This document discusses infective disorders of the heart including endocarditis, pericarditis, and myocarditis. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, inflammation, and various heart conditions. It then reviews heart anatomy and the layers of the pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment are described for each condition. Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart that can damage valves if untreated. Pericarditis is inflammation of the protective sac around the heart. Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle itself.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
ENDOCARDITIS is the internal inflammation of the endocardium. and some value or has affected causes of this infection and noninfective endocarditis, management of the valve replacement medical management is antibiotic.
ENDOCARDITIS is the internal inflammation of the endocardium. and some value or has affected causes of this infection and noninfective endocarditis, management of the valve replacement medical management is antibiotic.
Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium. causes of this RW infection like bacterial, viral, cancer, trauma, radiation theses are the causes of the pericardium. management of the antibiotic, pain killer, and cardiac steroid. and some surgical procedure is pericardial synthesis, heart transplantation
Endocarditis ( Inflammatory disease of the Heart ANILKUMAR BR
Any of the heart's three layers may be affected by an infectious process.
The diseases are named for the layer of the heart most involved in the infectious process: (Myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardium).
Endocarditis(inflammation of the endocardium) and pericardium(inflammation of the pericardium)
The usual management for all infectious diseases prevention. IV antibiotics are usually necessary once an infection in the heart has developed.
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium; it is usually limited to the membrane lining and the valves.
Theca use of endocarditis may be viral, fungal, or most commonly, bacterial.
The most common organism is Streptococcus viridans. Vegetations (growths orlesion) may cause vulvular dysfunction.
Endocarditis is inflammatory process of the endocardium, especially the valves.
This disorders carriers high morbidity and mortality rates, but outcomes can be improved greatly with early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Infection and inflammation of heart includes endocarditis, myocarditis, peric...Mahesh Sivaji
Here we have seen about the infections and inflammatory diseases of the heart. It includes the endocarditis, Myocarditis, pericarditis, and the inflammation includes the rheumatic fever and heart diseases. Regarding the nursing care the betty neuman theory was applied for the better outcome in patient care. At last the journal references from the Indian medical council and the West Indian med from Jamaica they says that the Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) continue to be a major health hazard in most developing countries as well as sporadically in developed economies. They concluded that the infection and inflammatory disease of heart is completely preventable one. The study too says that it occurs mostly in the age group of 5-15 yr of children. Finally Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease have relatively long and expensive hospital stays which are preventable by careful adherence to prevention programme. Thank you guys, i think this will useful for u to understand easily.
The heart has an enormous capacity to deal with transient increases in workload, as long as adequate intervals
are provided for the recovery of nutritive and electrolyte levels. However, if the heart is forced to work against a
sustained overload, it eventually becomes unable to deliver a normal output of blood. This leads to cardiac
enlargement (dilatation and hypertrophy) which is the cardinal sign of heart disease
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
5. INTRODUCTION:
• World Heart Day iscelebrated everyyear on
29th Septemberwith theintentof raising
awarenessaboutcardiovascular disease. Every
year has a different themewhich tackles
different aspectsof heartdisease. Thisyear, the
themeon World Heart Day iscreating heart-
healthy environments.Thisyear the theme is
“Power your life”
6. TERMINOLOGIES:
• Infection:
• Inflammation:
• Dysrhythmias
• Endocarditis
• Myocarditis
• Pericarditis
• The process of infecting or the
state of being infected
• A localized physical condition in which part of thebody
becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful,
especially as a reaction to injury or infection
• Abnormality in a physiological rhythm, especially in the
activity of the brain or heart.
• Inflammation of the Endocardium
• Inflammation of the Myocardium
• Inflammation of the Pericardium
7. REVIEW OF ANATOMYAND
PHYSIOLOGY OF HEART:
Thewall of theheart is composedof three
distinct layers. Fromsuperficial todeepthey
are:
The pericardium
The myocardium
The endocardium
8. PERICARDIUM:
• The pericardium is the outer most
layer made up of two membranes.
• The outer layer is the parietal
pericardium. The inner layer is the
visceral pericardium.
• It is made up of loose and dense
connective tissue.
9. • The myocardium is composed of
specialized cardiac muscle found
only in the heart. It is not under
voluntary control.
• It is made up of muscle fibres.
• The myocardium is thickest at the
apex and thins out towards the
base.
MYOCARDIUM:
10. • This is the inner layer.
• It is a thin, smooth membrane that
permits smooth flow of blood inside
the heart. It is made up of muscle
fibres.
• . It consists of flattened epithelial
cells and it is continuous with the
endothelium lining the blood vessels.
ENDOCARDIUM:
11.
12.
13. INFECTIVE DISORDERS OF HEART
There are 3 conditions under the
infective disorders of heart
namely,
• ENDOCARDITIS
• PERICARDITIS
• MYOCARDITIS
14. STATISTICALREPORT
• 30 million heart patients in India, 14 million reside
in urban areas and 16 million in rural areas.
• "Ifthe current trend continues, bythe year 2020,
the burden of atherothrombotic cardiovascular
diseasesin India will surpassthat of any other
country in the world."
• Today, cardiac hospitals in India perform over
2,00,000 openheart surgeries peryear, one of the
highest, worldwide.
16. ENDOCARDITIS:
infection of the
endocarditis, is an
endocardial surface of the heart. The
endocardium, the innermost layer of the
heart. Inflammation from endocarditis
affects the cardiac valves.
17. Endocarditis is a define as life-threatening
inflammation of the inner lining of your heart's
chambers and valves (endocardium). And caused by an
infection. Bacteria, fungi or other germs from another
part of body, such as mouth, spread through
bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in heart. It
is called endocarditis If it's not treated quickly,
endocarditis can damage or destroy heart valves.
According to lippen cott
24. NONCARDIAC CONDITIONS:
• Hospital-acquired bacteremia
• hospital-acquired heart valve infections are
being caused by staphylococcus bacteria—
which is very common in hospitals and
can lead to heart failure or stroke in
endocarditis patients.
25. • IV drug abuse
• Endocarditis is often associated
with heart defects or abnormal
valves, but can also be formed by
using unsanitary needles to
inject drugs. This causes bacteria
from the needle to be released
directly into the bloodstream.
26. PROCEDURE-ASSOCIATED RISKS
•Intravascular devices (pulmonary
artery catheters)
•Intravascular catheter-related infections are
a major cause of morbidity and ...
valvular heart disease or
an intravascular prosthetic device, should
receive ... bacterial endocarditis,
septic pulmonary emboli, and septic
thrombosis Removal of vascular
catheters that are infected with S. aureus.
31. The onset of symptoms is usually ~2 weeks or less from the initiating
bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
Symptoms are -
High grade fever and chills
Arthralgias/ myalgias
Arthralgia Is joint pain. Myalgia is muscle pain.
Abdominal pain
Pleuritic chest pain
Back pain
Anorexia An eating disorder characterized by markedly reduced appetite
Weight loss
Fatigue
32. Signs are –
Fever
Heart murmur – if no murmur with other
signs and symptoms may indicate right-
sided heart infection
Nonspecific signs – petechiae, "splinter"
hemorrhages, clubbing, splenomegaly,
neurologic changes
More specific signs - Osler's Nodes,
Janeway lesions, and Roth's Spots
33. Nonspecific signs –
Petechiae—conjunctiva, mucous membranes
Splinter hemorrhages in nail-beds
Clubbing of fingers and toes—primarily occurs in
patients who have an extended course of
untreated infective endocarditis.
Neurological changes - Localized headaches,
Transient cerebral ischemia, Altered mental
status, aphasia
Splenomegaly, Enlargement of spleen
34. More specific signs –
Osler's nodes—painful red nodes on palmds of
fingers and toes; usually late sign of endocardial
infection
Janeway's lesions— flat painless and small red sport
in palm and sole several days 1 to 2 weeks; usually
an early sign of endocardial infection.
Roth's spots (retinal hemorrhages)
35.
36. splinter hemorrhage is a small amount of bleeding underneath a nail.
You may notice a dark red or brown line along your nail
47. COLLABORATIVE MANGEMENT:
DRUGS:
• IV antibiotic therapy, based on blood cultures, is
started.
• Fever may persist for several days after
treatment has been started and can be treated
with aspirin, acetaminophen
• Iv fluids
48.
49. COMPLICATION
As a result, endocarditis can cause several
major complications, including
Heart failure.
Abscesses in the heart.
Heart rhythm problems.
Heart attack.
Stroke.
Infections in other organs such as the lungs, brain, or kidneys.
54. CAUSES OF PERICARDITIS
Infectious pericarditis: Pericarditis that develops as
the result of a viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic
infection.
adenovirus, mumps, hepatitis, varicella zoster,human
immunodeficiency virus
Pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci,
gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Histoplasma, Candida species
Idiopathic pericarditis: Pericarditis that does
not have a known cause.
55. Viral pericarditis is caused by a complication of a
viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus.
Bacterial pericarditis is caused by a bacterial
infection, including tuberculosis.
Fungal pericarditis is caused by a fungal infection.
Parasitic pericarditis is caused by an infection from a
parasite.
Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma can cause
pericarditis.
56. Other causes
pericarditis include injury to the chest,
such as after a car accident (traumatic
pericarditis), other health problems such as
kidney failure (uremic pericarditis), tumors,
genetic diseases such as Family history, or
rarely, medications that suppress the
immune system.
57. Uremic pericarditis is thought to
result from inflammation of the
visceral and parietal layers of
the pericardium by metabolic
toxins that accumulate in the
body owing to kidney failure.
58. Pericardiocentesis: A procedure performed to drain
excess fluid from the pericardium with a catheter.
Pericardiectomy: Surgical treatment of pericarditis
that involves the removal of a portion of the
pericardium.
Pericardial window: A minimally invasive surgical
procedure performed to drain fluid that has
accumulated in the pericardium. This surgical
procedure involves a small chest incision through
which an opening is made in the pericardium.
59. Pericardial effusion: Excess fluid
build-up in the pericardium.
Cardiac tamponade: A severe compression
of the heart that impairs its ability to
function. Cardiac tamponade is a medical
emergency that requires prompt diagnosis
and treatment. Chronic pericarditis
65. DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES:
ECG
Echocardiogram (echo) to see how
well heart is working and check for fluid
or pericardial effusion around the heart.
Electrocardiogram (ECG ) to look for changes in heart rhythm. ..
72. Pericardiocentesis is a procedure done
to remove fluid that has built up in the
sac around the heart (pericardium). It's
done using a needle and small catheter
to drain excess fluid. A fibrous sac
known as the pericardium surrounds
the heart.
73.
74.
75.
76. MYOCARDITIS
• Myocarditis is an inflammation of
the myocardium, the middle layer
of the heartwall.
• Myocarditis can affect boththe
heart'smuscle cells and the heart's
electrical system,leading to
reduction in theheart'spumping
function and toirregular heart
rhythms.
77. Myocarditis it is a define as disease marked by the
inflammation of the heart muscle known as the
myocardium — the muscular layer of the heart wall.
This muscle is responsible for contracting and
relaxing to pump blood in and out of the heart and to
the rest of the body.
According to lippen cott
81. Viral infection
is the most common cause of myocarditis. When you have one,
your body produces cells to fight it. These cells release
chemicals. If the disease-fighting cells enter your heart, some
chemicals they release can inflamation heart muscle.
Some things that can cause myocarditis include:
Coxsackie B viruses
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Hepatitis C
Herpes
HIV
Parvovirus
82. Chlamydia (a common sexually transmitted
disease)
Mycoplasma (bacteria that cause
a lung infection)
Streptococcal (strep) bacteria
Staphylococcal (staph) bacteria
Treponema (the cause of syphilis)
Borrelia (the cause of Lyme disease)
84. Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases that cause
inflammation in other parts of the
body, like rheumatoid arthritis or
SLE, can also sometimes cause
myocarditis
85. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to the risk etiological factors the
inflammatory process causes an infiltrate to
build up in the cardiac myocytes, resulting
in injury to myocardial cells.
That infective agents forming abscess and
an autoimmune injury may occur when the
immune system destroys both invading
organism and myocardial cells
Heart Enlarges: LVEDV
87. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Chest pain (often described as "stabbing"
in character).
• CHF
• Palpitations (due to arrhythmias).
• Sudden death
• Fever (especially when infectious)
88.
89.
90. Signs and Symptoms
Myocarditis often has no symptoms. In fact, most people
recover and never even know they had it.
If you do have symptoms, they may include:
Shortness of breath during exercise at first, then at night
while lying down
Abnormal heartbeat, which causes fainting in rare cases
Light-headedness
A sharp or stabbing chest pain or pressure, which may
spread to your neck and shoulders
Fatigue
91. Signs of infection, such as
Fever
Muscle aches
Sore throat
Headache
Diarrhea
Painful joints
Swollen joints, legs, or neck veins
Small amounts of urine
92. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:
• ECG: Diffuse ST segment changes
• LABORATORY FINDINGS: Increased ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CRP c-reactive
protein levels, elevated levels of myocardial markers
such as troponin
• CHEST RADIOGRAPHY:Cardiomegaly
• MRI: localization of inflammation
93.
94.
95. Electrocardiogram (ECG). This noninvasive test shows your
heart's electrical patterns and can detect abnormal rhythms.
Chest X-ray. An X-ray image shows the size and shape of your
heart, as well as whether you have fluid in or around the
heart that might indicate heart failure.
MRI. Cardiac MRI will show your heart's size, shape and
structure. This test can show signs of inflammation of the
heart muscle.
Echocardiogram. Sound waves create moving images of the
beating heart. An echocardiogram might detect enlargement
of your heart, poor pumping function, valve problems, a clot
within the heart or fluid around your heart.
96. Blood tests. These measure white and red blood
cell counts, as well as levels of certain enzymes
that indicate damage to your heart muscle. Blood
tests can also detect antibodies against viruses
and other organisms that might indicate a
myocarditis-related infection.
Cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial
biopsy. A small tube (catheter) is inserted into a
vein in your leg or neck and threaded into your
heart. In some cases, doctors use a special
instrument to remove a tiny sample of heart
muscle tissue (biopsy) for analysis in the lab to
check for inflammation or infection.
101. Ventricular assist devices. Ventricular assist devices (VADs)
are mechanical pumps that help pump blood from the lower
chambers of your heart (the ventricles) to the rest of your
body. VADs are used in people who have weakened hearts or
heart failure. This treatment may be used to allow the heart to
recover or while waiting for other treatments, such as a heart
transplant.
Intra-aortic balloon pump. Doctors insert a thin tube
(catheter) in a blood vessel in your leg and guide it to your
heart using X-ray imaging. Doctors place a balloon attached to
the end of the catheter in the main artery leading out to the
body from the heart (aorta). As the balloon inflates and
deflates, it helps to increase blood flow and decrease the
workload on the heart.
102.
103. POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS
If left untreated, myocarditis may lead
to symptoms of heart failure, where your heart
has trouble pumping blood the way it should. In
rare cases, it leads to other problems, such as:
Cardiomyopathy : The heart muscle weakens or
the structure of the heart muscle changes.
Pericarditis : Inflammation of the sac covering the
heart (called the pericardium).