eMMC 5.0 is the latest generation of embedded NAND Flash IP. Arasan provides a complete solution including digital controllers for host and device, the mixed PHY I/O and pads, software drivers, hardware validation and support.
The document introduces Samsung's eMMC memory technology. It summarizes the key features and enhancements of eMMC versions 4.4, 4.41, and 4.5, including improved performance, security, and reliability. Some notable additions in eMMC 4.5 are higher data transfer rates up to 200MHz SDR mode, packed commands to boost I/O performance, cache functionality to reduce write latency, and sanitize feature to securely purge all unused data at once. Sample availability timelines for eMMC 4.5 chips with and without 200MHz support are also provided.
eMMC is embedded multimedia card that provides managed flash storage. It contains an internal flash controller that handles flash translation layer functions like bad block management and wear leveling. This shields the host processor from needing to understand raw NAND flash characteristics. eMMC uses caching and its memory array to provide better read/write performance than raw NAND flash. It can be divided into multiple partitions like boot, RPMB, and general purpose partitions that are independently addressed through configuration registers.
Kernel Recipes 2018 - Overview of SD/eMMC, their high speed modes and Linux s...Anne Nicolas
SD and eMMC devices are widely present on Linux systems and became on some products the primary storage medium. One of the key feature for storage is the speed of the bus accessing the data.
Since the introduction of the original “default” (DS) and “high speed” (HS) modes, the SD card standard has evolved by introducing new speed modes, such as SDR12, SDR25, SDR50, SDR104, etc. The same happened to the eMMC standard, with the introduction of high speed modes named DDR52, HS200, HS400, etc. The Linux kernel has obviously evolved to support these new speed modes, both in the MMC core and through the addition of new drivers.
This talk will start by introducing the SD and eMMC standards and how they work at the hardware level, with a specific focus on the new speed modes. With this hardware background in place, we will then detail how these standards are supported by Linux, see what is still missing, and what we can expect to see in the future.
It describes the MMC storage device driver functionality in Linux Kernel and it's role. It explains different type of storage devices available and how they are handled from MMC driver point of view. It describes eMMC (internal storage) device and SD (external storage) devices in details and SD protocol used for communicating with these devices in Linux.
Universal Flash Storage is an upcoming memory specification for use in mobile phones, tablets and other consumer electronics devices.
It is the successor of Embedded Multimedia controller (eMMC) that currently prevails and will be available as storage in on-chip and expandable form (in the form of memory cards).
DDR memory is a type of RAM that allows for increased performance over single data rate memory by facilitating two data transactions per clock cycle without doubling the clock speed. It consists of over 130 signals and uses mode and extended mode registers to control operations. DDR memory comes in SRAM and DRAM varieties, with DRAM being more common due to its lower power consumption and use in main memory, though it requires constant refreshing to prevent data loss.
This document discusses SD card standards and specifications. It describes the SD card pin definitions, speed modes, bus widths, and register maps. It also provides an overview of the Linux SD device driver stack, including the block driver, file systems, and individual driver components like the host controller and core driver. Code examples are provided for registering hardware resources and accessing register structures through readl/writel functions.
The document introduces Samsung's eMMC memory technology. It summarizes the key features and enhancements of eMMC versions 4.4, 4.41, and 4.5, including improved performance, security, and reliability. Some notable additions in eMMC 4.5 are higher data transfer rates up to 200MHz SDR mode, packed commands to boost I/O performance, cache functionality to reduce write latency, and sanitize feature to securely purge all unused data at once. Sample availability timelines for eMMC 4.5 chips with and without 200MHz support are also provided.
eMMC is embedded multimedia card that provides managed flash storage. It contains an internal flash controller that handles flash translation layer functions like bad block management and wear leveling. This shields the host processor from needing to understand raw NAND flash characteristics. eMMC uses caching and its memory array to provide better read/write performance than raw NAND flash. It can be divided into multiple partitions like boot, RPMB, and general purpose partitions that are independently addressed through configuration registers.
Kernel Recipes 2018 - Overview of SD/eMMC, their high speed modes and Linux s...Anne Nicolas
SD and eMMC devices are widely present on Linux systems and became on some products the primary storage medium. One of the key feature for storage is the speed of the bus accessing the data.
Since the introduction of the original “default” (DS) and “high speed” (HS) modes, the SD card standard has evolved by introducing new speed modes, such as SDR12, SDR25, SDR50, SDR104, etc. The same happened to the eMMC standard, with the introduction of high speed modes named DDR52, HS200, HS400, etc. The Linux kernel has obviously evolved to support these new speed modes, both in the MMC core and through the addition of new drivers.
This talk will start by introducing the SD and eMMC standards and how they work at the hardware level, with a specific focus on the new speed modes. With this hardware background in place, we will then detail how these standards are supported by Linux, see what is still missing, and what we can expect to see in the future.
It describes the MMC storage device driver functionality in Linux Kernel and it's role. It explains different type of storage devices available and how they are handled from MMC driver point of view. It describes eMMC (internal storage) device and SD (external storage) devices in details and SD protocol used for communicating with these devices in Linux.
Universal Flash Storage is an upcoming memory specification for use in mobile phones, tablets and other consumer electronics devices.
It is the successor of Embedded Multimedia controller (eMMC) that currently prevails and will be available as storage in on-chip and expandable form (in the form of memory cards).
DDR memory is a type of RAM that allows for increased performance over single data rate memory by facilitating two data transactions per clock cycle without doubling the clock speed. It consists of over 130 signals and uses mode and extended mode registers to control operations. DDR memory comes in SRAM and DRAM varieties, with DRAM being more common due to its lower power consumption and use in main memory, though it requires constant refreshing to prevent data loss.
This document discusses SD card standards and specifications. It describes the SD card pin definitions, speed modes, bus widths, and register maps. It also provides an overview of the Linux SD device driver stack, including the block driver, file systems, and individual driver components like the host controller and core driver. Code examples are provided for registering hardware resources and accessing register structures through readl/writel functions.
UFS (Universal Flash Storage) provides opportunities for SSD storage in mobile devices as smartphones and tablets replace PCs as the primary computing platform. The document discusses how UFS is designed from the ground up to meet the performance needs of future mobile platforms, including high IOPS, low latency storage. UFS provides flexible deployment options with embedded or removable SSD cards. It is supported by a large industry organization to develop specifications. UFS is positioned to take advantage of growing Asian markets and become the standard for SSD storage in next generation high-performance mobile devices.
RISC-V Boot Process: One Step at a TimeAtish Patra
- OpenSBI is an open-source implementation of the RISC-V Supervisor Binary Interface (SBI) specifications. It provides runtime services in M-mode to facilitate booting of operating systems.
- OpenSBI supports various RISC-V platforms including SiFive boards, QEMU, and is integrated with projects like U-Boot and EDK2. It provides a standardized way for operating systems to interface with the underlying hardware.
- Future work includes supporting more platforms, implementing the SBI v0.2 specification, and enabling features like sequential CPU boot and hypervisor support. OpenSBI aims to establish a stable boot ecosystem for RISC-V.
DDR - SDRAMs are classified into different types including SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. SDRAM synchronizes itself with the CPU timing to allow for faster memory access. DDR1 allows for higher transfer rates through double pumping of the data bus. DDR2 further increases speeds through lower power usage and internal clock running at half the external clock rate. DDR3 and DDR4 continue to improve speeds and bandwidth through higher data transfer rates and lower voltage requirements. Each new generation is not compatible with previous types due to changes in signaling and interfaces.
Computer memory, also known as RAM, is temporary storage that allows the computer to perform tasks by holding instructions and data in an easily accessible location. There are two main types of computer memory: volatile and non-volatile. Volatile memory, like RAM, loses its contents when power is removed while non-volatile types like ROM retain data without power. Over time, RAM technologies have evolved from SIMMs to DIMMs and SDRAM to DDR, DDR2, and DDR3, with each generation offering faster speeds and higher capacities. Proper identification and installation of the correct RAM type is important for system functionality and performance.
The document discusses Universal Flash Storage (UFS), the next generation mobile storage interface that will succeed eMMC. UFS utilizes MIPI M-PHY and Unipro standards and supports SCSI commands. It provides higher performance than eMMC through features like asynchronous command execution, command queuing, and support for multiple lanes. The document outlines UFS performance specifications, architecture, and compares it to alternatives like eMMC and SATA. It also discusses Samsung's UFS development timeline and test framework to validate UFS host and device functionality.
The document describes the specifications and operations of Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory. It details features like double data rate architecture, burst lengths, CAS latencies, commands like read, write, refresh, and initialization procedures. It provides timing diagrams for different memory operations.
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to EmbeddedLinaro
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to Embedded
Speakers:
Date: September 29, 2016
★ Session Description ★
ARM Trusted Firmware has established itself as a key part of the ARMv8-A software stack. Broadening its applicability across all segments, from embedded to enterprise, is challenging. This session discusses the latest developments, including extension into the 32-bit space.
★ Resources ★
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-402
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-402/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
1) The document discusses Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI), an improvement over the traditional interrupt handling method. MSI allows interrupt information to be delivered in one step from a device directly to the CPU.
2) MSI was introduced in PCI 2.2 and improved in PCI 3.0 with MSI-X, which supports more interrupts per device. MSI uses a memory write to trigger an interrupt, while traditional interrupts use dedicated pins.
3) The benefits of MSI include faster response, less hardware requirements, guarantee of unique interrupts, and ability to send data with the interrupt. MSI also avoids ordering issues with traditional interrupts.
The document discusses Universal Flash Storage (UFS), which was created as a replacement for eMMC to meet increasing requirements for high bandwidth, high capacity, low power mobile storage. UFS uses a serial interface that builds on standards like SCSI, MIPI UniPro and M-PHY. It offers significantly higher performance than eMMC along with improved power efficiency. An ideal UFS implementation requires a complete IP solution including digital IP blocks, analog PHY IP, verification IP and software/hardware validation tools.
PCIe is a standard expansion card interface introduced in 2004 to replace PCI and PCI-X. It uses serial instead of parallel communication and is scalable, allowing for higher maximum system bandwidth. The presentation discusses the history of expansion card standards leading to PCIe, including ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, and PCI-X. It also covers key aspects of PCIe such as the root complex, endpoints, switches, lanes, bus:device.function notation, enumeration, and address spaces such as configuration space.
LCU13: An Introduction to ARM Trusted FirmwareLinaro
Resource: LCU13
Name: An Introduction to ARM Trusted Firmware
Date: 28-10-2013
Speaker: Andrew Thoelke
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q32BEMMxmfw
BIOS and UEFI are types of firmware that control the boot process. BIOS uses the MBR partition table and boots by loading the MBR, then the partition bootsector. UEFI uses the GPT partition table and ESP partition, and its boot manager loads UEFI drivers and bootloaders. Secure Boot is an UEFI extension that verifies signatures of boot components for security.
Highlighted notes while studying Concurrent Data Structures:
DDR3 SDRAM
Source: Wikipedia
Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory, officially abbreviated as DDR3 SDRAM, is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) with a high bandwidth ("double data rate") interface, and has been in use since 2007. It is the higher-speed successor to DDR and DDR2 and predecessor to DDR4 synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) chips. DDR3 SDRAM is neither forward nor backward compatible with any earlier type of random-access memory (RAM) because of different signaling voltages, timings, and other factors.
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.
UFS technology combines the benefits from both EMMC and SATA SSD. It has great future for its performance, small form factor, scalability, and low power consumption.
As the world first company delivering a UFS device programmer, Dediprog is ready to provide the market with total solution for UFS programming and data recovering needs.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices
This document discusses NAND flash memory, which is used in USB flash drives for portable storage. It describes how NAND flash works, including that it has a controller that sends commands serially to program and read the flash. Issues with NAND flash include bad blocks, long access times since it is not random access, and short lifetimes due to being programmable. Technologies like wear leveling aim to extend the lifetime by distributing writes across blocks.
This document provides an overview of Linux PCI Express drivers, including PCIe topology, configuration space, driver initialization, and common port service drivers. It describes the PCIe standard for replacing older PCI standards and how PCIe preserves backward compatibility at the software level. It also outlines the device enumeration process, driver access methods, and reference resources for PCIe specifications and Linux PCIe documentation.
Moving to PCI Express based SSD with NVM ExpressOdinot Stanislas
Une très bonne présentation qui introduit la technologie NVM Express qui sera à coup sure l'interface du futur (proche) des "disques" SSD. Adieu SAS et SATA, bienvenu au PCI Express dans les serveurs (et postes clients)
Bootloader utilizes to program microcontrollers by providing a medium of communication between them. Hence small bootloader uses to make controller programmable very often as like Arduino series board. Microcontrollers like 8051, PIC without bootloader requires the external programmer to burn the program inside the memory of the microcontroller. In addition to it requires preciously control output states of various pin mode which should be in sequence according to the datasheet of the manufacturer. Here this PPT has portrayed as an example of idle configurations that requires to run the bootloader and what happens if the bootloader is installed inside the memory of the controller.
Universal Flash Storage (UFS) is a NAND flash storage specification developed by JEDEC that improves on eMMC. UFS uses a serial interface for faster read/write speeds compared to eMMC's parallel interface. It has a layered architecture including a device manager layer, UFS command set layer, UFS transport protocol layer, and UFS interconnect layer. The document discusses these layers and covers UFS features like logical units, command formats like UPIU, and SCSI commands supported in UFS including MODE SELECT, MODE SENSE, and READ/WRITE commands.
UFS (Universal Flash Storage) provides opportunities for SSD storage in mobile devices as smartphones and tablets replace PCs as the primary computing platform. The document discusses how UFS is designed from the ground up to meet the performance needs of future mobile platforms, including high IOPS, low latency storage. UFS provides flexible deployment options with embedded or removable SSD cards. It is supported by a large industry organization to develop specifications. UFS is positioned to take advantage of growing Asian markets and become the standard for SSD storage in next generation high-performance mobile devices.
RISC-V Boot Process: One Step at a TimeAtish Patra
- OpenSBI is an open-source implementation of the RISC-V Supervisor Binary Interface (SBI) specifications. It provides runtime services in M-mode to facilitate booting of operating systems.
- OpenSBI supports various RISC-V platforms including SiFive boards, QEMU, and is integrated with projects like U-Boot and EDK2. It provides a standardized way for operating systems to interface with the underlying hardware.
- Future work includes supporting more platforms, implementing the SBI v0.2 specification, and enabling features like sequential CPU boot and hypervisor support. OpenSBI aims to establish a stable boot ecosystem for RISC-V.
DDR - SDRAMs are classified into different types including SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. SDRAM synchronizes itself with the CPU timing to allow for faster memory access. DDR1 allows for higher transfer rates through double pumping of the data bus. DDR2 further increases speeds through lower power usage and internal clock running at half the external clock rate. DDR3 and DDR4 continue to improve speeds and bandwidth through higher data transfer rates and lower voltage requirements. Each new generation is not compatible with previous types due to changes in signaling and interfaces.
Computer memory, also known as RAM, is temporary storage that allows the computer to perform tasks by holding instructions and data in an easily accessible location. There are two main types of computer memory: volatile and non-volatile. Volatile memory, like RAM, loses its contents when power is removed while non-volatile types like ROM retain data without power. Over time, RAM technologies have evolved from SIMMs to DIMMs and SDRAM to DDR, DDR2, and DDR3, with each generation offering faster speeds and higher capacities. Proper identification and installation of the correct RAM type is important for system functionality and performance.
The document discusses Universal Flash Storage (UFS), the next generation mobile storage interface that will succeed eMMC. UFS utilizes MIPI M-PHY and Unipro standards and supports SCSI commands. It provides higher performance than eMMC through features like asynchronous command execution, command queuing, and support for multiple lanes. The document outlines UFS performance specifications, architecture, and compares it to alternatives like eMMC and SATA. It also discusses Samsung's UFS development timeline and test framework to validate UFS host and device functionality.
The document describes the specifications and operations of Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM memory. It details features like double data rate architecture, burst lengths, CAS latencies, commands like read, write, refresh, and initialization procedures. It provides timing diagrams for different memory operations.
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to EmbeddedLinaro
LAS16-402: ARM Trusted Firmware – from Enterprise to Embedded
Speakers:
Date: September 29, 2016
★ Session Description ★
ARM Trusted Firmware has established itself as a key part of the ARMv8-A software stack. Broadening its applicability across all segments, from embedded to enterprise, is challenging. This session discusses the latest developments, including extension into the 32-bit space.
★ Resources ★
Etherpad: pad.linaro.org/p/las16-402
Presentations & Videos: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/las16/las16-402/
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Las Vegas 2016 – #LAS16
September 26-30, 2016
http://www.linaro.org
http://connect.linaro.org
1) The document discusses Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI), an improvement over the traditional interrupt handling method. MSI allows interrupt information to be delivered in one step from a device directly to the CPU.
2) MSI was introduced in PCI 2.2 and improved in PCI 3.0 with MSI-X, which supports more interrupts per device. MSI uses a memory write to trigger an interrupt, while traditional interrupts use dedicated pins.
3) The benefits of MSI include faster response, less hardware requirements, guarantee of unique interrupts, and ability to send data with the interrupt. MSI also avoids ordering issues with traditional interrupts.
The document discusses Universal Flash Storage (UFS), which was created as a replacement for eMMC to meet increasing requirements for high bandwidth, high capacity, low power mobile storage. UFS uses a serial interface that builds on standards like SCSI, MIPI UniPro and M-PHY. It offers significantly higher performance than eMMC along with improved power efficiency. An ideal UFS implementation requires a complete IP solution including digital IP blocks, analog PHY IP, verification IP and software/hardware validation tools.
PCIe is a standard expansion card interface introduced in 2004 to replace PCI and PCI-X. It uses serial instead of parallel communication and is scalable, allowing for higher maximum system bandwidth. The presentation discusses the history of expansion card standards leading to PCIe, including ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, and PCI-X. It also covers key aspects of PCIe such as the root complex, endpoints, switches, lanes, bus:device.function notation, enumeration, and address spaces such as configuration space.
LCU13: An Introduction to ARM Trusted FirmwareLinaro
Resource: LCU13
Name: An Introduction to ARM Trusted Firmware
Date: 28-10-2013
Speaker: Andrew Thoelke
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q32BEMMxmfw
BIOS and UEFI are types of firmware that control the boot process. BIOS uses the MBR partition table and boots by loading the MBR, then the partition bootsector. UEFI uses the GPT partition table and ESP partition, and its boot manager loads UEFI drivers and bootloaders. Secure Boot is an UEFI extension that verifies signatures of boot components for security.
Highlighted notes while studying Concurrent Data Structures:
DDR3 SDRAM
Source: Wikipedia
Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory, officially abbreviated as DDR3 SDRAM, is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) with a high bandwidth ("double data rate") interface, and has been in use since 2007. It is the higher-speed successor to DDR and DDR2 and predecessor to DDR4 synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) chips. DDR3 SDRAM is neither forward nor backward compatible with any earlier type of random-access memory (RAM) because of different signaling voltages, timings, and other factors.
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.
UFS technology combines the benefits from both EMMC and SATA SSD. It has great future for its performance, small form factor, scalability, and low power consumption.
As the world first company delivering a UFS device programmer, Dediprog is ready to provide the market with total solution for UFS programming and data recovering needs.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices
This document discusses NAND flash memory, which is used in USB flash drives for portable storage. It describes how NAND flash works, including that it has a controller that sends commands serially to program and read the flash. Issues with NAND flash include bad blocks, long access times since it is not random access, and short lifetimes due to being programmable. Technologies like wear leveling aim to extend the lifetime by distributing writes across blocks.
This document provides an overview of Linux PCI Express drivers, including PCIe topology, configuration space, driver initialization, and common port service drivers. It describes the PCIe standard for replacing older PCI standards and how PCIe preserves backward compatibility at the software level. It also outlines the device enumeration process, driver access methods, and reference resources for PCIe specifications and Linux PCIe documentation.
Moving to PCI Express based SSD with NVM ExpressOdinot Stanislas
Une très bonne présentation qui introduit la technologie NVM Express qui sera à coup sure l'interface du futur (proche) des "disques" SSD. Adieu SAS et SATA, bienvenu au PCI Express dans les serveurs (et postes clients)
Bootloader utilizes to program microcontrollers by providing a medium of communication between them. Hence small bootloader uses to make controller programmable very often as like Arduino series board. Microcontrollers like 8051, PIC without bootloader requires the external programmer to burn the program inside the memory of the microcontroller. In addition to it requires preciously control output states of various pin mode which should be in sequence according to the datasheet of the manufacturer. Here this PPT has portrayed as an example of idle configurations that requires to run the bootloader and what happens if the bootloader is installed inside the memory of the controller.
Universal Flash Storage (UFS) is a NAND flash storage specification developed by JEDEC that improves on eMMC. UFS uses a serial interface for faster read/write speeds compared to eMMC's parallel interface. It has a layered architecture including a device manager layer, UFS command set layer, UFS transport protocol layer, and UFS interconnect layer. The document discusses these layers and covers UFS features like logical units, command formats like UPIU, and SCSI commands supported in UFS including MODE SELECT, MODE SENSE, and READ/WRITE commands.
This presentation gives an overview of Linux kernel block I/O susbsystem functionality, importance of I/O schedulers in Block layer. It also describes the different types of I/O Schedulers including the Deadline I/O scheduler, Anticipatory I/O Scheduler, Complete Fair queuing I/O scheduler and Noop I/O scheduler.
This PPT shares some information on what is booting process and different stages in it. Importance of BIOS and BootROM. Steps involved for loading kernel into RAM. What is the importance of init RAM disk (initrd), when 1st user space application is started and who will create init process.
This document provides information about Samsung's moviNAND product, including:
- Key features like compatibility with MMC specifications and supporting various bus widths and frequencies
- Package configurations including pin layouts and dimensions
- Product architecture and features like vendor commands, smart reports, and reliable writes
- Electrical specifications for voltage, current, timing parameters
- Register values and contents
- Power up/down characteristics
- Connection guidelines for different bus widths
ONFI Controller Flash Translation Layer (FTL) is a small footprint, high performance NAND Flash data manager to support sector based file systems (FAT, NTFS, etc.) to operate Single Level Cell (SLC) and Multi Level Cell (MLC) NAND Flash devices like any other block storage device. It makes the NAND Flash device appear to the system as a disk drive. FTL supports bad block management, wear leveling, power-fail recovery and garbage collection features for higher performance of the NAND Flash devices. The document also gives the performance numbers achieved on hardware.
Video Compression Standards - History & IntroductionChamp Yen
This document provides an overview of several video compression standards including MPEG-1/2, MPEG-4, H.264, and HEVC/H.265. It discusses the key concepts of video coding such as entropy coding, quantization, transformation, and intra- and inter-prediction. For each standard, it describes the main coding tools and improvements over previous standards, focusing on techniques for more efficient prediction and extraction of redundant spatial and temporal information while maintaining quality. The development of these standards has moved towards more fine-grained partitioning and new coding ideas and tools to reduce bitrates further.
Tasklet vs work queues (Deferrable functions in linux)RajKumar Rampelli
Deferrable functions in linux is a mechanism to delay the execution of any piece of code later in the kernel context. Can be implemented using Tasklet and work queues
It provides details about what is Kernel, what is a Module and what is device driver. How device gets registered and how a storage volume gets mounted if it is inserted on android system. Details on Allocation of memory in Kernel.
This document discusses several key aspects of UIView in iOS, including:
1. UIView defines a rectangular region on the screen for drawing and handling touch events.
2. Core Animation layers are used to improve performance by reusing rendered content through layer transformations and animations.
3. Views have properties like frame, bounds, and alpha that control their appearance and layout. Touch events are handled through the responder chain.
iOS Security: The Never-Ending Story of Malicious ProfilesYair Amit
iOS is probably the most security mobile operating system nowadays. However, is it enough? Last year, we identified the malicious profiles attack, which leverages features of iOS to grant remote hackers deep control over victim’s devices. This presentation reviews recent threats, their evolvements and uncover a new vulnerability that makes it possible to effectively conceal attacks.
Este livro conta a história de Kurika, o cão de estimação da família de Manuel Alegre. Kurika era exibicionista e desobediente, mas salvou Manuel Alegre de se afogar no rio. Quando Kurika ficou doente e morreu, toda a família sentiu uma grande tristeza e ainda sentem a presença de Kurika em casa.
Optio is a subsidiary of Allied Minds, an innovative U.S. science and technology development and commercialization company. Allied Minds forms, funds, manages and builds products and businesses based on innovative technologies developed at leading U.S. universities and federal research institutions. Allied Minds serves as a diversified holding company that supports its businesses and product development with capital, central services and strategic guidance.
Shivananda Koteshwar, Director at Mediatek, gave a presentation on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Mediatek's role in the IoT space. The presentation discussed the history of IoT starting from devices like refrigerators and coffee pots being connected to the internet in the 1990s. It covered key elements of IoT like sensors, connectivity, analytics and challenges like energy, security and bandwidth. Examples of IoT applications in various industries were provided along with Mediatek's solution of hardware and software for enabling IoT device development.
Este livro conta a história de Kurika, um cão da raça pagneul-breton que fez parte da família de Manuel Alegre. Kurika era desobediente, rebelde e caprichoso, parecendo querer ser como os humanos. Devido à personalidade única de Kurika, Manuel Alegre escreveu esta narrativa sobre a lealdade e amizade que um cão pode dar. A morte de Kurika deixou um vazio no coração da família, que o tratava como membro da família.
Este documento resume a biografia e obra do poeta e político português Manuel Alegre. Foi opositor do regime de Salazar e exilou-se na Argélia, produzindo uma vasta obra literária que lhe trouxe reconhecimento. O documento também analisa o livro "Cão como nós", que descreve a relação do autor com seu cão Kurika e como este se tornou um membro da família.
This slide briefs about various tools & techniques used to extract unprotected data from iOS apps. You can extract resource files, database files, get data in runtime using various methods. In my next slides I will brief about the ways to secure your iOS apps.
Android Forensics: Exploring Android Internals and Android AppsMoe Tanabian
Here are the key points about rooting an Android device for logical extraction:
- Rooting provides full access to files and data on the device but could potentially change data and destroy information.
- A rooted device is needed for most logical extraction techniques.
- The ROM (read-only memory) contains the kernel and operating system that make the device function.
- Rooting involves gaining privileged control (root access) over the Android system, allowing unrestricted access to files and settings.
So in summary, while rooting enables deeper access, it could alter the original state of the device and data, so one must weigh those risks versus the benefits for logical extraction purposes. Maintaining the device's original un
Emebedded Memories from GF pb-emem presentationsampige
This document summarizes GLOBALFOUNDRIES' embedded memory solutions including eMRAM, eFlash, and SIP Flash. eMRAM offers fast read/write speeds, high endurance, and long data retention making it suitable for MCU, IoT, and computing applications. eFlash provides high reliability and is optimized for automotive, industrial, and consumer applications. SIP Flash allows integrating logic and off-the-shelf flash memory in a single package for a fast time-to-market. These proven solutions address requirements across multiple markets from 130nm to 22nm process nodes.
The Spansion® Traveo™ microcontrollers are based on the ARM® Cortex®-R5 core and will deliver high performance, enhanced human-machine interfaces, high-security and advanced networking protocols tailored for a broad range of automotive applications such as electrification, body electronics, battery management, automotive cluster displays, HVAC and ADAS.
Session ID: HKG18-116
Session Name: HKG18-116 - RAS Solutions for Arm64 Servers
Speaker: Jonathan (Zhixiong) Zhang
Track: Enterprise
★ Session Summary ★
In order to get ARM64 servers into large scale production, both out-of-band and in-band RAS (Reliability/Availability/Serviceability) solutions have to be in-par with servers of other architectures. This presentation discusses requirements and designs of various RAS solution, how hardware/firmware and higher level software working together to achieve the goals, with focus on firmware. RAS topics covered include memory, PCIe, CPU, thermal management and catastrophic errors. In addition, future directions/expectations of server RAS technologies are presented.
---------------------------------------------------
★ Resources ★
Event Page: http://connect.linaro.org/resource/hkg18/hkg18-116/
Presentation: http://connect.linaro.org.s3.amazonaws.com/hkg18/presentations/hkg18-116.pdf
Video: http://connect.linaro.org.s3.amazonaws.com/hkg18/videos/hkg18-116.mp4
---------------------------------------------------
★ Event Details ★
Linaro Connect Hong Kong 2018 (HKG18)
19-23 March 2018
Regal Airport Hotel Hong Kong
---------------------------------------------------
Keyword: Enterprise
'http://www.linaro.org'
'http://connect.linaro.org'
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Are you ready for NVMe? IBM FlashSystem uses NVMe inside, and is NVMe-ready for use with FCP and Ethernet fabrics. This session explains FC-NVMe and NVMe-OF and how IBM FlashSystem uses NVMe inside.
SD 4.1 is the latest generation of storage card interface IP. SD 4.1 provides up to 312MB of bandwidth in half-duplex (one way) or 156MB in both directions.
ARM® Cortex™ M Bootup_CMSIS_Part_3_3_Debug_ArchitectureRaahul Raghavan
This is part 3 / 3 presentation on ARM® Cortex™ Bootup,CMSIS and debugging. In this presentation the following topics are being discussed
ARM® Cortex M debug architecture
Introduction to Debugging
Capabilities & Debug Components (Resources / Memory Map / ROM Table)
ARM® Debug Interface Architecture
CMSIS DAP
EFM®32 On board Segger J-Link debugger
The document introduces the ONFI 3.0 NAND flash controller standard. It features faster data transfer speeds up to 200MT/s using differential signaling and DDR-2. It allows for dynamically scalable error correction and supports new commands. Arasan provides a fully compliant ONFI 3.0 controller core along with documentation, models, and verification IP to help customers integrate it into their designs.
Arasan Chip Systems develops and marketing interface IP that meets MIPI standards. Digital IP can typically be emulated in FPGA, but mixed signal IP for physical interface cannot. Arasan provides MIPI D-PHY and MIPI M-PHY is module form for application processor / system on a chip developers to use with their emulation boards.
Visão geral do hardware do servidor System z e Linux on z - Concurso MainframeAnderson Bassani
Apresentação realizada no evento de premiação do Concurso Mainframe 2014 que foi realizado em São Paulo, IBM Tutóia. Tópicos apresentados incluíram: hardware System zEC12 e zBC12, Linux on z, O que o System z faz que outras plataformas não fazem e um caso real de uma empresa desenvolvedora de Software.
Spansion Traveo MCUs for Automotive Dashboards with HMI and Embedded 3D Graph...Spansion
Spansion® Traveo™ microcontroller family is aimed at rich human machine interface (HMI) in automotive dashboards. For the first time, Spansion is integrating its breakthrough HyperBus™ interface with its ARM® Cortex®-R5-based embedded Traveo MCU, enabling seamless connections with HyperBus memories, including Spansion HyperFlash™ memory, to provide customers design simplification and faster performance in automotive systems.
This document provides information about EMC's VNXe3200 unified hybrid array storage system. It highlights key features such as simplified setup and management, efficient storage utilization through automated tiering, and built-in snapshot capabilities for protection. The VNXe3200 offers a simple, efficient and protected storage solution in a compact 2U form factor with integrated flash optimization.
MEGAsys is an integrated management system that provides centralized monitoring and control of access control, alarm, CCTV, and building management systems through an open platform. It supports dual display on server and client machines, multi-monitor video walls, and integration with various devices using open protocols like OPC, BACnet, XML and APIs. The system provides real-time event handling, live video monitoring, report generation and remote access capabilities for efficient security and facility management.
Escolhendo o Processador DaVinciTM para sua Aplicação de ...Videoguy
The document discusses various digital signal processors (DSPs) and system-on-chips (SoCs) from Texas Instruments that are suitable for different types of digital video applications. It provides information on the video processing capabilities and features of product families including OMAP, DM355, DM64x and C64x for applications such as video conferencing, set-top boxes, cameras, and more. The document also discusses tools and licensing options available from TI to help customers evaluate, develop and license software for their video products.
Escolhendo o Processador DaVinciTM para sua Aplicação de ...Videoguy
The document discusses various digital signal processor chips from Texas Instruments that are suitable for different types of digital video applications. It provides information on the video processing capabilities and features of chips like the OMAP, DM355, DM644x, DM647, DM6467 and others. The document aims to help readers choose the right processor for their specific video equipment needs.
Silicon Motion is a global fabless semiconductor company established in 1995 with over 1200 employees that specializes in NAND flash controllers, solutions, and graphic display SoCs. The document provides an overview of Silicon Motion including their product categories, market share in client SSD controllers and embedded storage solutions, competitive advantages including reliability and support for automotive and industrial applications, and technology advantages such as error correction and extending NAND lifespan.
ARM microprocessors are widely used in embedded systems. The document provides an overview of ARM processors including their history, features, product families, architecture, and development tools. Key points covered include ARM's role in licensing processor cores, common ARM-based products, the ARM instruction set architecture, and both open-source and proprietary development tools for ARM processors.
Verification of the QorIQ Communication Platform Containing CoreNet Fabric wi...DVClub
This document discusses the verification of Freescale's QorIQ Communication Platform, which contains the new CoreNet fabric. It outlines the verification challenges, methodology used, and SystemVerilog verification IP (VIP) created. The methodology employed a transaction-based approach with hierarchical verification and extensive reuse. SystemVerilog VIP was developed for the CoreNet fabric and other components. This included object-oriented models, monitors, coverage, and stimulus. The verification was successful in validating the CoreNet platform early using SystemVerilog.
Software Defined Memory (SDM) uses new technologies like non-volatile RAM and flash storage to treat memory and storage as a unified persistent resource without traditional performance tiers. This can optimize Oracle database I/O performance by bypassing buffer caches and using fast kernel threads. Benchmarks showed a Plexistor SDM solution outperforming a traditional two-node Oracle RAC cluster. The best approach is to use fast storage like 3D XPoint as the secondary tier to maintain high performance even with cache misses. Combining SDM with solutions like FlashGrid and Oracle RAC could provide extremely high performance.
This document discusses security features of the SPARC M7 CPU. It introduces Silicon Secured Memory, which provides hardware-based memory protection to stop malicious programs from accessing other application memory without performance impact. This results in improved security, reliability, and availability of applications. Benchmark results are also provided showing the SPARC M7's performance advantages over other chips.
The document discusses choosing the right processor for an application. It covers microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, FPGAs, CPLDs, hardware design flow, software design flow, and various embedded system design phases like simulation, evaluation and emulation. Key factors in processor selection include development tools, performance, cost, operating systems, hardware tools, peripherals and power consumption. The document also provides resources and websites for embedded system development.
USB 2.0 is the dominant peripheral interface for data transfer and charging. Arasan’s Total USB IP solution includes the USB 2.0 Host with an EHCI controller and integrated USB 2.0 Hub, enabling support for all USB 2.0 speeds; USB 2.0 Device and OTG controllers, and a USB 2.0 PHY available in a wide range of foundries and process nodes.
Arasan Chip Systems provides total silicon IP solutions to help customers achieve the fastest time to silicon success for mobile integrated circuits. They offer a broad portfolio of digital and analog IP, including standards-based IP for interfaces like SD, SDIO, eMMC, and MIPI, as well as software stacks, verification IP, and hardware validation platforms. Arasan has over 300 licensees for its IP and sales offices worldwide to support customers in mobile markets like smartphones and tablets.
Smartphones are the personal computers of the 21st century. The performance and functionality of the device, the performance and capacity of cloud-based servers, and the
bandwidth of 4G cellular networks have created a $100B market in the developed world. Smartphone shipments are expected to grow 32.7% year over year in 2013 reaching 958.8 million units. The market for high-end phones, dominated by Apple and Samsung, will continue to grow at ~8% CAGR, but the next surge in growth will come from mid-range phones ($200 to $400), and low-end phones priced below $200. These segments are expected to experience ~15% CAGR according to analysts.
Arasan Chip Systems provides high quality IP solutions through a rigorous verification process. They verify digital IP through functional coverage, system simulations, and hardware validation. They also verify analog IP compliance and mixed-signal operation. Their process involves verifying IP at the subsystem level across digital, analog, and software domains to ensure everything works together seamlessly for customers.
This white paper discusses benchmarking mobile storage, specifically NAND flash memory used in devices like smartphones and tablets. It describes the increasing demands on NAND flash for higher capacity, lower cost, and bandwidth. Benchmarking NAND flash at the component and system level is important for product design. The paper also introduces the Arasan Hardware Validation Platform, which provides a flexible system for benchmarking, IP development, and validation of NAND flash and storage standards like SD, eMMC, and UFS. Benchmark results using the HVP show read speeds of over 90MB/s and write speeds of over 58MB/s.
This whitepaper describes practical considerations and best practices for Mobile Imaging and Display for Smartphone and Tablet Computing applications as well as exploring Silicon IP selection and successful adoption based on Arasan’s experience with customer engagements.
Radio Frequency Front End (RFFE) MIPI core from Arasan Chip SystemsArasan Chip Systems
The RF Front-End Control Interface (RFFE) was developed to offer a common method for controlling RF front-end devices such as Power Amplifiers, Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNA), filters, switches, power management modules, antenna tuners and sensors that can be controlled using RFFE.
The document discusses Arasan's SD 4.0 device controller IP solution. Key points include:
- SD 4.0 allows for faster throughput up to 1.56 GB/s per lane and uses differential signaling.
- Arasan's SD 4.0 controller architecture supports the SD 4.0 specification and delivers a compliant Verilog implementation along with verification suites and documentation.
- Arasan provides a total IP solution with analog and digital cores, software, verification IP, and design services to enable low-cost and low-risk integration of the SD 4.0 standard from the PHY layer to software.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.