Literature. In this presentation you will find basic information about the lyric genre, such as types of poetry, authors, examples.

1. Lyric Genre
TEACHER FERNANDO AVALOS
UVM

2. LYRIC ◦ A type of brief poem that expresses the
personal emotions and thoughts of a single
speaker or describes something.
◦ It is important to realize that the lyric is in the
first person (“I”), the speaker is not
necessarily the poet.
◦ The lyrics includes all the shorter forms of
poetry: sonnet, elegy, ode, ballad, song.
◦ The subject matter is expressive, whether of
personal emotions, such as love or grief, or of
public emotions, such as patriotism or
reverence or celebration.
troubadour

3. POETRY
◦ From the Latin “poeta”(a poet), is a form of literary art in
which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative
qualities in addition to its apparent meaning.
◦ Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or
may occur in conjunction with other arts, as in poetic drama,
hymns, lyrics or prose poetry.
◦ Poetry often uses particular forms and conventions to
suggest alternative meanings in the words, or to evoke
emotional or sensual responses.
◦ Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and
genres, responding to the characteristics of the language in
which the poet writes.

5. ◦ From the point of view of the Lyric, the most
important functions of the language are the
poetic and the emotive, because these two permit
the author to show emotions when an aesthetic
language is used.
◦ The poetic function is the ability to manipulate
language in a creative way. The poet uses
rhetorical figures (similarity, metaphor, etc.) and
style. It’s subjective because represents the
creative and aesthetic part of the poem.
◦ The emotive function is centered in the sender,
which is the lyric subject or poetic voice, and
manifests emotions, feelings, worries, etc. through
the poem.

6. ◦ Every lyric text has an aesthetic value and a
communicative value.
◦ The aesthetic value arises if it prevails the
poetic function of the language. Grammar,
expressions, prose, verse, literary resources, are
combined to create an aesthetic message.
◦ The communicative value is understood as the
potential of the lyric text, centered in its content
and its expression, to transmit experiences or
feelings to the reader.

7. ODE
◦ Usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a
serious subject, an elevated style, and a elaborate
stanza pattern.
◦ The Ode often praises people, the arts of music and
poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts.
◦ Ode is derived from a Greek word aeidein, which
means to chant or sing.
◦ A prominent feature of ode is its uniform metrical
feet, but poets generally do not strictly follow this
rule though use highly elevated theme.

8. Thomas Campbell (July 27, 1777 - June 15, 1844)
was a Scottish poet.
Campbell was educated at the grammar school and
university of his native town. He won prizes for
classics and for verse-writing, and the vacations he
spent as a tutor in the western Highlands.
In 1799, six months after the publication of the Lyrical
Ballads of Wordsworth and Coleridge, The Pleasures of
Hope was published. He was elected Lord Rector of
Glasgow. In 1834 he travelled to Paris and Algiers,
where he wrote his Letters from the South. He died at
Boulogne in 1844 and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.
Campbell's other works include a Life of Mrs Siddons
(1842), and a narrative poem, The Pilgrim of Glencoe
(1842).
Ode…
Ode to Winter by Thomas Campbell
When first the fiery-mantled sun
His heavenly race begun to run;
Round the earth and ocean blue,
His children four the Seasons flew.
First, in green apparel dancing,
The young Spring smiled with angel grace;
Rosy summer next advancing,
Rushed into her sire's embrace:-
Her blue-haired sire, who bade her keep
For ever nearest to his smile,
On Calpe's olive-shaded steep,
On India's citron-covered isles:
More remote and buxom-brown,
The Queen of vintage bowed before his throne,
A rich pomegranate gemmed her gown,
A ripe sheaf bound her zone.

9. BALLAD
◦ A relatively short narrative poem, written to be
sung, with a simple and a dramatic action.
◦ The ballads tell of love, death, the
supernatural, or a combination of these.
◦ Two characteristics of the ballad are: incremental
repetition and the ballad stanza.
◦ Incremental repetition repeats one or more lines
with a small but significant variations that advance
the action.
◦ The ballad stanza is four lines; commonly, the
first and third lines contain four feet or accents,
the second and fourth lines contain three feet.

10. ballad…
The Ballad of East and West by Rudyard Kipling
“Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,
Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat;
But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,
When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come from the ends of the earth!
Kamal is out with twenty men to raise the Border-side,
And he has lifted the Colonel's mare that is the Colonel's pride:
He has lifted her out of the stable-door between the dawn and the day,
And turned the calkins upon her feet, and ridden her far away.
Then up and spoke the Colonel's son that led a troop of the Guides:
"Is there never a man of all my men can say where Kamal hides?"
Then up and spoke Mahommed Khan, the son of the Ressaldar:
"If ye know the track of the morning-mist, ye know where his pickets are.
At dusk he harries the Abazai -- at dawn he is into Bonair,
But he must go by Fort Bukloh to his own place to fare,
So if ye gallop to Fort Bukloh as fast as a bird can fly,
By the favour of God ye may cut him off ere he win to the Tongue of Jagai
But if he be past the Tongue of Jagai, right swiftly turn ye then,
For the length and the breadth of that grisly plain is sown with Kamal's men.…
Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,
Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat;
But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,
When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come from the ends of the earth!”
Rudyard Kipling was born in Mumbai, India on
December 30, 1865. Kipling masterfully took his life
experiences and wove it into exotic tales and
thought-provoking poems.
One of Kipling's most famous works is The Jungle
Books, a collection of poems and stories which has
been a beloved piece of literature since its first
publication in 1894.
Rudyard Kipling died on January 18, 1936 in
London at the age of 70.
Generations across the world continue to enjoy his
poems and stories, ensuring that his legacy lives on.

11. SONNET
◦ From the Italian sonetto, which means “a little sound or song," the
sonnet is a popular classical form that has compelled poets for
centuries.
◦ Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic
pentameter, which employ one of several rhyme schemes and adhere to
a tightly structured thematic organization.
◦ Two sonnet forms provide the models from which all other sonnets are
formed: the Petrarchan and the Shakespearean.
◦ The Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six
lines).
◦ The Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains (four lines each)
and a couplet (two lines).
◦ In Spanish, the sonnet consists in two quatrains and two tercets.

12. Sonnet…
William Shakespeare was
baptized on April 26, 1564, in
Stratford-upon-Avon,
England. From roughly 1594
onward he was an important
member of the Lord
Chamberlain’s Men company
of theatrical players. Written
records give little indication of
the way in which
Shakespeare’s professional life
molded his artistry. All that
can be deduced is that over
the course of 20 years,
Shakespeare wrote plays that
capture the complete range of
human emotion and conflict.

13. ELEGY
◦ Elegy is a form of literature which can be defined as a poem or
song in the form of elegiac couplets, written in honor of
someone deceased. It typically laments or mourns the death of
the individual.
◦ Elegy is derived from the Greek work “elegus”, which means a
song of bereavement sung along with a flute. The forms of
elegies we see today were introduced in the 16th century. “Elegy
Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray and “When
Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d” by Walt Whitman are the
two most popular examples of elegy.

14. Features of Elegy…
◦ Just like a classical epic, an elegy typically starts with the invocation
of the muse and then proceeds by referencing to the traditional
mythology.
◦ It often involves a poet who knows how to phrase the thoughts
imaginatively in the first person.
◦ Questions are raised by the poet about destiny, justice and fate.
◦ The poet associates the events of the deceased with events in his
own life by drawing a subtle comparison.
◦ This kind of digression gives the poet space to go beyond the main
or crude subject to a deeper level where the connotations might be
metaphorical.
◦ Towards the end the poet generally tries to provide comfort to ease
the pain of the situation.

15. HAIKU
◦ Haiku poem has three lines. The pattern in Japanese genre is 5-7-5 moras.
The mora is another name of a sound unit, which is like a syllable, but it
is different from a syllable. As the moras cannot be translated into
English, they are modified and syllables are used instead. The lines of
such poems rarely rhyme with each other.
◦ Haiku became popular as tanka poems in Japan during the 9th and 12th
centuries. Haiku poetry is also full of metaphors and personifications.

16. Features of Haiku…
◦ It contains three lines.
◦ It contains 17 syllables in total.
◦ A Haiku poem does not rhyme.
◦ Haiku poems frequently have a kigo or
seasonal reference.
◦ Haiku poems are usually about nature
or natural phenomenon.
◦ In English, this division between two
parts can be shown by a dash.