rate has been observed
since 2002, reaching 2.2% between 2010 and 2011. The absolute number of cases is
also currently decreasing, though this declining trend only began in 2006. Based on
these findings, the Millennium Development Goal 6 Target for tuberculosis (i.e. “to
halt and begin to reverse the incidence”) has already been achieved.
TUBERCULOSIS EPIDEMOLOGY
11. Tuberculosis Types
A TB infection doesn't always mean you'll get
sick. There are two forms of the disease:
Latent TB. You have the germs in your
body, but your immune system keeps
them from spreading. You don't have any
symptoms, and you're not contagious.
But
the infection is still alive and can one day
become active. If you're at high risk for
re-activation -- for instance, if you have
HIV, you had an infection in the past 2
years, your chest X-ray is unusual, or your
immune system is weakened -- your
doctor will give you medications to prevent
active TB.
Active TB. The germs multiply and make
you sick. You can spread the disease to
others. Ninety percent of active cases in
adults come from a latent TB infection.
A latent or active TB infection can also be drug-
resistant, meaning certain medications don't work
against the bacteria.
TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS BASED ON ORGANS