Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
4G-LTE Paging is made simple and easy. How is paging handled in NAS, RRC and Physical layer. With DRX cycle, how will UE NOT miss any paging and synchronised? How to implement paging in RRC?
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
4G-LTE Paging is made simple and easy. How is paging handled in NAS, RRC and Physical layer. With DRX cycle, how will UE NOT miss any paging and synchronised? How to implement paging in RRC?
An introduction to Cellular communications Signaling, Specifically LTE Signaling.
Introducing 3GPP approach to handover and handoff mechanisms.
LTE architecture by alcatel-lucent included in this presentation.
This presentation focuses on mobility management protocols such as GTP-C and GTP-U.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
This Workshop is a fast track Course to cover the basic architecture and functionalities of the LTE-EPC from the Packet Core Perspective.
The course is a little bit advanced and the target Audience is requested to have a basic PS Foundations and Mobility Knowledge as a prerequisite.
The course will cover the LTE-EPC Architecture, Call flows, Mobility and session management in addition to introductory slides for the EPS Security and LTE-DNS.
This second webinar discusses LTE Air Interface, the link between a mobile device and the network, and a fundamental driver of the quality of the network.
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
This Workshop is a fast track Course to cover the basic architecture and functionalities of the LTE-EPC from the Packet Core Perspective.
The course is a little bit advanced and the target Audience is requested to have a basic PS Foundations and Mobility Knowledge as a prerequisite.
The course will cover the LTE-EPC Architecture, Call flows, Mobility and session management in addition to introductory slides for the EPS Security and LTE-DNS.
This second webinar discusses LTE Air Interface, the link between a mobile device and the network, and a fundamental driver of the quality of the network.
The presentation is ideal for people who needs to know how Bluecoat packetshaper could be beneficial to any organization. Especially with organizations having problems with Data network visibility traversing across WAN/LAN traffic.
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
Adaptable Designs for Agile Software DevelopmentHayim Makabee
Abstract: This talk introduces the concept of Adaptable Software Design, and explains why adaptability is essential for the development of complex software systems using Agile methods. The concepts are illustrated through practical software architecture approaches such as micro-services.
Agile Software Development with Scrum – IntroductionBlackvard
The Scrum methodology of Agile software development was inspired from and grew out of the shortcomings of traditional waterfall management. Unlike waterfall techniques, Scrum methods emphasize team collaboration and communication, functioning software know-how, and focus strongly on the ability to adapt and be responsive to any and all emerging business situations.
The Scrum and Agile IT methodologies are proven project management styles and business approaches that assist companies in identifying company goals as well as customer needs. Through frequent adaptation and inspection, these leadership methods promote team member accountability, self-organization, and allow for high-quality projects to be completed quickly.
Optimization of Quality of Service in 4G Wireless NetworksIDES Editor
4G radio access technologies should be able to
provide different types of IP services. These services rang from
narrow-band to broadband, from non-real-time to real-time,
and from unicast to multicast broadcast applications. When
the need arises for different levels of user mobility the access
systems are required with advanced capabilities of radio
resource management and Quality of Service (QoS). We
present, in this paper, the different QoS approaches by the
various wireless and connectivity’s networks as well as the
issues that will face their implementations in 4G.
Leveraging IMS for VoLTE and RCS Services in LTE Networks Presented by Adnan ...Radisys Corporation
ETSI Workshop – RCS VoLTE and Beyond
Kranj, Slovenia
October 11, 2012
Adnan Saleem discusses the advantages of moving to VoLTE/RCS for mixed mobile operators – and addresses the key challenges along the way.
Core Network Optimization: The Control Plane, Data Plane & BeyondRadisys Corporation
This presentation takes you through the challenges network operators are facing as they bring in more and more bandwidth-intensive applications to their network. There are ways to optimize the network from the RAN to the Core -- and improve QoS.
This presentation was shown at a webinar from Continuous Computing and HCL Technologies that peers into the VAS market with an LTE lens and teaches how YOU can best prepare for the network challenges of today and tomorrow.
The NGN Carrier Ethernet System: Technologies, Architecture and Deployment Mo...Cisco Canada
This presentation discusses market trends and its impact on Network infrastructure, Cisco carrier Ethernet Transport Architecture, Cisco carrier Ethernet portfolio and TCO Leadership.
Building and Managing Cloud Applications and InfrastructureDarren Cunningham
While service-based infrastructure can improve TCO and streamline IT management, it also presents some challenges that need to be met head-on. How do you ensure your data is secure in transit and available when you need it? How do you manage and communicate with your infrastructure? How do you enable service quality metrics and disaster recovery? And, how do you integrate data from legacy systems with data from web-based systems? Join AT&T and Informatica as they share their experience in building and managing cloud applications and infrastructure.
Radisys, along with Orange and Strategy Analytics presented this webinar entitled: Radisys Makes ONAP Real for High Performance Services. The presenter team, Sue Rudd of SA, Al Balasco and Adnan Saleem of Radisys and Morgan Richomme of Orange covered topics such as: NFV and ONAP, Media Server 'readiness', Tier 1 challenges and finish up with some real-world use cases. For more on ONAP and how Radisys can get you ready, please contact us at: sales@radisys.com
Radisys is excited to show the latest demonstrations around Mobile Edge Computing. We are enabling providers too.
Harmonize. Optimize. Monetize. Now!
To set up a meeting, please contact sales@radisys.com . If you are not attending feel free to set up a meeting with our MEC experts.
Getting to the Edge – Exploring 4G/5G Cloud-RAN Deployable SolutionsRadisys Corporation
View these slides, presented by Prakash Siva, VP, Technology & Strategy, hosted by Intel Network Builders, around the subject of Mobile Edge Computing.
Telecom Infra Project - Future Telco Software Stack - Keynote: Brian Bronson,...Radisys Corporation
Brian Bronson, CEO, addresses this innovative audience at the recent TIP Summit in Santa Clara. He gives examples of several TIP collaborations in process, such as the Unbundled RAN Architecture Project with SK Telecom.
Delivering Carrier Grade OCP for Virtualized Data CentersRadisys Corporation
This webinar explores the requirements for carrier grade Open Compute Project (OCP) infrastructure for virtualized telecom data centers delivering SDN and NFV for digital services.
Bringing Cloud Scale Efficiency to Communication Services Providers through R...Radisys Corporation
In this webinar, experts from Radisys and Intel will present the latest developments in applying Intel® RSD to SDN and NFV applications. Webinar participants will learn how the Radisys DCEngine™ hyperscale platforms, an implementation of Intel® RSD and inspired by Open Compute Project (OCP), can deliver the open software flexibility, DevOps deployment efficiencies, with carrier scalability for robust NFV deployments in emerging communication data center applications. The Webinar will include customer deployment examples, including Radisys DCEngine for open source software architectures, Central Office Re-architected as a Datacenter (CORD) projects, as well as Intel® RSD initiatives in telecom networking applications.
CORD (Central Office Re-architected as a Datacenter) combines NFV, SDN, and the elasticity of commodity clouds to bring datacenter economics and cloud agility to the Telco Central Office.
This webinar will explore how Communication Service Providers (CSPs) are transforming their central offices using CORD. Specific topics addressed include CORD business and technical drivers,
CORD reference architecture configurations for mobile, fixed and enterprise evolution, and high-value use cases and service innovation models.
SDN and NFV Paving the Way for Network Monetization with Value-Added ServicesRadisys Corporation
As Communication Service Providers (CSPs) look at making investmements in SDN and NFV, a good SDN architecture is essential to maximizing the benefits of your NFV investments. This webinar explores how SDN-enabled open intelligent switching needs to interwork with NFV for achieving agile service delivery and scalability towards monetizing digital services.
This webinar presents the unique requirements and challenges around delivering real-time IP media processing (such as transcoding, transrating, media mixing and media clip conversion) for delivering high performance telecommunication services such as real-time video communications, VoLTE, VoWiFi, and WebRTC.
Radisys' CTO, Andrew Alleman, was one of the featured speakers at the OCP Telco Engineering Workshop during the 2017 Big Communications Event. Andrew discussed carrier-grade open rack architecture (CG-OpenRack-19), the future of open hardware standards and commercial products in the OCP pipeline during his presentation.
Carrier Grade OCP: Open Solutions for Telecom Data CentersRadisys Corporation
Check out this Radisys presentation given by Karl Wale, DCEngine Product Line Manager, at the DataCenter Dynamics Zettastructure 2016 event in London.
Learn how Carrier Grade OCP enables open solutions for telecom data centers. Radisys is able to complete deployment of DCEngine in data centers in a matter of weeks.
Beyond Basic VoLTE Services: Avoiding 3 Mistakes of the PastRadisys Corporation
Presentation given by Radisys' Grant Henderson, VP, Marketing & Product Management, MediaEngine Marketing, at the LTE Voice Summit 2016 in London:
The era of truly open solutions, both hardware and software is upon us. Check out this presentation to learn how to avoid the 3 mistakes of the past when virtualizing data plane elements.
Deploying Hyperscale SDN and NFV in Next-Generation Data CentersRadisys Corporation
Check out this presentation that Radisys' Bryan Sadowski, VP, Product Management, presented at SDN & OpenFlow World Forum 2016 in The Hague, Netherlands. This presentation explores the carrier-grade integrated hardware and software SDN/NFV solution Radisys offers to deploy into next-generation data centers.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
End-to-End QoS in LTE
1. Welcome!
Real Implementation Challenges
of LTE Network Equipment: April 12
Exploring the Trade-offs and Deploying LTE Small Cells: Interference
Solutions Mitigation Solutions
May 17
Building EPC Systems
June 14
The LTE Service Layer
July 12
End-to-End QoS in LTE
To view past webinars:
http://www.radisys.com/recent-webinars/
Radisys Corporation Confidential 1
2. End-to-End QoS in LTE
Delivering the Appropriate Customer Experience
Speakers:
Larry Greenstein – Sr. Product Line Manager
Dikshit Sawhney – Software Architect
James Radley – Sr. Architect
July 12, 2012
Radisys Corporation Confidential 2
4. End-to-End LTE Infrastructure
From Radio Access to Media Processing
Radio Access Network Evolved Packet Core Policy Control IMS
IP
Policy &
User Mobility Multimedia
Equipment Charging
Management Subsystem
Routing
Home eNodeB Entity Function Application Media
Server Resource
Function
User Policy &
Equipment Charging Internet
Enforcement
Function
eNodeB LTE Security Serving Packet
Gateway Gateway Gateway
Macro Small Cells 10G 40G ATCA Dumb Smart Pipes Audio Video Conf
60+ Customer Wins ~40% ATCA Market Share Traffic Management ~65% Market Share
Radisys Corporation Confidential 4
5. Usage Up, Revenue Down
QoS to the Rescue
Capacity Mind The Gap
Revenue vs. Traffic Growth
Traffic
Revenues &
Traffic Gap
Widening
Voice Era
Revenues
Data Era
Traffic Doubling every 12 months Must Increase ARPU
VideoTextOperators’ Albatross
= Must Lower Cost per Bit
Source: Cisco VNI Source: Heavy Reading
Radisys Corporation Confidential 5
7. LTE QoS: Fundamental Need
Why QoS?
• Finite network resources
– Radio spectrum limited
– Backhaul bandwidth limited
– Network congestion has to be managed
• Users (applications) need a variety of services
– Guaranteed bit rate (voice)
– High speed throughput (video)
– Priority service (emergency call)
Radisys Corporation Confidential 7
8. Policy Control and Charging (PCC)
Policy Management
• Operator control over network usage
• Control the level of service provided and charge accordingly
– Superior performance for the customers that pay for it
– Enforce limits or restrictions based on customer subscription
– Dynamic service level adjustment enhances QoE
– Offer attractive options to gain market share
– Restrict content based on subscription or local laws
Radisys Corporation Confidential 8
9. Where QoS Happens in the Network
Home AF IMS
Subscriber Application
Server Function Network
Policy &
Mobility
Charging
Management
Rules
Entity
Function
Internet
eNodeB Serving PDN Policy & Charging
UE
Gateway Gateway Enforcement Function
Web
Radio S1 S5
Email Bearer Bearer Bearer
Service
Data Flows
Voice
Packet
Filters
Radisys Corporation Confidential 9
10. Poll Question 1
The top QoS concern of operators and equipment
manufacturers is:
A. Adding value and monetizing it (increase revenue)
B. Efficient use of network resources (reduce cost)
C. Ensuring customer satisfaction
D. Compliance with regulations
Radisys Corporation Confidential 10
12. Agenda – QoS Specifics
QoS Functions in Control & User Plane
Policy & Charging Control Architecture
EPS Bearers and Service Data Flows
QoS Attributes
Example PCC Call Flow
Radisys Corporation Confidential 12
13. QoS Functions
Control Plane
• Admission control maintains information about all available
resources of a network entity and takes decision to allow a
new session or not based on the current resource usage.
• Subscription Control checks whether or not a user is entitled
to use the requested service with the specified QoS attributes
• Service Management coordinates the functions of the control
plane entities during setup, modification and deletion of the
EPS bearers
• Translation function converts between the EPC QoS
parameters the various protocols for service control of
interfacing external networks e.g., UMTS to IP QoS parameters
mapping
Radisys Corporation Confidential 13
14. QoS Functions
User Plane
• Mapping function provides each data unit with the specific
marking required to receive the intended QoS at the transfer
by a bearer service, e.g., DSCP marking at the PDN-GW
• Classification function assigns data units to the established
services of a user according to the related QoS attributes if
the user has multiple bearer services established
• Resource Manager distributes the available resources
between all services sharing the same resource based on the
QoS, e.g., scheduling, bandwidth management, and power
control for the radio bearers
• Traffic Shaping provides conformance between the
negotiated QoS for a service and the arriving data traffic
Radisys Corporation Confidential 14
15. QoS Functions in different Network
Elements
TE MT RAN CN EDGE Gateway Ext.
Netwk.
Class.
Class. Cond.
Cond. Cond. Mapping Mapping Mapping
Resource Resource Resource Resource Resource
Local BS External BS
Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager
RAN Access Network
RAN phys. BS BB network service
Service
Radisys Corporation Confidential 15
16. Policy and Charging Control (PCC)
Architecture
Subscription
Profile AF
Repository
(SPR) Online
Sp Rx
Charging
System (OCS)
Policy and Charging Rules
Function (PCRF)
Gxx Gx
BBERF PCEF
Gy
Gz Offline
Charging
System
Gateway (OFCS)
Radisys Corporation Confidential 16
17. PCC Network Elements
PCRF (Policy & Charging Rules Function)
• PCRF is the central node in the policy and charging control architecture;
it keeps a DB of PCC rules in SPR and supports flow-based charging and
policy (QoS)
• Interworks with other network elements via the Diameter protocol
SPR (Subscription Profiles Repository)
• DB of PCC rules; can be co-located with HSS or PCRF
• A PCC rule consists of traffic filters to map Service Data Flows (SDF) to
EPS Bearers, QoS and charging related parameters
PCEF (Policy & Charging Enforcement Function)
• The enforcement part of the policy architecture
• Main functions include DPI, traffic shaping, etc.
• Typically co-located with a PDN-GW
BBERF (Bearer Binding and Event Reporting Function)
• Bearer Binding and Event Reporting Function
• Use PCC rules to map SDFs to EPS bearers; logical function of PDN-GW
Radisys Corporation Confidential 17
18. Relationship between SDF Flows and
EPS Bearers
QoS is defined on a per EPS Bearer basis
• An EPS bearer is an end-to-end connection between the
service user and PDN-GW. It consists of EPC Bearer, S1
Bearer and Radio Bearer
• Service data flows sharing the same QoS/IP address use the
same EPS bearer. Examples of SDFs include FTP, HTTP,
VoIP IMS traffic etc.
• Traffic filters at UE and PDN-GW determine which traffic flow
gets mapped to which EPS Bearer
Radisys Corporation Confidential 18
19. EPS Bearers
GBR vs. Non-GBR Bearers
• GBR require resources to be reserved in every node in the
EPS through which data packet traverses; requires efficient
admission control methods
• Non-GBR specifies best-effort service – useful for
background, interactive traffic classes such as email, web
browsing, file download, etc.
Dedicated vs. Default Bearers
• Default bearer (one per UE IP) setup on Attach provides
basic connectivity – best effort QoS, non-GBR
• One or more Dedicated bearers setup for specific QoS
requirements – can be GBR or non-GBR
Radisys Corporation Confidential 19
20. QoS Attributes
Maximum bit rate (MBR, AMBR)
• Maximum allowable bit rate for a GBR bearer or Aggregate
Maximum bit rate for all non-GBR bearers combined
• AMBR defined on per APN and per subscriber basis
Guaranteed bit rate (GBR)
• Guaranteed by the network via Admission Control
• Can’t exceed MBR in Release 8
Radisys Corporation Confidential 20
21. QoS Attributes, continued
QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
• Defines packet forwarding treatment at each node, e.g.,
queuing thresholds, scheduling weight, admission control
priority, etc.
• Nine standardized QCI values with different characteristics –
GBR/non-GBR, priority, delay sensitivity, and packet error
loss rate e.g., QCI 1 is defined for a GBR bearer for
conversational or voice traffic
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP)
• “Allocation” dictates control plane behavior during bearer
setup, modification procedures, etc.
• “Retention” determines relative priority of a bearer over
other bearers in case of congestion
• Fifteen different ARP (priority) levels – 1 being the highest
priority
Radisys Corporation Confidential 21
24. PCEF and DPI
The Policy & Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF)
cannot rely on coarse-grained assumptions about flow
types
• Subscriber to be identified and associated policy profile retrieved
• DPI of multiple initial packets in every new stream required to
correctly determine service signature
• Fragmented packets may need to be temporarily reassembled for
analysis before forwarding on in original pieces.
Policy engines need to be tailored to the unique
requirements for the confluence or regional usage
patterns and characteristics of installed network
• Enforce only those policies which matter and with no more
precision than necessary
Radisys Corporation Confidential 24
25. User Specified Profiles
The win-win cost / benefit advantage of user-elected
usage profiles make this a compelling technology
My ideal profile may not be yours, e.g.:
• On-time delivery of VoIP packets above all else
• Anything over VPN should get preference over everything below
• Favor web browsing traffic
– But no need to hurry advertisements
• Don’t prejudice email traffic unless you must
• Feel free to throttle video (I don’t care) – unless I’m on Wi-Fi
• Please block software updates when I am roaming
– Particularly difficult: how does an operator export preference profiles?
Radisys Corporation Confidential 25
26. Typical Flow Management Architecture
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Flow
De-tunnel Extract flow ID Table Stage 4
Known Flow Apply Rule
Update flow table
Application processing
~ 90% of packets - Load Balance
Stage 5 - Rate shaping
- Monitoring / Analysis
Unknown Classification Engine - Video conversion
- Policy enforcement
Low
level Update flow table
~ 10% of packets
Stage 6
Custom Assign new flow to
appropriate target
appln resource
Stateful, application aware, load balancer is key for traffic steering applications
Radisys Corporation Confidential 26
27. Packet Flow Analysis
New packets arriving enable additional detail to be extracted from flow
…approx 10% packets
HTTP GMAIL Metadata
…Username
…Email title
Server Load
…Content
API State Machine
User Application
Add new entry by default…
Application adds …or wait for application Buffered
table entry & rule API Packets
Apply Rule
e.g. put into correct
priority queue
Radisys Corporation Confidential 27
28. Possible Mapping of LTE QCI:
Single Subscriber
Priority 1
QC5
Signaling
Commit
WFQ
Flow Shaper Priority 2
CIR
QC1 Commit/Excess/Red
Voice
<Commit
Flow Shaper Green
QC2 Commit/Excess/Red
Video
Strict Priority
Priority Mapper
Class Shaper
Flow Shaper
Excess
QC3
WFQ
Commit/Excess/Red Priority 4
CIR
Video <Excess
Yellow
Flow Shaper
QC4 Commit/Excess/Red
Gaming
>Excess
QC6
Red
Gaming
Non-CIR
QC7 Video Priority 3
WFQ
QC8 TCP
Radisys Corporation Confidential 28
30. Traffic Management Connectivity
4 DIMM
PCIe x8
XLP832
RTM
PCIe x8 / ILA
ICI
TM Mezzanine Up to 120Gbps
XLP832 4x10G
120G
PCIe x1
4 DIMM
4x10G
Fabric
Buffer
Memory 200G Fabric
TM Unit Broadcom Up to 5 ports
Stats Trident switch
Memory
8 x10G 5 x 40G
(fabric ch0-4)
TM connects into main Ethernet switch to allow for flexible packet
routing configurations
TM managed over PCIe by XLP
Radisys Corporation Confidential 30
31. Traffic Management Key Features
Network processors can be used to add a number of
Traffic Management (TM) capabilities to a DPI blade:
• Egress traffic shaping with 256k queues and 5 levels of hierarchy
• Ingress packet filtering and denial-of-service prevention
• Flow-based load balancing across associated processors
• IP Defragmentation and packet reassembly
An NPU is designed to maintain the huge array of per-
Class of Service (CoS) queue counters and timers
required to provided fine-grained scheduling
• Weighted Round Robin (WRR)
• Deficit [Weighted] Round Robin (DRR / DWRR)
• Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)
• Committed Information Rate / Committed Burst Size (CIR / CBS)
Radisys Corporation Confidential 31
32. Poll Question 2
To adequately classify an LTE GTP-U packet stream
for QoS purposes, what degree of analysis is required?
A. QoS can be defined with a straight mapping based upon
assigned Tunnel Endpoint IDentifer (TEID)
B. Simple mapping from tunneled L3/L4 attributes (L4 port
number, DiffServ, Subscriber’s IP address, etc)
C. Parsing initial packets with a limited set of decision tree rules
to differentiate broad class of service (e-mail, video, http, etc.)
D. Signature analysis on early packets until a precise recognition
is made
E. Ongoing signature analysis in case the nature of the flow
changes
F. Can’t do any useful DPI because packets are encrypted
Radisys Corporation Confidential 32
34. Conclusions
LTE QoS Benefits
• User: Assures service delivery meets
expectations
• Operator: Can offer a wide variety of
services and monetize them
Embedded
LTE QoS Challenges Wireless
• Requires coordination across all Infrastructure
business units to plan and execute Solutions
LTE QoS Opportunities
• LTE presents a tremendous
Unmatched
opportunity for mobile services to
Products &
grow faster than at any time in the
Expertise
past
Radisys Corporation Confidential 34
36. Q&A
Contact us!
Larry: larry.greenstein@radisys.com
DS: dikshit.sawhney@radisys.com
James: james.radley@radisys.com
For more information on our products, visit: www.radisys.com
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Radisys Corporation Confidential 36