Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that lack cell walls. They digest food internally and have muscle and nerve cells. Most animals reproduce sexually and go through developmental stages like fertilization, gastrulation, and metamorphosis. The document describes several animal phyla including poriferans like sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish, molluscs like snails and clams, flatworms, and others. It covers characteristics like body structure, symmetry, tissues, and life cycles.
This document provides information about the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their general characteristics such as being multicellular, solitary or colonial, having a canal system for water flow, and having skeletons made of silica spicules or spongin fibers. The phylum contains three classes - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongia - which are classified based on their skeletal structures and compositions. Examples of orders and genera within each class are also provided.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeletons. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and feather stars. Echinoderms have unique features like external skeletons, lack of heads, mouths on the underside, and anuses on top. They can regenerate limbs and have both sexual and asexual reproduction, though some like seahorses have male birth. The phylum contains five classes - Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea - which differ in body structure,
The document provides information about the phylum Porifera or sponges. It discusses that sponges are the simplest multicellular animals lacking tissues. They live in aquatic environments and have pores, canals and chambers for water circulation. Sponges have soft tissues and mineralized skeletons. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. The document classifies sponges into three classes based on their skeleton type and provides examples of representative sponges. It also describes the anatomy, morphology, life cycles, ecology and geological history of sponges.
1. Leucosolenia is a type of asconoid marine sponge that is colonial, branching, and attaches to rocks in tidal shore areas.
2. It has horizontal and vertical tubes with numerous pores and openings called ostia that lead into a central cavity called the spongocoel, which exits through an osculum.
3. The body wall is diploblastic, composed of an outer ectoderm and inner choanoderm separated by mesenchyme. Reproduction can occur asexually through budding of new individuals or sexually as the sponge is hermaphroditic and releases gametes into the water for fertilization.
1. The document outlines different types of glands found in the skin, including simple and compound tubular and saccular glands.
2. Examples of simple tubular glands given are sweat glands and ceruminous glands, while mammary glands are identified as compound tubular glands.
3. The skin of mammals is described as the most complex, with two main layers - the epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures like hair, claws/nails, and glands.
Ciliophora are microorganisms that are structurally complex and possess two types of nuclei. They have numerous hair-like structures called cilia used for movement and feeding. There are over 8,000 known species of Ciliophora that can be free-living or parasitic. They are classified into multiple classes and subclasses based on their distinguishing characteristics.
Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian that exists in both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. It has a branching structure made of hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza that support gastrozooids for feeding and gonozooids for asexual reproduction. Gonozooids bud numerous small medusae that detach and transition Obelia to its sexual medusa phase, where it reproduces sexually to complete its life cycle.
This document provides information about the phylum Porifera (sponges). It discusses their general characteristics such as being multicellular, solitary or colonial, having a canal system for water flow, and having skeletons made of silica spicules or spongin fibers. The phylum contains three classes - Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongia - which are classified based on their skeletal structures and compositions. Examples of orders and genera within each class are also provided.
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 9,000 species found only in aquatic and mostly marine environments. All cnidarians have radial symmetrical. There are two major body forms among the Cnidaria - the polyp and the medusa. Sea anemones and corals have the polyp form, while jellyfish are typical medusae.
Echinoderms are marine animals with radial or pentaradial symmetry and calcareous endoskeletons. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and feather stars. Echinoderms have unique features like external skeletons, lack of heads, mouths on the underside, and anuses on top. They can regenerate limbs and have both sexual and asexual reproduction, though some like seahorses have male birth. The phylum contains five classes - Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, and Ophiuroidea - which differ in body structure,
The document provides information about the phylum Porifera or sponges. It discusses that sponges are the simplest multicellular animals lacking tissues. They live in aquatic environments and have pores, canals and chambers for water circulation. Sponges have soft tissues and mineralized skeletons. They reproduce both sexually and asexually. The document classifies sponges into three classes based on their skeleton type and provides examples of representative sponges. It also describes the anatomy, morphology, life cycles, ecology and geological history of sponges.
1. Leucosolenia is a type of asconoid marine sponge that is colonial, branching, and attaches to rocks in tidal shore areas.
2. It has horizontal and vertical tubes with numerous pores and openings called ostia that lead into a central cavity called the spongocoel, which exits through an osculum.
3. The body wall is diploblastic, composed of an outer ectoderm and inner choanoderm separated by mesenchyme. Reproduction can occur asexually through budding of new individuals or sexually as the sponge is hermaphroditic and releases gametes into the water for fertilization.
1. The document outlines different types of glands found in the skin, including simple and compound tubular and saccular glands.
2. Examples of simple tubular glands given are sweat glands and ceruminous glands, while mammary glands are identified as compound tubular glands.
3. The skin of mammals is described as the most complex, with two main layers - the epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures like hair, claws/nails, and glands.
Ciliophora are microorganisms that are structurally complex and possess two types of nuclei. They have numerous hair-like structures called cilia used for movement and feeding. There are over 8,000 known species of Ciliophora that can be free-living or parasitic. They are classified into multiple classes and subclasses based on their distinguishing characteristics.
Obelia is a colonial marine cnidarian that exists in both a sessile polyp stage and a free-swimming medusa stage. It has a branching structure made of hydrocaulus and hydrorhiza that support gastrozooids for feeding and gonozooids for asexual reproduction. Gonozooids bud numerous small medusae that detach and transition Obelia to its sexual medusa phase, where it reproduces sexually to complete its life cycle.
Here are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
- Have circular DNA located in the nucleoid region
- Typically smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Include bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Have a clearly defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
- Contain membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
- Have linear DNA packaged with histone proteins into chromosomes within the nucleus
- Include plants, animals, fungi, protists
In summary, pro
The cell wall provides structure and protection for plant cells. It has three main layers - the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall. The middle lamella binds adjacent cells, the primary wall is the first layer deposited and allows cell growth, and the secondary wall provides support and is thicker with lignin. The cell wall is composed of cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of pectin and hemicellulose. It also contains structural components like lignin, cutin and suberin. Pit pairs and plasmodesmata allow communication between cells and transport through the cell wall. Bordered and simple pits are thin areas in the secondary wall that facilitate water and nutrient transport.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
Phylum Porifera consists of sponges, which were the first animals and originated from colonial protozoans. There are about 9,000 known sponge species, most of which are marine. Sponges lack body systems but consist of masses of cells with pores that allow water flow. Their skeletons contain spicules made of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide. Choanocytes create water currents for filter feeding and trapping microorganisms and debris for food.
Reproduction & development in reptilesShahida Aziz
This document summarizes reproduction and development in reptiles. It discusses that most reptiles reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. It also describes the amniotic egg which protects the embryo and allows for gas exchange. Reptiles can be oviparous (egg-laying), viviparous (live birth), or ovoviviparous (eggs develop internally but hatch inside the mother's body). Some reptiles like crocodilians and turtles provide parental care of their eggs or young, while snakes generally do not. The document also briefly mentions parthenogenesis, or reproduction without fertilization, which occurs in some lizard species.
1) Sponges have a canal system inside their bodies to allow water flow through openings called ostia and pores.
2) There are three main types of canal systems - ascon, sycon, and leucon. The ascon system has a single central cavity called a spongocoel. The sycon system has incurrent and radial canals. The leucon system has more complex branching of flagellated chambers and canals.
3) Water flow through the canal system is driven by beating flagella of collar cells called choanocytes. It brings in food and oxygen and removes waste from the sponge.
Class 11 Important Questions for Biology - Morphology of Flowering PlantsInfomatica Academy
Here you can get Class 11 Important Questions for Biology based on NCERT Textbook for Class XI. Biology Class 11 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Morphology of Flowering Plants for Class 11 Biology subject.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Kingdom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that are heterotrophic. It is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Mammals are warm-blooded and feed their young with milk, while birds have feathers and wings. Reptiles have scales and are cold-blooded. Amphibians live in water as larvae but live on land as adults. Invertebrates lack backbones and include groups such as arthropods, mollusks, and worms.
Annelida is a phylum of segmented worms that includes earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes. They have elongated bodies divided into many similar segments. Key features include a coelom, metamerism, and parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. The three main classes are Polychaeta (bristle worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms and related species), and Hirudinea (leeches). Annelids display a variety of forms and habitats but are generally successful due to their tube-within-a-tube body design allowing for organ and fluid compartmentalization.
Phylum Porifera includes about 5,000 living species of sponges. There are three main classes: Hexactinellida (glass sponges), Demospongia (most diverse class making up 90% of species), and Calcarea (found in shallow waters with calcium carbonate spicules). Sponges are the most primitive multicellular animals and feed by filtering water through their outer walls using flagella and contractile cells to pump water in and out for feeding, waste removal, and oxygen intake. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal systemSoniaBajaj10
The document describes the internal structure and canal system of sponges. It discusses the key components of the canal system including incurrent canals, radial canals, and choanocytes. It describes the four main types of canal systems: Ascon, Sycon, Leucon, and Rhagon. The Ascon type has a simple structure with incurrent pores leading directly to the spongocoel. The Sycon type features incurrent and radial canals. The Leucon type has further folded chambers. The canal systems serve functions like nutrient acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal for the sponge.
This document describes and compares protostomes and deuterostomes. Protostomes are animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth, and have spiral cleavage, mesoderm from the 4d cell, and a trochophore larva. Deuterostomes are animals where the blastopore becomes the anus, and have radial cleavage, mesoderm from pouches off the gut, and a dipleurula larva. Sexual reproduction in protozoans involves fusion of gametes through syngamy or amphimixis, and can include conjugation during unfavorable conditions.
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
The document discusses vascular tissue in plants. It notes that vascular tissue is complex conducting tissue composed of xylem and phloem, which transport fluids and nutrients internally. Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem as well as supporting cells. Xylem typically lies closer to the interior of stems while phloem is nearer the exterior, transporting sugars. There are four patterns of primary xylem development - centrarch, exarch, endarch and mesarch - depending on whether development proceeds from the center outward, outside inward, inside outward, or from the middle in both directions.
The document discusses different types of fossils and how they are formed. It explains that fossils are remains or traces of organisms preserved in the earth's crust. Some fossils, like shells, remain unaltered, while others undergo processes like carbonization or lithification. Certain fossils called index fossils can be used to establish the age of the rock they are found in. The document also describes different kinds of trace fossils like tracks, burrows, and coprolites.
This document discusses different types of locomotion in protozoa, including amoeboid locomotion, flagellar locomotion, and ciliary locomotion. It provides details on the structure and movement of pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia. Several theories are described for the mechanism of amoeboid movement, including the sol-gel theory, molecular folding and unfolding theory, and fountain zone contraction theory. The key differences between flagella and cilia are also outlined.
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Coelenterates are diploblastic animals with a radial or biradial symmetry and two tissue layers. They are divided into three phyla - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa - based on their polyp and medusa forms. Hydrozoans have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle while scyphozoans are medusa-dominant and anthozoans are polyp-dominant. Cnidarians have stinging cells called nematocysts and a gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion, circulation, and osmoregulation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
This document describes the key characteristics of animals. It defines animals as eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest nutrients and digest food internally. It outlines the major animal phyla including sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, flatworms, annelids, roundworms, arthropods and chordates. For each phylum, it highlights distinguishing features such as body structure, symmetry, body cavity, and examples of common representatives. It also discusses animal development, phylogeny and the diversity of invertebrate life.
This document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including the basis for classification. It discusses the 11 phyla of animals and provides the key characteristics of each phylum, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Examples are given for representative species from each phylum. Classification is based on levels of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, segmentation, and presence of a notochord. Key terms are defined, such as asexual and sexual reproduction, indirect and direct development, and closed
Here are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
- Have circular DNA located in the nucleoid region
- Typically smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Include bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Have a clearly defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane
- Contain membrane-bound organelles such as the mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.
- Have linear DNA packaged with histone proteins into chromosomes within the nucleus
- Include plants, animals, fungi, protists
In summary, pro
The cell wall provides structure and protection for plant cells. It has three main layers - the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall. The middle lamella binds adjacent cells, the primary wall is the first layer deposited and allows cell growth, and the secondary wall provides support and is thicker with lignin. The cell wall is composed of cellulose microfibrils in a matrix of pectin and hemicellulose. It also contains structural components like lignin, cutin and suberin. Pit pairs and plasmodesmata allow communication between cells and transport through the cell wall. Bordered and simple pits are thin areas in the secondary wall that facilitate water and nutrient transport.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
Phylum Porifera consists of sponges, which were the first animals and originated from colonial protozoans. There are about 9,000 known sponge species, most of which are marine. Sponges lack body systems but consist of masses of cells with pores that allow water flow. Their skeletons contain spicules made of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide. Choanocytes create water currents for filter feeding and trapping microorganisms and debris for food.
Reproduction & development in reptilesShahida Aziz
This document summarizes reproduction and development in reptiles. It discusses that most reptiles reproduce sexually through internal fertilization. It also describes the amniotic egg which protects the embryo and allows for gas exchange. Reptiles can be oviparous (egg-laying), viviparous (live birth), or ovoviviparous (eggs develop internally but hatch inside the mother's body). Some reptiles like crocodilians and turtles provide parental care of their eggs or young, while snakes generally do not. The document also briefly mentions parthenogenesis, or reproduction without fertilization, which occurs in some lizard species.
1) Sponges have a canal system inside their bodies to allow water flow through openings called ostia and pores.
2) There are three main types of canal systems - ascon, sycon, and leucon. The ascon system has a single central cavity called a spongocoel. The sycon system has incurrent and radial canals. The leucon system has more complex branching of flagellated chambers and canals.
3) Water flow through the canal system is driven by beating flagella of collar cells called choanocytes. It brings in food and oxygen and removes waste from the sponge.
Class 11 Important Questions for Biology - Morphology of Flowering PlantsInfomatica Academy
Here you can get Class 11 Important Questions for Biology based on NCERT Textbook for Class XI. Biology Class 11 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Morphology of Flowering Plants for Class 11 Biology subject.
are worm-like parasites. The clinically relevant groups are separated according to their general external shape and the host organ they inhabit. There are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species.
The definitive classification is based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.
In flatworms or platyhelminths (platy from the Greek root meaning “flat”) include flukes and tapeworms.
Roundworms are nematodes (nemato from the Greek root meaning “thread”).
Kingdom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that are heterotrophic. It is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Mammals are warm-blooded and feed their young with milk, while birds have feathers and wings. Reptiles have scales and are cold-blooded. Amphibians live in water as larvae but live on land as adults. Invertebrates lack backbones and include groups such as arthropods, mollusks, and worms.
Annelida is a phylum of segmented worms that includes earthworms, leeches, and polychaetes. They have elongated bodies divided into many similar segments. Key features include a coelom, metamerism, and parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. The three main classes are Polychaeta (bristle worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms and related species), and Hirudinea (leeches). Annelids display a variety of forms and habitats but are generally successful due to their tube-within-a-tube body design allowing for organ and fluid compartmentalization.
Phylum Porifera includes about 5,000 living species of sponges. There are three main classes: Hexactinellida (glass sponges), Demospongia (most diverse class making up 90% of species), and Calcarea (found in shallow waters with calcium carbonate spicules). Sponges are the most primitive multicellular animals and feed by filtering water through their outer walls using flagella and contractile cells to pump water in and out for feeding, waste removal, and oxygen intake. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Canal system in porifera-different type of canal systemSoniaBajaj10
The document describes the internal structure and canal system of sponges. It discusses the key components of the canal system including incurrent canals, radial canals, and choanocytes. It describes the four main types of canal systems: Ascon, Sycon, Leucon, and Rhagon. The Ascon type has a simple structure with incurrent pores leading directly to the spongocoel. The Sycon type features incurrent and radial canals. The Leucon type has further folded chambers. The canal systems serve functions like nutrient acquisition, gas exchange, and waste removal for the sponge.
This document describes and compares protostomes and deuterostomes. Protostomes are animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth, and have spiral cleavage, mesoderm from the 4d cell, and a trochophore larva. Deuterostomes are animals where the blastopore becomes the anus, and have radial cleavage, mesoderm from pouches off the gut, and a dipleurula larva. Sexual reproduction in protozoans involves fusion of gametes through syngamy or amphimixis, and can include conjugation during unfavorable conditions.
paramecium is a microscopic organism. it is an protozoan that comes under ciliates. they are even visible under naked eyes. Paramecium are unicellular organism they lives in aquatic environment. they are used as live feed for fishes.
The document discusses vascular tissue in plants. It notes that vascular tissue is complex conducting tissue composed of xylem and phloem, which transport fluids and nutrients internally. Vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem as well as supporting cells. Xylem typically lies closer to the interior of stems while phloem is nearer the exterior, transporting sugars. There are four patterns of primary xylem development - centrarch, exarch, endarch and mesarch - depending on whether development proceeds from the center outward, outside inward, inside outward, or from the middle in both directions.
The document discusses different types of fossils and how they are formed. It explains that fossils are remains or traces of organisms preserved in the earth's crust. Some fossils, like shells, remain unaltered, while others undergo processes like carbonization or lithification. Certain fossils called index fossils can be used to establish the age of the rock they are found in. The document also describes different kinds of trace fossils like tracks, burrows, and coprolites.
This document discusses different types of locomotion in protozoa, including amoeboid locomotion, flagellar locomotion, and ciliary locomotion. It provides details on the structure and movement of pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia. Several theories are described for the mechanism of amoeboid movement, including the sol-gel theory, molecular folding and unfolding theory, and fountain zone contraction theory. The key differences between flagella and cilia are also outlined.
1. The document provides an overview of the phylum Cnidaria, which includes jellyfish, corals, and hydroids.
2. Cnidarians are radially or biradially symmetrical and have stinging cells called nematocysts. They exhibit a diploblastic body plan with two tissue layers separated by a gelatinous mesoglea.
3. Many cnidarians alternate between a sessile polyp stage and a motile medusa stage. Reproduction involves external fertilization producing a planula larva.
Coelenterates are diploblastic animals with a radial or biradial symmetry and two tissue layers. They are divided into three phyla - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa - based on their polyp and medusa forms. Hydrozoans have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle while scyphozoans are medusa-dominant and anthozoans are polyp-dominant. Cnidarians have stinging cells called nematocysts and a gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion, circulation, and osmoregulation. They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
This document describes the key characteristics of animals. It defines animals as eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest nutrients and digest food internally. It outlines the major animal phyla including sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, flatworms, annelids, roundworms, arthropods and chordates. For each phylum, it highlights distinguishing features such as body structure, symmetry, body cavity, and examples of common representatives. It also discusses animal development, phylogeny and the diversity of invertebrate life.
This document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, including the basis for classification. It discusses the 11 phyla of animals and provides the key characteristics of each phylum, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and Chordata. Examples are given for representative species from each phylum. Classification is based on levels of organization, symmetry, germ layers, coelom, segmentation, and presence of a notochord. Key terms are defined, such as asexual and sexual reproduction, indirect and direct development, and closed
This document summarizes key points about the evolution of animals. It discusses that animals evolved from protistan ancestors and developed characteristics like multicellularity, digestion, and development through life stages. The traditional evolutionary tree is based on innovations like body cavities, but molecular data suggests a new tree. Major animal groups discussed include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, and echinoderms.
This document provides an overview of several phyla within the kingdom Animalia. It begins by describing key characteristics of multicellular animals (Metazoa) including multicellularity, mobility, collagen possession, and heterotrophic feeding. It then summarizes important traits of sponges (Porifera), including their lack of tissues and organs and water canal systems. It also briefly outlines cnidarians, ctenophores, bilateral animals, and several protostome and pseudocoelomate phyla.
- The document discusses the phylum Platyhelminthes, which includes flatworms. It describes their body structure, classes, and life cycles. Turbellarians are free-living flatworms, while monogeneans and trematodes are parasitic. Trematodes have complex life cycles involving snail and human hosts.
This document provides an overview of the major animal groups, including their defining characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses that animals are multicellular eukaryotes that digest food internally and reproduce sexually. The colonial flagellate hypothesis proposes that animals evolved from colonial choanoflagellates. Key animal groups covered include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates, vertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Each group is defined by traits such as body plan, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, and level of organization.
This document provides a summary of the classification of major animal phyla based on their key characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses the levels of biological organization and describes the distinguishing features of major phyla including porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, chordata, and vertebrata. Key characteristics like symmetry, presence of tissues, body cavities, segmentation, and notochord are used to classify animals into different phyla and subphyla.
The document summarizes the habitat, external structures, body wall, coelom, digestive system, and water vascular system of the starfish Asterias. Some key points:
- Asterias is a marine echinoderm that lives on rocky sea bottoms and feeds on bivalves. It has a central disc and 5 tapering arms.
- Its body is covered in calcareous plates and has ambulacral grooves lined with spines on the oral surface. The aboral surface contains dermal pores and papulae.
- Its digestive system includes a mouth, esophagus, stomach divided into cardiac and pyloric sections, intestine, anus, and digestive g
The document provides information on body plans and key characteristics of different animal phyla. It discusses the distinguishing features of acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates. Specific examples covered include sponges, cnidarians, platyhelminths, nematodes, annelids like earthworms, and arthropods. For each, the summary highlights adaptive features, anatomy, life cycles, ecological roles, and examples of representative species.
11th english medium zoology study pdf for studentsHareniR1
1. The document discusses the basic levels of organization in animals from the cellular level to organ-system level. It also describes embryonic layer arrangements and types of body cavities.
2. Key animal phyla are then described in detail including their defining characteristics, examples of classes, and distinguishing anatomical features. Phyla covered include porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora, platyhelminths, aschelminths, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, hemichordata, and chordata.
3. For each phylum, example species are provided along with information on their anatomy, life cycles, and habitats.
- The document discusses the evolution and classification of the animal kingdom. It describes key characteristics of different animal phyla from sponges to chordates.
- Major evolutionary milestones include the development of tissues, body symmetry, and protostome vs deuterostome development. These features mark major branches in the animal evolutionary tree.
- The phyla are classified based on characteristics like body plan, organ systems, body cavity type, and embryological development. Major phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata.
The document discusses three phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, and Ctenophora. It describes their key characteristics including habitat, body organization, symmetry, digestive and nervous systems, and modes of reproduction. Sponges have a canal system for water transport and intracellular digestion. Coelenterates have a gastrovascular cavity and tentacles surrounding the mouth. Ctenophoras are biradially symmetrical and lack organ systems, with digestion and gas exchange occurring directly through their surfaces.
This document provides information about various invertebrate phyla. It begins by describing sponges, the simplest animals, which lack symmetry and range in size. They consist of specialized cells in a gel-like substance and trap plankton. The document then discusses cnidarians, which have medusa and polyp body forms, and use stinging cells to catch prey. It also covers flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, segmented worms, arthropods like insects and spiders, echinoderms like starfish, and microscopic rotifers.
Phylum Annelida - Class Polychaeta, Class Oligochaeta, Class HirudineaMartin Arnaiz
The document summarizes the annelid phylum, focusing on the class Polychaeta. Some key points:
- Polychaeta are segmented marine worms with parapodia used for locomotion and respiration. They display a range of feeding modes from predation to filter feeding.
- They have a distinct head with sensory organs and a retractable pharynx with jaws. Their body segments bear appendages called parapodia with setae.
- Reproduction varies but often involves asexual budding or releasing gametes into the water column in mass spawnings tied to lunar cycles.
- Examples discussed include clam worms, blood worms, fanworms and tubeworms, which may bur
This document provides an overview of the animal kingdom, describing key characteristics of major animal phyla. It discusses the distinguishing features of sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, mollusks, echinoderms, arthropods and gives examples of organisms from each phylum. The text explains characteristics like radial symmetry, endoskeletons, exoskeletons, metamorphosis and defines classes within the phylum Arthropoda.
1. The document summarizes the nine major phyla of the animal kingdom - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.
2. It provides details on the defining characteristics of each phylum, including their habitat, body structure, digestive system, symmetry, and any specialized structures or cells.
3. The major animal groups that define each phylum are mentioned, such as sponges, jellyfish, flatworms, roundworms, earthworms, insects, mollusks, starfish and sea urchins, and
Biol 11 Lesson 5 April 15 - Ch. 29 Echinodermatamsoonscience
The document provides information about the phylum Echinodermata:
- Echinoderms are radially symmetric and marine invertebrates with an endoskeleton and water vascular system. There are five classes: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.
- They have various methods of movement, digestion, respiration, circulation, and reproduction. Many can regenerate lost body parts. Echinoderms play important ecological roles through predation and grazing.
This document provides an outline and overview of the invertebrates chapter of a biology textbook. It discusses the key characteristics of animals and introduces the major animal classifications including Parazoa, Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia. Examples of phyla from each group are described, focusing on their defining anatomical features and life cycles.
1) The document provides information about the phylum Pterobranchia. It discusses their key characteristics such as being small, colonial marine animals that live in tubes and use cilia to filter feed.
2) Pterobranchs have a tripartite body plan with an anterior mouth shield, collar with tentacles, and U-shaped trunk. They secrete calcium carbonate tubes called coenecium that house the zooids.
3) Pterobranchs reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction involves external fertilization and lecithotrophic larval development inside the female's tube before metamorphosing into an adult.
Marine invertebrates are animals without backbones that live in marine environments. They make up at least 97% of all animal species and include sponges, cnidarians like jellyfish and corals, worms, molluscs like clams and octopuses, and other phyla. Sponges are sessile filter feeders that pump water through their bodies to feed. Cnidarians like jellyfish and anemones use stinging cells called nematocysts to capture prey. Worms display bilateral or radial symmetry and include flatworms, ribbon worms, nematodes, and segmented worms. Molluscs are a large and diverse phylum that includes shelled gastropods and
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, including the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. It explains that the endocrine glands release hormones like thyroxine and insulin to regulate processes throughout the body, such as metabolism and calcium levels, and that the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help coordinate the endocrine and nervous systems. Feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by inhibiting or stimulating hormone release based on levels in the bloodstream.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, including the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands. It explains that the endocrine glands release hormones like thyroxine and insulin to regulate processes throughout the body, such as metabolism and calcium levels, and that the hypothalamus and pituitary gland help coordinate the endocrine and nervous systems. Feedback loops work to maintain homeostasis by inhibiting or stimulating hormone release based on levels in the bloodstream.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones around the body, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes to be eliminated. It has three main components: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues, nutrients from the intestines to cells, and waste products to the kidneys. It also regulates temperature, transports hormones, and protects the body from pathogens. The heart has four chambers and valves that pump blood through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the rest of the body. An aneurysm is a bulge or weakening in an artery wall often caused by high blood pressure or other factors.
This document provides information about the characteristics of animals and describes several animal phyla. It begins by defining animals as eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest nutrients and digest food internally. It then discusses invertebrate phyla including sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, flatworms, annelids, roundworms, and arthropods, providing details on key characteristics and examples for each. It also addresses animal phylogeny and classification.
The document discusses key abiotic factors that influence ecosystem structure and function, including temperature, moisture, light, pH, soil quality, salinity, water current, nutrient availability, and salt concentration. Specifically, it notes that: 1) Temperature constraints limit physiological activity and many organisms have adapted to withstand high temperatures like fires. 2) Salt concentrations affect water uptake and influence crop yields, with some plants tolerating high salt concentrations. 3) pH affects plant and animal distribution, with most plant roots damaged below pH 3 or above 9. 4) Light availability regulates plant and animal daily/seasonal rhythms and breeding cycles.
There are several types of reproduction that can result in multiple births. Some types of multiple births include twins, triplets or more. The main types are fraternal twins which come from two separate eggs and identical twins which come from the same egg splitting in two.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting substances like oxygen, nutrients, hormones around the body, and removing carbon dioxide and wastes to be eliminated. It has three main components: blood, blood vessels, and the heart. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues, and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It also transports nutrients, waste, secretions, and helps regulate temperature and fluid balance. The heart has four chambers and valves that pump blood through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body. An aneurysm is a bulge or weakening in an artery wall.
The document summarizes science and technology in pre-colonial Asian societies, including Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Vedic civilization in India, and China. It describes key developments in these early civilizations, such as irrigation systems, writing, mathematics, astronomy, architecture, tools, weapons, and religious beliefs. The Mesopotamians invented the wheel, plow, and cuneiform writing. The Indus Valley civilization had urban planning with drainage systems, and the Vedic people made contributions to mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, and physics. China advanced in mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and other fields.
The document traces the development of science, technology, and systems of communication from ancient times to the modern world. It discusses how early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia developed writing systems like hieroglyphics, cuneiform, and papyrus that allowed the spread of ideas. Major inventions like the printing press and later the World Wide Web transformed society by enabling the mass production and dissemination of information.
This document discusses humanism, technology, and dehumanization. It defines humanism as valuing human agency, freedom, and evidence over dogma. Key figures like Maslow and Rogers who advocated for humanistic approaches are discussed. While technology can potentially humanize through interaction and reflection, it also risks dehumanizing by treating people as machines without individuality or empathy. The document argues technology should augment teaching and learning by supporting meaningful, creative, and collaborative problem-solving rather than replacing the teacher or treating students as passive learners.
The history of educational technology can be traced back to ancient cultures that developed systems of knowledge and invented writing to record and transmit information. In ancient Greece, the term "techne" referred to the systematic application of knowledge to instruction. Major contributors in the 19th century included Edward Thorndike, who formulated the scientific theory of learning, and John Dewey, who introduced the scientific method to instruction. The 19th century also saw effective technological developments like textbooks, blackboards, and improved writing tools. Visual instruction became popularized through photography's invention. Instructional television and early computers were developed throughout the 20th century, leading to the internet revolution of the 1990s.
Equinoxes occur twice yearly when the sun is directly above the equator and day and night are approximately equal in length. Solstices occur twice yearly when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky, resulting in the longest and shortest days of the year in the summer and winter respectively in each hemisphere. The document then provides details on the timing and effects of the summer and winter solstices and spring and autumn equinoxes in both hemispheres.
The three main hypotheses for the origin of the moon are that it was either 1) a small planet captured by Earth's gravity, 2) formed alongside Earth from the same dust and gas cloud, or 3) ripped away from the Earth as a bulge when the young Earth spun faster. The moon has dark lava plains called maria, ancient highlands made of different rock, and many circular craters from impacts. It rotates in sync with its orbit around Earth, always keeping the same face toward our planet and exhibiting phases from new to full.
The Giant Impact Theory proposes that the Moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago from the debris of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This collision created a disk of molten rock and debris that eventually consolidated to form the Moon. Some earlier ideas on the Moon's formation included it forming alongside Earth or being captured after forming elsewhere in the solar system.
The document discusses lunar eclipses. It defines different types of lunar eclipses including penumbral, partial, and total eclipses. The next visible total lunar eclipse will occur on January 31, 2018 and will be seen in Asia, Australia, the Pacific Ocean, and western North America. During a lunar eclipse, the moon appears red due to Rayleigh scattering, which scatters blue light from the sun more than red light when it passes through the earth's atmosphere. For an eclipse to occur, the moon must pass within 11.38 degrees of the ecliptic plane at either its ascending or descending node where it intersects the ecliptic.
This document contains definitions and examples related to motion concepts including speed, average speed, velocity, and acceleration. It defines average speed as total distance traveled divided by total time. It provides an example of calculating average speed when speeds vary throughout a trip. It also defines velocity as a measure of both speed and direction of motion. Velocity is defined as distance divided by time. The document provides examples of calculating acceleration from changes in speed over time.
This document provides an introduction to physical science. It begins by defining science and listing the main branches - biological science, physical science, and social science. Biological science deals with living things, social science deals with human behavior and societies. Physical science deals with non-living things, their properties, structures, and changes.
The main branches of physical science are then outlined as chemistry, physics, astronomy, geology, and meteorology. Chemistry studies matter and its properties and changes. Physics studies matter and energy. Astronomy studies the universe and celestial bodies. Geology studies Earth materials, structures, and processes. Meteorology studies the atmosphere and weather/climate.
The document then transitions to discussing measurement in physical science. Measurement
The document summarizes the kinetic molecular theory and gas laws. It explains that kinetic molecular theory models gases as particles in constant, random motion that exert pressure during collisions. It describes the gas laws of Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's hypothesis, and Dalton's law of partial pressures which relate the variables of pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of gas. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the gas laws.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
9. Radial symmetry. Parts radiate from the center, so any slice
through the central axis divides into mirror images.
Bilateral symmetry. Only one slice can divide left and right
sides into mirror-image halves.
Figure 17.6
12. (a) No body cavity
(b) Pseudocoelom
(c) True coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-filled
region (from
mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Tissue layer lining
coelom and
suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Coelom
Figure 17.7
13. (a) No body cavity: for example, flatworm
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue-filled
region (from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Figure 17.7a
14. (b) Pseudocoelom: a body cavity only partially
lined by the mesoderm, the middle tissue layer;
for example, roundworm
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelom
Figure 17.7b
15. (c) True coelom: a fluid-filled body cavity completely
lined by mesoderm, for example, annelid
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer lining
coelom and
suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Coelom
Figure 17.7c
131. The larva (caterpillar) spends
its time eating and growing,
molting as it grows.
After several molts, the
larva becomes a pupa
encased in a cocoon.
Within the pupa, the larval organs break
down and adult organs develop from
cells that were dormant in the larva.
Finally, the adult emerges
from the cocoon.
The butterfly flies off and reproduces, nourished mainly
by calories stored when it was a caterpillar.
Figure 17.24-5
Figure 17.2 Life cycle of a sea star as an example of animal development (Step 8)
Figure 17.5 An overview of animal phylogeny based on body features and genetic data
Figure 17.6 Body symmetry
Figure 17.7 Body plans of bilateral animals
Figure 17.7a Body plans of bilateral animals: no body cavity
Figure 17.7b Body plans of bilateral animals: pseudocoelom
Figure 17.7c Body plans of bilateral animals: true coelom
Figure 17.8 Anatomy of a sponge
Figure 17.8a Anatomy of a sponge: art
Figure 17.9 Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians
Figure 17.9a Polyp form of cnidarians
Figure 17.9aa Polyp form of cnidarians: art
Figure 17.9ab Polyp form of cnidarians: coral
Figure 17.9ac Polyp form of cnidarians: sea anemone
Figure 17.9ad Polyp form of cnidarians: hydra
Figure 17.9b Medusa form of cnidarians
Cnidocytes or nematocytes – used to capture prey and defense from predators
Figure 17.10 Cnidocyte action
Figure 17.11 The general body plan of a mollusc
Figure 17.12aa Mollusc diversity: snail
Figure 17.12ab Mollusc diversity: sea slug
Figure 17.12b Mollusc diversity: bivalves
Figure 17.12ca Mollusc diversity: octopus
Figure 17.12cb Mollusc diversity: squid
Figure 17.12 Mollusc diversity
Genus: Conus
Spider shell (Genus: Lambis)
Genus: Mytilus
Figure 17.13ba Flatworm diversity: tapeworm
Figure 17.13c Flatworm diversity: blood fluke
is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if ciliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation, respectively.