Emphysema

1. Emphysema
RELIANCE INSTITUTE OF NURSING
TOPIC
PRESENTED BY :-
MR. ROMAN BAJRANG
BASIC BS.C NURSING 2ND YEAR
RELIANCE INSTITUTE OF NURSING

3. WHAT IS EMPHYSEMA
 Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD) is a preventable
and treatable disease that makes
it difficult to empty air out of the
lungs.
 Emphysema is a condition that involves damage
to the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung making it
difficult to breath.

4. • Emphysema is a disease of the lungs that
usually develops after many years of
smoking.
• Both chronic bronchitis and emphysema
belong to a group of lung diseases
known as chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Once it develops, emphysema can’t
be reversed.
• This is why not smoking or
stopping smoking is very
important.

5. • Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to
the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung.
• Alveoli are small, thin-walled, very fragile air sacs
located in clusters at the end of the bronchial tubes
deep inside the lungs.
• There are about 300 million alveoli in normal lungs.
As you breathe in air, the alveoli stretch, drawing
oxygen in and transporting it to the blood.
• When you exhale, the alveoli shrink, forcing carbon
dioxide out of the body.

9. WHO GETS EMPHYSEMA?
OVER 3 MILLION PEOPLE IN THE UNITED
STATES HAVE BEEN
DIAGNOSED WITH EMPHYSEMA. OVER 11
MILLION AMERICANS
HAVE COPD. EMPHYSEMA IS MOST COMMON IN
MEN BETWEEN THE AGES OF 50 AND 70.

10. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE LUNGS
 The lungs are sponge-like structures that lies within the
chest, protected by the ribcage.
 They are made up of progressively branching air
passages, the smallest of which end in minute air
sacs(alveoli)
 In these air sac inhaled oxygen is transferred to the
blood stream and carbon dioxide is transferred from the
blood into the exhaled breath. (Respiration)

11. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE LUNGS

23. CLASSIFICATION OF EMPHYSEMA
 Emphysema has four principal classification, classified
according to the site of damage. These are;
 Centriacinar emphysema
 Panacinar emphysema
 Paraseptal emphysema
 Irregular emphysema

24. CLASSIFICATION OF EMPHYSEMA
Centriacinar emphysema
 Also called centrilobular emphysema
 Occurs with damage to lung tissue around respiratory
bronchioles whilst sparing distal alveoli
 Associated with long-standing cigarette smoking

26. CLASSIFICATION OF EMPHYSEMA
Panacinar emphysema
 Also called panlobular emphysema
 Involves all lung fields, particularly the bases
 Generally observed in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin
(AAT) deficiency.

28. CLASSIFICATION OF EMPHYSEMA
Paraseptal emphysema
 Also known as distal acinar emphysema
 Involves the dilation of distal airway structures, alveolar
ducts, and alveolar sacs.

30. CLASSIFICATION OF EMPHYSEMA
Irregular emphysema
 Commonly known as paraciatricial emphysema
 Emphysematous changes adjacent to areas of pulmonary
scarring.

34. CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
 Emphysema can be cause by irritant you breathe in;
 Occupational exposure to chemical irritant
 Exposure to environmental pollutant (certain fume,
coal or dust)
 Inherited genetic defect – Alpha-1- antitrypsin deficiency
(AAT deficiency).
 And the most likely cause is

35. •What causes emphysema?
• Smoking is the number one factor. Because of
this, emphysema is one of the most preventable
types of respiratory diseases.
• Air pollutants in the home and workplace,
genetic (inherited) factors (alpha-1 antitrypsin
deficiency), and respiratory infections can also
play a role in causing emphysema.
• Cigarette smoking not only destroys lung tissue,
it also irritates the airways.
• This causes inflammation and damage to cilia
that line the bronchial tubes. This results in
swollen airways, mucus production, and
difficulty clearing the airways. All of these
changes can lead to shortness of breath.

38. CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA

41. SYMPTOMS
• Shortness of breath, especially during light
exercise or climbing steps
• Ongoing feeling of not being able to get
enough air
• Long-term cough or “smoker’s cough”
• Wheezing
• Long-term mucus production
• Ongoing fatigue

42. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Shortness of breath is the main symptom of emphysema
 Wheezing
 Cyanosis - characterize by blue or gray lips or fingernails
 Hyperinflation
 Barrel-shaped chest
 Constant coughing or need to clear the throat

47. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA
 The airways of healthy lungs have elastic properties.
 When you breathe in each air sac fills up with air, and when
you breathe out, the air sac deflate and air goes out.
 Continued exposure to noxious substances, causes
destruction of the walls of the alveoli.
 The alveolar membrane surface area decreases, thus
lessening the area available for gas exchange
 Destruction of pulmonary capillary occurs

49.  When the alveoli walls are destroyed, the lungs lose their
capacity to recoil and air becomes trapped in the lungs
(hyperinflation).
 The destroyed lung tissue (called blebs) results in
alveolar collapse
 The combination of constantly having extra air in the
lungs and the extra effort needed to breathe results in a
person feeling short of breath
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA

52. PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA
 Airway obstruction occurs in emphysema because the
alveoli that normally support the airways cannot do so
during inhalation or exhalation.
 Without their support, the breathing tubes collapse,
causing obstruction to the flow of air.

53. PATHOPYSIOLOGY OF EMPHYSEMA

57. DIAGNOSIS
• X-RAY
• ABG ANALISIS
• PULSE OXIMETRY
• PULMONARY/LUNG FUNCTION TEST
• ECG

58. DIAGNOSIS OF EMPHYSEMA
 Diagnosis can be made by performing physical
examination for symptom manifestation. These include;
 Decreased breath sounds through the stethoscope
 Rounded fingertips (clubbing)
 Pursed-lip breathing (to counteract alveolar collapse)
 Hypoxemia (hypoxia)
 Hypercarbia: High levels of carbon dioxide in the
blood.

59. DIAGNOSIS OF EMPHYSEMA
Cyanosis
Increased chest size or "barrel
chest
Malnutrition: Muscles slowly
waste away in advanced
emphysema

60. DIAGNOSIS OF EMPHYSEMA
 Doctors can use various medical imaging techniques;
Chest X-ray- A chest X-ray
of someone with emphysema
may show abnormally large lungs
CT scan of chest - A CT scan
in someone with emphysema
may show small pockets of air
throughout the lung

61. DIAGNOSIS OF EMPHYSEMA
 Other diagnosis of emphysema includes;
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) –
is a simple test that measures
airway obstruction.
 Complete blood count

67. • Quitting smoking: If you smoke, quit. This is the most important
step you can take to protect your lungs. It is never too late to quit.
Your doctor can help you find the best method for you.
• Bronchodilator medications: These medicines relax the muscles around
the airways. They are often used to treat asthma. Bronchodilators,
given through hand-held inhalants, immediate results and have fewer
side effects than oral medications.
• Anti-inflammatory medication: These medications reduce
inflammation in the airways. However, long-term side effects of these
drugs include osteoporosis, hypertension, high redistribution.
• Oxygen therapy: Oxygen therapy is prescribed for patients whose
lungs are not getting enough oxygen to the blood (hypoxemia).
These patients can’t absorb enough oxygen and need to get more
oxygen through a machine (a nasal catheter or a facemask).
• Lung volume reduction surgery: Lung volume reduction surgery involves
removing a portion of diseased lung tissue, then joining together the
remaining tissue. Doing this may on the breathing muscles and help
improve lung elasticity (or stretch).

73. OTHER MEDICAL COMPLICATION
 Pneumonia
 Collapsed lung
 Heart problems
 Death

74. TREATMENT OF EMPHYSEMA
 Treating emphysema focuses on improving emphysema
symptoms;
 Smoking cessation
 Medications are usually prescribed to widen the
airways (bronchodilators)
And reduce swelling in the airways
(anti-inflammatory drugs, such as
steroids)
 Antibiotics (to treat lung infection)

75. TREATMENT OF EMPHYSEMA
 Oxygen therapy
 Lung volume reduction surgery - Surgical removal of
large areas of damaged lung
 Pulmonary rehabilitation
 Lung transplantation - This is the most drastic of
emphysema treatments

84. Classroom Discussion
Begins Now !!!!