This document discusses elements, techniques, and literary devices used in poetry. It begins by defining poetry and discussing its key elements like form, imagery, rhyme, sound, line, and stanzas. For form, it outlines common poetry types like lyric, narrative, and descriptive poems. It then explains various techniques like imagery, rhyme, sound patterns including alliteration and assonance, and literary devices such as metaphor, onomatopoeia, and oxymoron. Specific examples are provided from poems to illustrate different elements, techniques, and devices.

1. ELEMENTS,
TECHNIQUES, AND
LITERARY DEVICES IN
SPECIFIC FORMS OF
POETRY
(HUMSS_CW/MP11/12-Ic-f-6)

2. WHAT IS POETRY?
2
Poetry is the
spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings: it takes
its origin from emotion
recollected in tranquility. –
William Wordsworth

3. WHAT IS POETRY?
3
Poetry is not a turning
loose of emotion, but an
escape from emotions;
it is not the expression
of personality, but an
escape of personality. –
T.S. Eliot

4. 4
WHAT IS POETRY?
•It can be defined as 'literature in a metrical form'
or 'a composition forming rhythmic lines'. A poem
is something that follows a particular flow of
rhythm and meter.

5. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
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1. Form – is the arrangement words,
lines, verses, rhymes, and other
features.
A poem may be free verse (lacks a consistent rhyme scheme,
metrical pattern, or musical form), blank verse (written with a
precise), and rhymed poetry (rhymes by definition but the scheme
varies)

6. Three (3) most common types of poems
according to form:
• Lyric Poetry
It is any poem with a speaker who expresses
strong thoughts and feelings.
Examples:
▪ Ode - is a tribute to its subject, although the subject
need not be dead, and has elaborated stanza pattern

7. Three (3) most common types of poems
according to form:
• Lyric Poetry
Examples:
▪ Ode - is a tribute to its subject, although the subject need not
be dead, and has elaborated stanza pattern
▪ Elegy - has no set metric pattern and is written to mourn and
reminisce the dead
▪ Sonnet - is a 14-line poem which focuses on the topic of love.

8. Three (3) most common types of poems
according to form:
• Narrative Poem
It is a poem that tells or narrates a story.
Examples:
▪ Ballad - is a poem that is either poetic or musical
which tells the tales of ordinary people.
▪ Epic - is lengthy and deals with the founding of a
nation or any heroic themes by a certain figure or
character from a distant past.

9. Three (3) most common types of poems
according to form:
• Descriptive Poem
It is a poem that describes the world that surrounds the
speaker which uses elaborate imagery and adjectives and
more personal and introspective than the lyric poetry.
Examples:
▪ Pastoral Poetry – concerns the relationship between
human and the natural world.

10. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
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2. Imagery – is believed to be the only thing that will make
your poetry powerful and enticing.
These are mental pictures the poet creates through
language.

11. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
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3. Rhyme – is the repetition of similar sounds; the most
common kind of rhyme is the end rhyme which occurs at
the end of two or more lines.
Example:
The mountain is high
But you can’t take me higher.
The leaves are dry
And your hands are colder.
The rhyme
scheme of the
poem is abab.

12. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
12
4. Sound – reinforces the meaning of the poem and the
rhythm goes along with it.
Two Sound Patterns:
▪ Euphony - words are chosen for their soft consonant sounds and
melodious quality (L, O, S, SH, M, N, Y, W, U, PH, A)
▪ Cacophony - words are chosen for their hard sounds and general
obnoxiousness (K, J, T, Q, V, C, X, G, Z, CH)
She loves swimming and snorkeling.
The King and Queen are chill.

13. Common types of sound play emphasize
individual sounds between and within words:
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Alliteration- the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or stanza
Example: Catherine’s cute colorful collar
Assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of
a line or stanza)
Example: Chilling while having chitchats
Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere in the middle or end
of a line or stanza)
Example: She is prettier and better with Peter
Onomatopoeia: words that sound like that which they describe
Example: Boom! Clap! Hiss! Roar!

14. Common types of sound play emphasize
individual sounds between and within words:
14
Repetition: the repetition of entire lines or phrases to emphasize key
thematic ideas and feelings.
Parallel Structure: a form of repetition where the order of verbs and nouns is
repeated; it may involve exact words, but it more importantly repeats sentence
structure
Example: I can, I do, I will.

15. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
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5. Line – is a very important part of a poetry for it is like one
sentence. It is unnecessary to put a period at the end of each line
since poetry does not conform to grammar rules.
Examples of poems classified in the number of lines:
1. Sonnet – 14 lines
3. Limerick – 5 lines
2. Haiku – 3 line

16. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
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6. Stanzas – are a series of lines grouped together and separated by
an empty line from other stanzas. It is a division in a poem named
for the number of lines it contains and are the equivalent of a
paragraph in an essay.
Example:
Couplet – two - line stanza
Triplet – Three-line stanza
Quatrain – four - line stanza
Sestet – six - line stanza
Septet – Seven-line stanza
Octave – eight - line stanza

17. TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY DEVICES
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18. ALLITERATION
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The repetition of a consonant sound at the start of 2
or more consecutive words is known as anaphora.
Example:
Class 10 poem- Snake
“And flickered his two-forked tongue
From his lips, and mused a moment,
And stopped and drank a little more,
From the burning bowels of the earth.
Use of ‘b’ sound in burning bowels.

19. ALLUSION
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It is a reference to something else outside of the subject of
the poem.
Example: from "Nothing Gold Can Stay" (1923) by Robert Frost
Then leaf subsides to leaf. So,
Eden sank to grief,
So, dawn goes down today.
Nothing gold can stay.
(This idea that nothing—not even Paradise—can last forever)

20. ANAPHORA
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The repeated use of word at the start of two or more
consecutive lines.
Class 10 poem- The Frog and the nightingale
Said the frog:” I tried to teach her, But she was a stupid creature-
Far too nervous, far too tense.
Far too prone to influence.
The word ‘Far’ is used in the beginning of two consecutive lines.

21. ANTITHESIS
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Use of opposite words in close placement
Class 10 poem- The Frog and the nightingale
“Every night from dusk to dawn”
“The voice of thunder declares my arrival;
The rainbow announces my departure.”
Meaning of dusk is sunrise and dawn is sunset. So the two opposite words are in close placement.
Meaning of arrival is to come and departure means to go. So the two opposite words are in close
placement

22. ASSONANCE
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The repetition of a vowel sound within a sentence.
Class 10 poem- Class 9 poem- Seven Ages
“All the world’s a stage and all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and entrances”
Use of sound ‘e’ (men, women, merely, players, exits and entrances)
Class 9 poem- The duck and the Kangaroo
“Good gracious! How you hop!
Over the fields and the water too:
Use of sound ‘o’ (Good, you, hop, too)

23. ASYNDETON
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A writing style in which conjunctions are omitted
between words, phrases or clauses.
Class 9 poem- The Brook
I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance
There are no conjunctions used between the four words.

24. CONSONANCE
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The repetition of a consonant sound in a sentence. It can
be at the beginning, middle or end of the word.
Class 10 poem – Not Marble Nor The Gilded Monuments
Than unswept stone, besmear’d with sluttish time
The use of consonant sound ‘s’ and ‘t’ in the beginning, middle
and end of the words.

25. ENJAMBMENT
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When a sentence continues into two or more lines in a
poem
Class 10 poem- The Frog and the nightingale
“Once upon a time a frog
Croaked away in Bingle Bog
Every night from dusk to dawn
He croaked awn and awn and awn
The sentence continues from first to last line

26. HYPERBOLE
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It is a Greek word meaning “overcasting”. The use of
exaggeration to lay emphasis.
Class 10 poem- Ozymandias
“My name is Ozymandias, King of kings”
Here they have used hyperbole because Ozymandias refers himself as king of
the kings.

27. IMAGERY
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The creation of any sensory effect like visual, auditory,
olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, organic.( to
create scenes in the poem)
Here we can imagine a scene of night that is cold and nightingale is singing
melodiously on a branch of sumac tree
Class 10 poem- The Frog and the nightingale
“But one night a nightingale
In the moonlight cold and pale
Perched upon the sumac tree
Casting forth her melody”

28. IMAGERY
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The creation of any sensory effect like visual, auditory,
olfactory, gustatory, tactile, kinesthetic, organic.( to
create scenes in the poem)
Here the poet has presented a kinesthetic imagery; this means he has described
certain movements by ducks and herons that are trying to reach to the sumac
tree to hear nightingale’s voice.
Class 10 poem- The Frog and the nightingale
“Ducks had swum and herons waded
To her as she serenaded
And a solitary loon
Wept, beneath the summer moon

29. INVERSION
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It is also known as “anastrophe” the normal order of words is
reversed, in order to achieve a particular effect of emphasis.
(Generally the form is changed from active to passive)
The correct form of sentence was (his horsemen riding behind us hard)
Poem- Lord Ullin’s daughter
“His horsemen hard behind us ride”
Poem- Rime of the ancient mariner
“The sun came up upon the left, out of the sea came he!”
The correct form of sentence was (he came out of the sea)

30. METAPHOR
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It is indirect comparison by highlighting a particular
quality of two things.
Poem- The song of the rain
“The field and cloud are lovers”
Here the poet is comparing field and cloud with lovers.
Poem- Seven Ages
“All the world’s a stage”
Here the poet has compared world with stage.

31. ONOMATOPOEIA
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It is the usage of sound words to create a dramatic effect.
Poem- The frog and the nightingale
“Once upon a time a frog
Croaked away in Bingle bog”
So, here the poet used the word ‘croaked’ which is a sound made by the frog

32. OXYMORON
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It is when apparently contradictory terms appear in
conjunction. (here the words are not opposite to each other
like it is in antithesis but their meaning is opposite)
Poem- Romeo and Juliet
“Why, then, o brawling love! O loving hate!
Here the word brawling and love are used together. Meaning of brawl is to fight and
love is to have affection for other person.
“O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!
Here also both heavy and lightness are written together though they are opposite of
each other. Heavy means which has more weight and light means which has less
weight.

33. PERSONIFICATION
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It means to give human quality to an object or a non living
thing.
Poem- The song of the rain
“I am dotted silver threads dropped from heaven
By the gods. Nature then takes me, to adorn
Her fields and valleys.”
The poet has personified rain that describes itself as dotted silver threads from
heaven

34. REFRAIN
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A verse, a line, a set, or a group of lines that repeats, at
regular intervals, in different stanzas.
Poem- The duck and the Kangaroo
“Said the duck to the Kangaroo”
In this poem the sentence “Said the duck to the Kangaroo” was repeated a
regular intervals. It is different from repetition because here the repetition
is being done at regular intervals.

35. RHYME
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The usage of words in a way to create musical effect. It can
be internal rhyme or end rhyme.
Poem- The rime of the ancient mariner
“The guests are met, the feast is set:
May’st hear the merry din
Here the rhyming words are met and set
“The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared,
Merrily did we drop
Below the Kirk, below the hill,
Below the lighthouse top
Here the rhyming words are cheered-cleared and drop-top

36. REPETITION
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It is the repeated use of a word of line to lay emphasis
Poem- Rime of the ancient mariner
“The bride hath paced into the hall,
Red as a rose is she”
Here the bride is compared with rose by using ‘as’
SIMILE
It is the comparison between two things or persons by using
like or as.

37. SYNECDOCHE
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It is a word or phrase in which a part of something is used to
refer to the whole of it.
Poem- Ozymandias
“The hand that mocked them and the heart that fed”
Here the word hand is used to refer to the sculptor who made the statue of
Ozymandias and heart is used to refer to King Ozymandias who gave the
right expression for the statue.

38. TRANSFERRED EPITHET
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It is an adjective used with a noun refers to another noun.
Poem- The snake trying
“Pursuing stick”
Here it is not the stick that pursues, rather the person who carries it is
pursuing
Poem- snake
“Strange- scented shade”
Here ‘scented’ is used with shade but it is the tree that has the fragrance or the
scent and not the shade.

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READ THE POEM BELOW. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS THAT
FOLLOW. WRITE ONLY THE LETTERS OF YOUR ANSWERS
IN YOUR ANSWER SHEET.
Trees
By Joyce Kilmer
I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
A tree whose hungry mouth is prest.
Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast.
A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts
her leafy arms to pray;
A tree that may in Summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair.
Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.
Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

41. 1. The line ―A poem lovely as a tree
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is an example of .
Allusion
Metaphor
Simile
Symbolism

42. 2. The words see-tree, prest-breast
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show .
Form
Rhyme
Rhythm
Stanza

43. 3. A nest of robins in her hair;‖ (Line 8) and
―And lifts and leafy arms to pray‖ (line 6)
are examples of .
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Alliteration
Metaphor
Symbolism
Theme

44. 4. A poem lovely as a tree, A tree whose hungry
mouth is prest, A tree that looks at God all day, A
tree that may in summer wear, but only God can
make a tree are lines that clearly show
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Allusion
Repetition
Symbolism
Theme

45. 5. The poem Trees by Joyce Kilmer explains that
.
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God created humans
and trees.
God gave humans
trees to provide shade.
Humans are as
beautiful as trees.
Humans despite being
talented could not replicate
the beauty achieved by
nature.

46. IDENTIFY THE ELEMENT OF
POETRY DESCRIBED IN EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
1. It refers to the rhythm that
continuously repeats a single basic
pattern.
2. This refers to the selection of specific
words.
3. These refer to series of lines grouped
together and separated by an empty
line from other stanzas.
Pitch deck title 32

47. IDENTIFY THE ELEMENT OF POETRY DESCRIBED
IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
4. It is the variation or alternation of strong and weak syllables or
elements in the flow of speech.
5. These refer to the mental pictures the poet creates through
language.
6. This refers to the repetitive occurrence of identical or similar
sounding words usually found at the end of lines on poems or
songs.
7. It is the arrangement words, lines, verses, rhymes, and other
features.
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48. THANK YOU
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MECHEL P. PURCA