This document provides information on critical reading and reasoning. It discusses distinguishing facts from opinions and constructing paragraphs using facts, arguments, and reasons. It also covers topics like taking notes on key points, interpreting texts, defining evidence, different forms of reasoning, analyzing statements as factual or opinionated, and providing an example paragraph analyzing the effectivity of face-to-face classes. The overall document aims to develop the reader's critical reading and reasoning skills through examples, definitions, and interactive activities.

1. READING AND WRITING
CRITICAL
READING AS
REASONING

2. OBJECTIVES
 Realize that critical reading is a way
of reasoning;
 Distinguish factual from opinionated
statements; and
 Construct a paragraph on a given
topic with facts, arguments, and
reasons.

3. Let us
review!

4. You are thinking critically when you
do not rest on accepting the message
of the text but coining it in your
personal experiences and
perspectives to help you formulate
logical and right assertions.
CRITICAL READING

5. after critically reading a piece
you should be able to take
notes, paraphrasing - in your
own words - the key points.
What the text says:

6. you should be confident that you
have understood the text sufficiently
to be able to use your own examples
and compare and contrast with other
writing on the subject in hand.
What the text
describes:

7. this means that you should
be able to fully analyze the
text and state a meaning for
the text.
Interpretation of the
text:

8. The reader really is challenged to
reason out and justify the actions,
thoughts, and ideas if the skill of
critical reading and thinking is
developed. The art of reasoning
as offshoot of critical reading and
thinking will be next to be
accomplished.

9. We can define evidence as
anything used to support the
validity of the assertions. Evidence
includes testimony, scientific
findings, statistics, physical objects,
and many more. Weighing all the
evidence can help us to decide on
something.

10. FACT
 is one that can be verified
or proved true by
objective means. It is
objective and observation
and experimentation are
means of verification.

11. EXAMPLE
FACT
 On July 20, 1969, Neil
Armstrong was the first
human being to set foot on
the moon.

12. OPINION
 is one that cannot be
verified or proved true by
objective means. An
opinion is subjective and
must be properly supported
with facts before it can be
accepted as valid.

13. EXAMPLE
OPINION
 A mechanical flaw in a
spacecraft could threaten
an astronaut’s life.

14. GROUP
ACTIVITY

15. Mechanics
You will be given a certain situation wherein all
the groups will take turns to be the judge and to
be the participants.
For example GROUP 1 will be the JUDGE and the
remaining two groups will be the one to give their
reasons.

16. Mechanics
 For every situation, each group will only be given 2
minutes to brainstorm.
 Only one speaker will be allowed to convince the judges
by giving their own reasons.
 After all the speakers have given their reasons, the
judge will give their judgement based on the reasons
presented by each group.

17. Anna wants to have a movie date with
her family, which genre to you think is
better to watch?
GROUP 2 – ROMANTIC MOVIES
GROUP 3 – HORROR MOVIES
GROUP 1 will be the judge
FIRST SITUATION

18. Juan is craving for sweets, which is
better for him?
GROUP 1 – FRUITS
GROUP 3 – CHOCOLATES
GROUP 2 will be the judge
SECOND SITUATION

19. Maria wants to go on a vacation, which
tourist destination is better for her to
go?
GROUP 1 – PALAWAN
GROUP 2 – BORACAY
GROUP 3 will be the judge
THIRD SITUATION

20. FOUR
FORMS OF
REASONING

21. INFERENCE
 is the drawing of a new conclusion
from information that is already
known. It can also be used to
predict reasonably or logically what
will happen in the future.

22. EXAMPLE:
My sister is excellent at surfing,
so she should be good at
skateboarding.

23. GENERALIZATION
 is a conclusion based on several
particular facts or cases. A valid
generalization is a statement that
holds true in many cases or is
supported by evidence.

24. EXAMPLE:
Every homeroom in our school
has more girls than boys, so
there are more girls than boys
in our school.

25. ANALOGY
 is a comparison between two things
that are similar in some ways but are
essentially unlike. A complete analogy
is one that compares two different
objects that are similar in some
important way.

26. EXAMPLE:
The cell is like a factory-it
processes raw materials,
produces energy, and
discharges wastes.

27. CAUSE AND EFFECT
 sequence is one which something is
caused by one or more events that
occurred before it.

28. EXAMPLE:
When a warm air mass
meets a cool air mass, it
rains.

29. The following statements are to be
analyzed as factual or opinionated.
Reason/s can also be presented to
support the assertions.
LET’S TRY THIS!

30. STATEMENT
Factual or
Opinionated
Reason
The subject of a sentence will never be
found inside a prepositional phrase.
Hans Solo and Luke Skywalker are
characters in the Star Wars movies.
It is very important to identify the
predicate of a sentence.
The fact is that Boracay has the most
beautiful sand in the world.

31. ACTIVITY
Write your own paragraph with 5-8 sentences.
You can have the working title “The
Effectivity of Face to Face classes in My
Education”. You can provide facts, opinions,
perspectives, experiences and even arguments.
You can also state some reasons if needed.

32. Content (the essential elements
are developed) 10 pts.
Originality
(personal experiences are shared) 5 pts.
Organization
(turn of events is smooth) 5 pts.
TOTAL SCORE 20 pts.
CRITERIA